Timeline of Braunschweig
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Braunschweig (Brunswick), Germany.
| History of Germany |
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Prior to 19th century
[edit]- 861 - According to legend, Braunschweig founded by Bruno of Saxony.[1]
- 955 - Area of city expanded.[2]
- 1031 - St. Magni (Braunschweig) church consecrated.[1]
- 1145 - Riddagshausen Abbey founded.
- 1160s - Henry the Lion makes Braunschweig his residence.
- 1166 - Brunswick Lion statue created.[3]
- 1175
- Dankwarderode Castle built.[1]
- Birth of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
- 1188 - Gospels of Henry the Lion created.
- 1190s - St. Martini (Braunschweig) church construction begins.[1]
- 1194 - Brunswick Cathedral built.[1]
- 1194 - 6 August: Henry the Lion dies.
- 1200s
- St. Katharinen (Braunschweig) church construction begins.
- Braunschweig joins the Hanseatic League.[4]
- Schoduvel (carnival) is celebrated.[5]
- 1245 - Großes Waisenhaus BMV (nursing home and orphanage) established.
- 1293–94 - Schicht der Gildemeister (civil unrest)
- 1304 - Bartholomäuskapelle (Braunschweig) on Schützenstraße (Braunschweig) first mentioned.
- 1307 - Gewandhaus (Braunschweig) guildhall/exchange first mentioned.
- 1312 - Rüningen gristmill first mentioned.
- 1370s - Große Schicht (civil unrest)
- 1390
- Public clock installed (approximate date).[6]
- Brunswick Mum is sold.
- 1396 - Altstadtrathaus (Braunschweig) (city hall) building expanded.[7]
- 1408 - Altstadtmarktbrunnen (fountain) installed in the Altstadtmarkt (Braunschweig).[7]
- 1410s
- Liberei (library) built.
- Braunschweiger Pfaffenkrieg (conflict between city council and churches)
- 1411 - Faule Mette cannon created.
- 1415 - Martino-Katharineum Braunschweig secondary school established.
- 1420 - St. Andreas (Braunschweig) church built (approximate date).[1]
- 1432 - The Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel move their Residenz from Braunschweig to Wolfenbüttel.[8]
- 1434 - Aegidienkirche (church) built (approximate date).[1]
- 1445–46 - Schicht der „ungehorsamen Bürger“ (civil unrest)
- 1451 - Brüdernkirche (Braunschweig) (church) built.[1]
- 1487–89 - Ludeke Hollants Schicht (civil unrest)
- 1498 - Braunschweiger Messe (fair) established.[3]
- 1509 - Printing press in operation.[9]
- 1520s - Protestant Reformation in Braunschweig.
- 1524 - Huneborstelsches Haus built.[3]
- 1531–32 - Braunschweig joins Schmalkaldic League.
- 1534 - Alte Waage (Braunschweig) built.
- 1551 - Population: 16,192.
- 1567 - Haus zur Hanse built.
- 1573 - Veltheimsches Haus built on the Burgplatz (Braunschweig).[3]
- 1627 - Hofbrauhaus Wolters (brewery) established.
- 1643 - Ehemaliges Rüninger Zollhaus (customs house) built.[3]
- 1663 - Trial and execution of Anna Roleffes.
- 1671 - Siege of Braunschweig by Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
- 1690 - Opernhaus am Hagenmarkt (opera house and theatre) opens.[3]
- 1745
- Collegium Carolinum founded.[1]
- Braunschweigische Anzeigen newspaper in publication.[1]
- 1753 - Brunswick Palace established as the new ducal residence.[7]
- 1754 - Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum and State Natural History Museum open.[1]
- 1761 - First Battle of Ölper
- 1768 - Birth of Caroline of Brunswick future wife of George IV.
- 1769 - Schloss Richmond (castle) built.
- 1772 - 13 March: Premiere of Lessing's play Emilia Galotti.
- 1773 - Population: 23,385.
- 1790s - Braunschweig fortifications dismantled (approximate date).[1]
- 1791 - Lange Brücke (Braunschweig) (bridge) rebuilt.
- 1799 - Friedrich Vieweg (publisher) moves to Braunschweig.
19th century
[edit]- 1806 - French in power; Braunschweig French period begins.
- 1807 - Wilhelm Albrecht Christian von Mahrenholtz becomes mayor.
