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To Kill a Mockingbird (film)

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To Kill a Mockingbird
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRobert Mulligan
Screenplay byHorton Foote
Based onTo Kill a Mockingbird
by Harper Lee
Produced byAlan J. Pakula
Starring
Narrated byKim Stanley
CinematographyRussell Harlan, A.S.C.
Edited byAaron Stell, A.C.E.
Music byElmer Bernstein
Production
company
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
  • December 25, 1962 (1962-12-25) (United States)
Running time
129 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$2 million[2]
Box office$13.1 million[2]
The film's trailer

To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American coming-of-age legal drama crime film directed by Robert Mulligan starring Gregory Peck and Mary Badham, with Phillip Alford, John Megna, Frank Overton, James Anderson, and Brock Peters in supporting roles. It marked the film debut of Robert Duvall, William Windom, and Alice Ghostley. Adapted by Horton Foote, from Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize–winning novel, it follows a lawyer (Peck) in Depression-era Alabama defending a black man (Peters) charged with rape while educating his children (Badham and Alford) against prejudice.

It gained overwhelmingly positive reception from both the critics and the public; a box-office success, it earned more than six times its budget. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Peck and Best Adapted Screenplay for Foote, and was nominated for eight, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Supporting Actress for Badham.

In 1995, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 2003, the American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century. In 2007, the film ranked twenty-fifth on the AFI's 10th anniversary list of the greatest American movies of all time. In 2008, the film ranked first on the AFI's list of the ten greatest courtroom dramas. In 2020, the British Film Institute included it in their list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 15.[3] The film was restored and released on Blu-ray and DVD in 2012, as part of the 100th anniversary of Universal Pictures.[4] It is considered to be one of the greatest movies ever made.

Plot

[edit]

Young Scout and her older brother Jem live in Maycomb, Alabama, during the early 1930s. Despite the family's modest means, the children enjoy a happy childhood with their widowed father, Atticus Finch, and their African-American housekeeper, Calpurnia.

Over the summer, Jem, Scout, and their friend Dill play games and often search for Arthur "Boo" Radley, an odd, reclusive neighbor who lives with his brother Nathan. The children have never seen Boo, who rarely leaves the house. Occasionally, Jem has found small objects left inside a tree knothole on the Radley property. These include a broken pocket watch, an old spelling bee medal, a pocket knife, and two carved soap dolls resembling Jem and Scout.

Atticus, a lawyer, strongly believes "all people deserve fair treatment, in turning the other cheek, and in defending what you believe." Many of Atticus' clients are poor farmers who pay for his legal services in trade, often leaving him fresh produce, firewood, and so on.[5] Atticus' work as a lawyer often exposes Scout and Jem to the town's racism, aggravated by poverty. As a result, the children mature more quickly.

The local judge asks Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, an African-American accused of raping a white girl named Mayella Ewell, and Atticus agrees. This heightens tension in the town and causes Jem and Scout to experience schoolyard taunts.

One evening before the trial, Atticus sits out front to safeguard Robinson when a lynch mob arrives. Scout, Jem, and Dill unexpectedly interrupt the confrontation. Scout, unaware of the mob's purpose, recognizes Mr. Cunningham and asks him to say hello to his son Walter, her classmate. He becomes embarrassed, and the mob disperses.

At the trial, it is alleged that Tom entered the Ewell property at Mayella's request to chop up a chifforobe and that Mayella showed signs of having been beaten around that time. One of Atticus' defensive arguments is that Tom's left arm is disabled due to a farming accident years ago, yet the supposed rapist would have had to mostly assault Mayella with his left hand before raping her.

Atticus shows that Mayella's father, Bob Ewell, is left-handed, implying that he beat Mayella because he caught her seducing the young African-American defendant. He also states that a doctor never examined Mayella after the alleged rape. Taking the stand, Tom denies he attacked Mayella, but states that she kissed him against his will. He testifies that he had previously assisted Mayella with various chores at her request because he "felt sorry for her" – words that incite a swift, negative reaction from the prosecutor, and a gasp from the white audience.

In his closing argument, Atticus asks the all-white male jury to cast aside their prejudices and focus on Tom's obvious innocence. However, Tom is found guilty. As Atticus exits the courtroom, the African-American spectators in the balcony rise to show their respect and appreciation.

When Atticus arrives home, Sheriff Tate tells him Tom was killed during his transfer to prison, supposedly while attempting to escape. Atticus goes to the Robinsons’ to inform them of Tom's death, accompanied by Jem. Bob Ewell appears and spits in his face.

Autumn arrives, and Scout and Jem attend an evening school pageant in which Scout portrays a ham. After the pageant, Scout is unable to find her dress and shoes, forcing her to walk home with Jem while wearing the large, hard-shelled costume. While cutting through the woods, Scout and Jem are attacked. Scout's cumbersome costume protects her but restricts her vision. The attacker knocks Jem unconscious, but is himself attacked (and killed) by a second man, unseen by Scout. Scout escapes her costume and sees the second man carrying Jem towards their house. Scout follows them and runs into the arms of a frantic Atticus. Still unconscious, Jem has his broken arm treated by Doc Reynolds.

Scout tells Sheriff Tate and her father what happened, then notices a strange man behind Jem's bedroom door. Atticus introduces Scout to Arthur Radley, whom she knows as Boo. It was Boo who rescued Jem and Scout, overpowering Bob Ewell and carrying Jem home. The sheriff reports that Ewell, apparently seeking revenge for Atticus humiliating him in court, is dead at the scene of the attack. Atticus mistakenly assumes Jem killed Ewell in self-defense, but Sheriff Tate realizes the truth – Boo killed Ewell defending the children. However, he insists on declaring Ewell simply fell on his knife, refusing to drag the painfully shy and introverted Boo into the spotlight for his heroism. To Atticus' surprise, Scout agrees, pointing out that the unwelcome attention would be like killing a mockingbird that does nothing but sing.

Cast

[edit]
Main article: List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters

Uncredited roles in order of appearance

[edit]
  • Kim Stanley as the narrator; the voice of adult Scout – "Maycomb was a tired old town – even in 1932 when I first knew it – that summer I was six years old."
  • Paulene Myers as Jessie, Mrs. Dubose's servant, sitting close to her on the Dubose porch.
  • Jamie Forster as Mr. Townsend, sitting on a bench, with three men, near the courthouse: "If you're lookin' for your daddy, he's inside the courthouse."
  • Steve Condit as Walter Cunningham Jr., Mr. Cunningham's son, at dinner with the Finch family: "Yes, sir. I don't know when I had roast. We been havin' squirrels and rabbits lately."
  • David Crawford as David, Tom Robinson's son, sitting on the steps to the Robinsons' shack: "Good evening."
  • Kim Hamilton as Helen, Tom Robinson's wife, inside the Robinsons' shack: "Good evening, Mr. Finch."
  • Dan White as the mob leader approaching as Atticus Finch sits in front of the jailhouse: "He in there, Mr. Finch?"
  • Kelly Thordsen as a heavyset member of the mob who grabs and picks up Jem: "Well, I'll send you home."
  • William "Bill" Walker as Reverend Sykes, at the courthouse for Tom Robinson's trial: "Miss Jean Louise? Miss Jean Louise, stand up. Your father's passin'."
  • Charles Fredericks as the court clerk at Tom Robinson's trial: "Place your hand on the bible, please. Do you solemnly swear to tell the truth...?"
  • Guy Wilkerson as the jury foreman at Tom Robinson's trial: "We find the defendant guilty as charged."
  • Jay Sullivan as the court reporter at Tom Robinson's trial: "Yes."
  • Jester Hairston as Spence, Tom Robinson's father in front of the Robinsons' shack: "Hello Mr. Finch. I'm Spence, Tom's father."
  • Hugh Sanders as Doctor Reynolds, the town physician who examines Jem: "He's got a bad break, so far as I can tell. Somebody tried to wring his arm off."

Casting

[edit]

James Stewart declined the role of Atticus Finch, concerned that the story was too controversial.[6] Universal offered the role to Rock Hudson when the project was being first developed but producer Alan J. Pakula wanted a bigger star.[7]

Pakula remembered hearing from Peck when he was first approached with the role: "He called back immediately. No maybes. [...] I must say the man and the character he played were not unalike".[8] Peck later said in an interview that he was drawn to the role because the book reminded him of growing up in La Jolla, California.[9]

The 1962 softcover edition of the novel opens:

"The Southern town of Maycomb, Alabama, reminds me of the California town I grew up in. The characters of the novel are like people I knew as a boy. I think perhaps the great appeal of the novel is that it reminds readers everywhere of a person or a town they have known. It is to me a universal story – moving, passionate and told with great humor and tenderness." Gregory Peck.