- 1809 - 1 August: Second Battle of Ölper
- 1815 - Duchy of Brunswick established
- 1823 - Obelisk erected in the Löwenwall.
- 1829 - 19 January: Premiere of Goethe's play Faust, Part One.
- 1830 - 7–8 September: Civil unrest, Brunswick Palace stormed by an angry mob and destroyed completely.[3][1][10]
- 1834 - Attained municipal self-government.[1]
- 1835 - Grotrian-Steinweg established.
- 1838 - Westermann Verlag (publisher) in business.
- 1838 - 1 December: First section of the Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway line, connecting Braunschweig and Wolfenbüttel, opens.[11][12]
- 1843–44 - Hanover–Brunswick railway opens.
- 1844 - Rabbinical Conference of Brunswick
- 1847 - MTV Braunschweig established.
- 1848–49 - German revolution of 1848–49 in Braunschweig
- 1849 - Voigtländer sets up its office in Braunschweig.
- 1853 - Braunschweigische Bank active.[13]
- 1856 - Westermanns Monatshefte (magazine) headquartered in Braunschweig.
- 1860 - Braunschweig City Archive established.[14]
- 1861
- Staatstheater Braunschweig (theatre) opens.
- Stadtbibliothek Braunschweig (library) and Städtisches Museum (Braunschweig) founded.
- 1863 - Braunschweiger Quadriga sculpture erected atop the palace.
- 1871
- Braunschweiger Volksfreund newspaper in publication.
- Feldschlößchen (Braunschweig) brewery in business.
- Population: 57,883.[15]
- 1872 - Brunswick–Magdeburg railway begins operating.
- 1874 - Konrad Koch introduces football to Germany.[16]
- 1875 - 23 September: Neue Synagoge (Braunschweig) opens.
- 1879 - Trams in Braunschweig begin operating.
- 1880 - Population: 75,038.[17]
- 1885 - Population: 85,174.[18]
- 1887 - Braunschweig Main Cemetery (cemetery) established.
- 1890 - Population: 101,047.[19]
- 1891 - Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum founded.
- 1894–1900 - New Braunschweiger Rathaus (city hall) built.
- 1895
- Eintracht Braunschweig football club and Jüdischer Friedhof (Braunschweig) (cemetery) established.
- Wilhelm Scholz bookseller in business.
- Population: 115,138.[20]
20th century
[edit]1900–1945
[edit]- 1901 - Braunschweigischer Geschichtsverein (historical society) founded.[2]
- 1903 - Büssing established.
- 1905 - Population: 136,423.[1]
- 1906 - Dankwarderode Castle reconstructed.
- 1907 - Panther Fahrradwerke (bicycle manufactory) in business.[3]
- 1909 - 21 April: Gymnasium Gaussschule established.
- 1913 - 24 May: Marriage of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia.[21]
- 1918
- November Revolution in Braunschweig occurs.[3]
- 8 November: Ernest Augustus forced to abdicate.[22][23]
- 10 November: Socialist Republic of Brunswick proclaimed.
- 10 November: Free State of Brunswick established.
- 1919
- 9 April: Spartacus League uprising.
- 13–17 April: State of emergency declared, Freikorps troops enter city.[24][25]
- Population: 139,539.[26]
- 1920 - Rollei established.
- 1923 - 17 June: Eintracht-Stadion opens.
- 1929 - Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule moved to Broitzem.
- 1931
- Veltenhof is incorporated into the city of Braunschweig.
- Braunschweiger Tageszeitung (newspaper) begins publication.
- 17–18 October: A large Nazi rally is held in Braunschweig, 100,000 SA stormtroopers march through the city.[27]
- 1933 - Mittelland Canal reaches Braunschweig.
- 1934
- Gliesmarode, Lehndorf (Braunschweig), Melverode, Ölper, Querum, Riddagshausen, and Rühme are incorporated into the city of Braunschweig.
- Population: 166,823.
- 1935 - SS-Junkerschule Braunschweig established.[28]
- 1936
- Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt in Völkenrode built.
- Braunschweig Airport opens.
- 1938
- Niedersächsische Musikschule Braunschweig (formerly Brunswick State Conservatoire) established.
- 23 February: Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig starts production.
- 9–10 November: Kristallnacht in Braunschweig.