Production

[edit]
Further information: Old Monroe County Courthouse
The Old Monroe County Courthouse was the model for the set used in the film
A scene from the play performed in the actual courthouse in Monroeville

The producers had wanted to use Harper Lee's hometown of Monroeville, Alabama for the set. Harper Lee used her experiences as a child in Monroeville as the basis for the fictional town of Maycomb, so it seemed that would be the best place. However, the town had changed significantly between the 1920s and the early 1960s, so they made it on the backlot in Hollywood instead.[10]

The Old Monroe County Courthouse in Monroeville was used as a model for the film set, since they could not use the courthouse due to its poor acoustics. The accuracy of the recreated courthouse in Hollywood led many Alabamians to believe that the film was shot in Monroeville. The Old Courthouse in Monroe County is now a theater for many plays inspired by To Kill a Mockingbird as well as a museum dedicated to multiple authors from Monroeville.[11][12][13]

Reception

[edit]

The film received widespread critical acclaim. It maintains a 93% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 69 reviews, with an average rating of 8.9/10. The site's critical consensus states, "To Kill a Mockingbird is a textbook example of a message movie done right – sober-minded and earnest, but never letting its social conscience get in the way of gripping drama."[14] Metacritic, using a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 88 out of 100 based on 16 critics, meaning "universal acclaim".[15] According to Bosley Crowther of The New York Times when the movie premiered at the Radio City Music Hall:

Horton Foote's script and the direction of Mr. Mulligan may not penetrate that deeply, but they do allow Mr. Peck and little Miss Badham and Master Alford to portray delightful characters. Their charming enactments of a father and his children in that close relationship, which can occur at only one brief period, are worth all the footage of the film. Rosemary Murphy as a neighbor, Brock Peters as the Negro on trial, and Frank Overton as a troubled sheriff are good as locality characters, too. James Anderson and Collin Wilcox as Southern bigots are almost caricatures. But those are minor shortcomings in a rewarding film.[16]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times criticized the film for focusing less on black people, criticizing the film for having a white savior narrative:

It expresses the liberal pieties of a more innocent time, the early 1960s, and it goes very easy on the realities of small-town Alabama in the 1930s. One of the most dramatic scenes shows a lynch mob facing Atticus, who is all by himself on the jailhouse steps the night before Tom Robinson's trial. The mob is armed and prepared to break in and hang Robinson, but Scout bursts onto the scene, recognizes a poor farmer who has been befriended by her father, and shames him (and all the other men) into leaving. Her speech is a calculated strategic exercise, masked as the innocent words of a child; one shot of her eyes shows she realizes exactly what she's doing. Could a child turn away a lynch mob at that time, in that place? Isn't it nice to think so.[17]

Walt Disney requested that the film be privately screened in his house. At the film's conclusion, Disney sadly stated, "That was one hell of a picture. That's the kind of film I wish I could make."[18][19]

In a retrospective review, American film critic Pauline Kael claimed that, when Gregory Peck received the Academy Award for Best Actor:

... there was a fair amount of derision throughout the country: Peck was better than usual, but in that same virtuously dull way. (There was the suspicion that Peck was being rewarded because the Lincolnesque lawyer shot a rabid dog and defended an innocent black man accused of raping a white woman.)[20]

Peck's performance became synonymous with the role and character of Atticus Finch. "Hardly a day passes that I don't think how lucky I was to be cast in that film", Peck said in a 1997 interview. "I recently sat at a dinner next to a woman who saw it when she was 14 years old, and she said it changed her life. I hear things like that all the time".[21]

Harper Lee, in liner notes written for the film's DVD re-release by Universal, wrote:[22]

When I learned that Gregory Peck would play Atticus Finch in the film production of To Kill a Mockingbird, I was of course delighted: here was a fine actor who had made great films – what more could a writer ask for? ... The years told me his secret. When he played Atticus Finch, he had played himself, and time has told all of us something more: when he played himself, he touched the world.

Upon Peck's death in 2003, Brock Peters, who played Tom Robinson in the film version, quoted Harper Lee at Peck's eulogy, saying, "Atticus Finch gave him an opportunity to play himself". Peters concluded his eulogy stating, "To my friend Gregory Peck, to my friend Atticus Finch, vaya con Dios".[23] Peters remembered the role of Tom Robinson when he recalled, "It certainly is one of my proudest achievements in life, one of the happiest participations in film or theater I have experienced".[24] Peters remained friends not only with Peck but with Mary Badham throughout his life.

Peck himself admitted that many people reminded him of this film more than any other film he had ever done.[25]

Media references

[edit]

In the Everybody Loves Raymond episode "The Thought That Counts", Robert does an impression of Gregory Peck telling Scout to move so he can shoot the rabid dog.

Awards and honors

[edit]
Award Category Nominee(s) Result
Academy Awards[26][27] Best Picture Alan J. Pakula Nominated
Best Director Robert Mulligan Nominated
Best Actor Gregory Peck Won
Best Supporting Actress Mary Badham Nominated
Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium Horton Foote Won
Best Art Direction – Black-and-White Alexander Golitzen, Henry Bumstead and Oliver Emert Won
Best Cinematography – Black-and-White Russell Harlan Nominated
Best Music Score – Substantially Original Elmer Bernstein Nominated
American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film Aaron Stell Nominated
British Academy Film Awards[28] Best Film from any Source Nominated
Best Foreign Actor Gregory Peck Nominated
Cannes Film Festival[29] Palme d'Or Robert Mulligan Nominated
Gary Cooper Award Won
David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Actor Gregory Peck Won
Directors Guild of America Awards[30] Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Robert Mulligan Nominated
Golden Globe Awards[31] Best Motion Picture – Drama Nominated
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Gregory Peck Won
Best Director – Motion Picture Robert Mulligan Nominated
Best Original Score – Motion Picture Elmer Bernstein Won
Best Film Promoting International Understanding Won
Laurel Awards Top General Entertainment Won
Top Male Dramatic Performance Gregory Peck Nominated
Top Female Supporting Performance Mary Badham Nominated
National Film Preservation Board[32] National Film Registry Inducted
New York Film Critics Circle Awards[33] Best Film Nominated
Best Screenplay Horton Foote Nominated
Online Film & Television Association Awards[34] Hall of Fame – Motion Picture Won
Producers Guild of America Awards[35] PGA Hall of Fame – Motion Pictures Alan J. Pakula Won
Writers Guild of America Awards[36] Best Written American Drama Horton Foote Won

In 1995, To Kill a Mockingbird was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[37] It is also Robert Duvall's big-screen debut, as the misunderstood recluse Boo Radley. Duvall was cast on the recommendation of screenwriter Horton Foote, who met him at Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City where Duvall starred in a 1957 production of Foote's play, The Midnight Caller.[38]

In 2007, Hamilton was honored by the Harlem community for her part in the movie. She was the last surviving African-American adult who had a speaking part in the movie. When told of the award, she said, "I think it is terrific. I'm very pleased and very surprised".[39]

The American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century.[40] Additionally, the AFI ranked the movie second on their 100 Years... 100 Cheers list, behind It's a Wonderful Life.[41] The film was ranked number 34 on AFI's list of the 100 greatest movies of all time,[42] but moved up to number 25 on the 10th Anniversary list.[43] In June 2008, the AFI revealed its "10 Top 10" – the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres – after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. To Kill a Mockingbird was acknowledged as the best film in the courtroom drama genre.[44]

American Film Institute lists:

Music

[edit]
To Kill a Mockingbird
Soundtrack album by
Elmer Bernstein
ReleasedEarly April 1963[46]
RecordedAugust 1–2, 1996, City Halls, Glasgow
Length41:53
LabelVarèse Sarabande

Elmer Bernstein's score for To Kill a Mockingbird is regarded as one of the greatest film scores[47] and has been recorded three times. It was first released in April 1963 on Ava; then Bernstein re-recorded it in the 1970s for his Film Music Collection series; and finally, he recorded the complete score (below) in 1996 with the Royal Scottish National Orchestra for the Varese Sarabande Film Classics series.

  1. "Main Title" – 3:21
  2. "Remember Mama" – 1:08
  3. "Atticus Accepts The Case – Roll in the Tire" – 2:06
  4. "Creepy Caper – Peek-A-Boo" – 4:10
  5. "Ewell's Hatred" – 3:33
  6. "Jem's Discovery" – 3:47
  7. "Tree Treasure" – 4:23
  8. "Lynch Mob" – 3:04
  9. "Guilty Verdict" – 3:10
  10. "Ewell Regret It" – 2:11
  11. "Footsteps in the Dark" – 2:07
  12. "Assault in the Shadows" – 2:28
  13. "Boo Who" – 3:00
  14. "End Title" – 3:25