- 1939
- Nazi Academy for Youth Leadership built.[29]
- 20 September: Oflag XI-B POW camp for Polish officers established.[30]
- Population: 208,400.
- 1940
- 24 June: Oflag XI-B POW camp dissolved, POWs transferred to Oflag II-C in Dobiegniew.[30]
- Synagogue demolished.
- Bombing of Braunschweig in World War II begins.
- 1943 - Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen established.[31]
- 1944
- 25 March: Subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established at the SS troop supply camp.[32]
- 5 June: Subcamp of Neuengamme at the SS troop supply camp dissolved. Prisoners deported to a subcamp in Warberg.[32]
- 17 August: Schillstraße subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established.[33]
- September: Braunschweig-Vechelde subcamp of Neuengamme established.[34]
- December: Women subcamp of Neuengamme established at the SS Riding School.[35]
- 1945
- February: Women subcamp of Neuengamme at the SS Riding School dissolved. Prisoners deported to subcamps in Salzgitter and Helmstedt.[35]
- March: Braunschweig-Vechelde subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved. Prisoners moved to the Schillstraße subcamp.[34]
- March/April: Schillstraße subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved. Prisoners sent on a death march to Salzgitter.[33]
- 12 April: Surrender of Braunschweig.
1946–1999
[edit]- 1946 - Braunschweiger Zeitung (newspaper) begins publication.
- 1947 - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt refounded in Braunschweig.
- 1949
- Abendgymnasium Braunschweig (school) established.
- Antiquariat am Burgplatz bookshop in business.
- 1955 - 1 February: Luftfahrt-Bundesamt opens.
- 1960
- Brunswick Palace demolished.
- Building of the Weststadt starts.[36]
- 1 October: Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof opens.
- 1963 - Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig established.
- 1971 - Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel established.
- 1972 - Braunschweiger Verkehrs-AG (public transit entity) active.
- 1974 - 28 February: District of Braunschweig disestablished and its main part incorporated into the city of Braunschweig.
- 1975 - Population: 269,900.
- 1976 - Gerhard Glogowski becomes mayor.
- 1977 - Federal Agricultural Research Centre established.
- 1982 - Gerstäcker-Museum established.
- 1987 - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen moves to Braunschweig.
- 1988 - Braunschweig Classix Festival established.
- 1991–94 - Reconstruction of Alte Waage.
- 1994 - Sparkassen Open tennis tournament established.
- 1998 - 1 September: German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation established.[37]
- 2000
- Wilhelm Raabe Literature Prize established.
- 20 September: Volkswagen Halle opens.
21st century
[edit]- 2001 - Happy Rizzi House built in the Ackerhof.
- 2006 - 6 December: Synagoge (Braunschweig) opens.
- 2007 - 6 May: Rebuilt Brunswick Palace opens.
- 2010 - RegioStadtBahn Braunschweig light rail project cancelled.
- 2013 - Population: 247,227.
- 2014 - Ulrich Markurth becomes mayor.
Images
[edit]-
Braunschweig on the Ebstorf Map, circa 1300 -
City Hall and fountain, installed 1408 (photo circa 1865) -
Braunschweig in 1492 -
Braunschweig in the 16th century, from the Civitates orbis terrarum by Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg. -
Braunschweig in 1550. -
Braunschweig in 1610. -
Programme for premiere of Goethe's Faust, 1829 -
Brunswick Palace set on fire, 7 September 1830 -
Altstadtmarkt in 1834, by Domenico Quaglio the Younger. -
Fair in 1840. -
Kohlmarkt in 1894. -
Braunschweig around 1900. -
Braunschweig on the night of 15 October 1944 -
Braunschweig in 2011.
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See also
[edit]Other cities in the state of Lower Saxony:(de)
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Britannica 1910.
- ^ Overall 1870.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Stadtgeschichte: Stadtchronik Braunschweig" [City History: Chronology of Braunschweig] (in German). Stadt Braunschweig. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^ Moderhack, Richard (1997). Braunschweiger Stadtgeschichte (in German). Braunschweig: Wagner. pp. 50–52. ISBN 3-87884-050-0.
- ^ Søndergaard, Leif. "Carnival is Festival: Dances as Entertainment". Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- ^ Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum [in German] (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-15510-4.
- ^ a b c Baedeker 1910.
- ^ Moderhack 1997, pp. 60–69
- ^ Henri Bouchot [in French] (1890). "Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established". In H. Grevel (ed.). The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time. London: H. Grevel & Co.
- ^ Gerhard Schildt: Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit, in Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig 2000, pp. 753–766
- ^ E. Oppermann (1911): Landeskunde des Herzogtums Braunschweig. Geschichte und Geographie. Braunschweig: E. Appelhans, p. 64.
- ^ Neubauer, Jürgen / Salewsky, Dieter (1988): 150 Jahre 1. Deutsche Staatseisenbahn Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel. Braunschweig: Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag. ISBN 3-926701-05-6.
- ^ "Germany". International Banking Directory. New York: Bankers Publishing Company. 1922. hdl:2027/hvd.hb1sji.
- ^ "Stadtarchiv: Geschichte des Archivs" (in German). Stadt Braunschweig. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^ "Germany: States of Germany: Brunswick". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1873. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590360.
- ^ Ciarán Fahey (19 June 2014). "Fußball: The History of a German Obsession". Societäts-Medien. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ^ "Germany: States of Germany: Brunswick". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1883. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590410.
- ^ "German Empire: States of Germany: Brunswick". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1890. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590527.
- ^ "German Empire". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1894. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590535.
- ^ "German Empire". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1899. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590550 – via HathiTrust.
- ^ Henning Steinführer, Gerd Biegel (eds.): 1913 – Braunschweig zwischen Monarchie und Moderne. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2015, ISBN 978-3-944939-12-4.
- ^ Moderhack 1997, pp. 193–194
- ^ Rother 1990, pp. 27–30
- ^ Rother 1990, pp. 67–72
- ^ Hans-Ulrich Ludewig (2000): Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Revolution (1914–1918/19), in: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig 2000, pp. 935–943
- ^ "Germany". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440.
- ^ Rother 1990, p. 244
- ^ "Braunschweiger Schloss / SS-Junkerschule". Vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
- ^ "Akademie für Jugendführung". Vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
- ^ a b Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
- ^ "Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen". Vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
- ^ a b "Braunschweig (Troop Supply Camp)". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ a b "Braunschweig (Büssing-NAG)". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ a b "Braunschweig-Vechelde". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ a b "Braunschweig (SS Riding School)". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ Braunschweig-Weststadt - größtes Wohnbauprojekt in unserer Region (in German). Retrieved on 3 September 2017.
- ^ "Organizations". International Relations and Security Network. Switzerland: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia.
Bibliography
[edit]in English
[edit]- Abraham Rees (1819), "Brunswick", The Cyclopaedia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t4vh5t74q
- Edward Augustus Domeier (1830), "Brunswick", Descriptive Road-Book of Germany, London: Samuel Leigh, hdl:2027/hvd.hx167e
- William Henry Overall, ed. (1870). "Brunswick". Dictionary of Chronology. London: William Tegg. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949.
- "Brunswick", Northern Germany (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, OCLC 78390379
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1910. p. 690.
- John M. Jeep, ed. (2001). "Braunschweig". Medieval Germany: an Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3.
in German
[edit]- "Braunschweig: Die Stadt". Biblioteca geographica: Verzeichniss der seit der Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts bis zu Ende des Jahres 1856 in Deutschland (in German). Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. 1858 – via Google Books. (bibliography)
- Braunschweig. Die Chroniken der Deutschen Städte (in German). Vol. 6, 16, 35. Leipzig: S. Hirzel Verlag. 1868–1928 – via HathiTrust.
- Hermann Adalbert Daniel [in German] (1878). "Das Herzogthum Braunschweig". Handbuch der Geographie (in German) (5th ed.). Leipzig: Fues's Verlag.
- Karl von Hegel (1891). "Braunschweig". Städte und Gilden der germanischen Völker im Mittelalter (in German). Vol. 2. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. hdl:2027/wu.89094689700 – via HathiTrust.
- "Braunschweig". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1896. hdl:2027/njp.32101064064452.
- P. Krauss und E. Uetrecht, ed. (1913). "Braunschweig". Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas [Meyer's Atlas of German Cities] (in German). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut.
- Rother, Bernd (1990). Die Sozialdemokratie im Land Braunschweig 1918 bis 1933 (in German). Bonn: Verlag J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. ISBN 3-8012-4016-9.
- Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon (in German), 1992
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Braunschweig.
- Links to fulltext city directories for Braunschweig via Wikisource
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