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

  1. ^ "'To Kill A Mockingbird' (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. December 20, 1960. Archived from the original on December 26, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
  2. ^ a b "To Kill A Mockingbird – Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  3. ^ "50 films to see by age 15 years". British Film Institute. May 6, 2020. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
  4. ^ Appelo, Tim (January 10, 2012). "Universal Celebrates 100th Birthday With New Logo and 13 Film Restorations". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  5. ^ "To Kill a Mockingbird: Chapters 2–3 Summary". SparkNotes. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
  6. ^ Eliot, Marc (October 10, 2006). Jimmy Stewart: A Biography. Crown. ISBN 978-0307352682.
  7. ^ Snider, Eric D. (October 24, 2015). "13 Judicious Facts About to Kill a Mockingbird". Mental Floss.
  8. ^ Nichols, Peter M. (February 27, 1998). "HOME VIDEO; Time Can't Kill 'Mockingbird'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  9. ^ King, Susan (December 22, 1997). "How the Finch Stole Christmas; Q & A with Gregory Peck". Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
  10. ^ Floyd, W. Warner (March 29, 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Old Monroe County Courthouse". National Park Service. Retrieved August 4, 2018. See also: "Accompanying photos".
  11. ^ "To Kill a Mockingbird 1962". Movie Locations. Archived from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
  12. ^ "'To Kill a Mockingbird' A 50th Anniversary Restoration of the Classic Film". Southern Literary Trail. Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
  13. ^ "To Kill a Mockingbird". Filming Locations. Archived from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
  14. ^ "To Kill A Mockingbird". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2022. Edit this at Wikidata
  15. ^ "To Kill a Mockingbird". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  16. ^ Crowther, Bosley (February 15, 1963). "One Adult Omission in a Fine Film: 2 Superb Discoveries Add to Delight". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  17. ^ Ebert, Roger (November 11, 2001). "To Kill a Mockingbird". Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  18. ^ Gabler, Neal (2006). Walt Disney: The Triumph of American Imagination. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 587. ISBN 978-0679757474.
  19. ^ Colt, Sarah (2015). "Walt Disney". The American Experience. Public Broadcasting Service.
  20. ^ Kael, Pauline (1991). 5001 Nights at the Movies. New York: Picador. p. 776. ISBN 978-0-8050-1367-2. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  21. ^ Bobbin, Jay (December 21, 1997). "Gregory Peck is Atticus Finch in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird.". Birmingham News. Birmingham, Alabama. p. 1F.
  22. ^ To Kill a Mockingbird liner notes (DVD). Universal Pictures Legacy Series. 2005.
  23. ^ Hoffman, Allison; Rubin, Joel (June 17, 2003). "Peck Memorial Honors Beloved Actor and Man; The longtime star is remembered for his integrity and constancy". Los Angeles Times. p. B.1. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  24. ^ Oliver, Myrna (August 24, 2005). "Obituaries; Brock Peters, 78; Stage, Screen, TV Actor Noted for Role in 'To Kill a Mockingbird'". Los Angeles Times. p. B.8. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  25. ^ "Gregory Peck interviewed by Jimmy Carter". YouTube. February 4, 2008. Archived from the original on November 28, 2015.
  26. ^ "NY Times: To Kill a Mockingbird". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
  27. ^ "The 35th Academy Awards (1963) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on February 2, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
  28. ^ "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1964". BAFTA. 1964. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  29. ^ "Festival de Cannes: To Kill a Mockingbird". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  30. ^ "15th DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America Awards. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  31. ^ "To Kill a Mockingbird – Golden Globes". HFPA. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  32. ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  33. ^ Weiler, A. H. (December 31, 1963). "Film Critics Vote 'Tom Jones' Best of Year; Finney Named Top Actor for Title Role --'Hud' Honored Finney in 3d Film". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
  34. ^ "Film Hall of Fame Productions". Online Film & Television Association. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  35. ^ Madigan, Nick (March 3, 1999). "Producers tap 'Ryan'; Kelly, Hanks TV winners". Variety. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  36. ^ "Awards Winners". Writers Guild of America. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  37. ^ "Cinematic Legends Take Their Place in National Film Registry". Chicago Tribune. January 4, 1996. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  38. ^ Robert Duvall (actor), Gary Hertz (director) (April 16, 2002). Miracles & Mercies (Documentary). West Hollywood, California: Blue Underground. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
  39. ^ "Harlem community honors 'Mockingbird' actress". USA Today. December 11, 2007. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010.
  40. ^ a b "AFI's 100 Years…100 Heroes & Villains". American Film Institute. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  41. ^ a b "AFI's 100 Years…100 Cheers". American Film Institute. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  42. ^ a b "AFI's 100 Years…100 Movies". American Film Institute. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  43. ^ a b "AFI'S 100 Years…100 Movies — 10th Anniversary Edition". American Film Institute. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  44. ^ a b "AFI's 10 Top 10". American Film Institute. June 17, 2008. Archived from the original on June 19, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
  45. ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores". American Film Institute. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  46. ^ "Album Reviews". Billboard. Vol. 75, no. 15. April 13, 1963. p. 29. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020.
  47. ^ Erikson, Matthew (March 23, 2003). "Elmer Bernstein: 'One of the Greatest Film Composers Ever'". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on April 16, 2018. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
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