Thihathura of Ava

Thihathura
သီဟသူရ (အင်းဝ)
Thihathura ; သီဟသူရ (အင်းဝ)
King of Ava
Reign	24 July 1468 – c. August 1480
Predecessor	Narapati I
Successor	Minkhaung II
Born	1 May 1431 ; Tuesday, 5th waning of Kason 793 ME; Prome (Pyay)
Died	c. August 1480 (aged 49) ; Ava (Inwa)
Consort	Ameitta Thiri Maha Dhamma Dewi
Issue	Minkhaung II ; Minye Kyawswa of Yamethin
House	Mohnyin
Father	Narapati
Mother	Atula Thiri Maha Yaza Dewi
Religion	Theravada Buddhism

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Thihathura of Ava (Burmese: သီဟသူရ (အင်းဝ), pronounced [θìha̰θùja̰]; also Maha Thihathura; 1431–1480) was king of Ava from 1468 to 1480. He was the last king of Ava who was able to hold on to the increasingly fractious kingdom in its entirety. Soon after succeeding his father Narapati, the new king had to put down a rebellion in Toungoo (Taungoo) in 1470, and suppressed an insurrection by his brother the lord of Prome (Pyay), whom the king pardoned. He gained submission of the eastern Shan state of Yawnghwe, and quelled a potential rebellion in the northern Shan states of Mohnyin and Mogaung. He was succeeded by his son Minkhaung II.

Early life

Thihathura was born in 1431 to Viceroy Narapati of Prome and his chief wife Atula Thiri Maha Dhamma Yaza Dewi, a descendant of Pinya royalty. Thihathura was the eldest of eight children by the couple; he had five younger full sisters and two full brothers Mingyi Swa and Thado Minsaw.^[2] Not yet twelve, the young prince was made heir apparent when his father ascended to the Ava throne in January 1442 (Tabodwe 804 ME).^[3]

Accession

Thihathura ascended to the Ava throne in July 1468 after his father King Narapati died in Prome, having fled from an assassination attempt by one of Thihathura's sons a year earlier. The middle son of Thihathura had stabbed his grandfather the king because the king had disapproved of the young prince's wish to marry his first cousin, daughter of Princess of Sagaing, Thihathura's eldest sister.^[4] Thihathura did not punish the son, and instead allowed him to marry the girl for whom he had stabbed his grandfather, and gave the towns of Sakut, Salin, Baunglin, Legaing, Myo-htit, Taungta, Mindon, Thayet, Myede, Kanyin, and Myaung. He made his elder son, Minkhaung II, crown prince and gave Dabayin as an appanage. The youngest son Minye Kyawswa was given Yamethin to govern.^[5]

Reign

The queen dowager Atula Thiri was shocked by her son's decision not to punish his son for stabbing his grandfather, and instigated Toungoo to revolt.^[6] Toungoo, a remote province in the southeastern part of Ava Kingdom, had a long history of insurrections. Its last rebellion lasted seven years (1451–1458).^[7] Toungoo called in help from Hanthawaddy Pegu. Thihathura dispatched an army under Gen. Sithu Kyawhtin, who was accompanied by two of his sons. The governor of Toungoo resisted with the help of Pegu but was defeated in 1470. The princes spared the rebellious governor's life, and carried him off to Ava, leaving Sithu Kyawhtin as the head of the troublesome province.^[8]

Next, the king sent an army to gain submission of Prome, and pardoned his brother Mingyi Swa who was lord there. In 1475 the king with help from the Shan State of Hsipaw (Thibaw) raided Yawnghwe (Nyaungshwe), securing its submission. In early 1476 (837 ME), he sent an expedition against Hanthawaddy, and raided Kawlia near Hlaing. In 1476, Sithu Kyawhtin, lord of Toungoo, enlarged his town. The ministers perceived that this meant Toungoo was about to revolt but the king showed them they were wrong by telling him to let himself be dragged by the hair to court; he did so, saying "It is my king’s command".^[6]

He turned his attention to the Shan states of Mohnyin and Mogaung in the north which had not openly revolted but not explicitly submitted to the new king either. In 1472, he asked China to honor its 1454 recognition of the Shan states as Burmese. China warned not to obstruct the trade route from Yunnan to Burma but would not reaffirm its previous recognition.^[6] Ava had to wait until its affairs in the south sorted out. In late 1476 (838 ME), Thiahthura personally led a large-scale expedition to Mohnyin and Mogaung. The king sailed up the Irrawaddy river with 7000 troops and his youngest son Minye Kyawswa of Yamethin marched by land with another 7000 troops, 300 elephants and 6000 horses. Only then did the rulers of the region submit in advance of the king's armies.^[9]

Thihathura sent envoys to Ceylon in 1474. The envoys brought a broom made of the hair of the king and queen, and its handle studded with gems to sweep the floor of the Temple of the Tooth at Kandy.^[6]

Death

Thihathura died c. August 1480 at age 49 (50th year).^{[note 2]}

Notes

^ Zatadawbon Yazawin (Zata 1960: 47, 77) says he was born on Tuesday, 5th waning of Kason 788 ME, which translates to Thursday, 25 April 1426. But Hmannan Yazawin (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 110) suggests he was born in either 792 or 793 ME. Since Hmannan also says he came to power at age 37 (in his 38th year) on 24 July 1468, his birth date must have been in 793 ME. Indeed, 5th waning of Kason 793 ME was Tuesday, 1 May 1431.
^ The two main standard Burmese chronicles differ on the death year. (Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 354): Maha Yazawin says he died in 1482 at age 53 (54th year) while the later chronicle Hmannan Yazawin says 1480 at age 49 (50th year). (Harvey 1925: 101–102) gives 1481. Based on Hmannan's reporting, he died soon after July 1480 since (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 110) says he had reigned for 12 years.

References

^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 110
^ ^a ^b Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 82–84
^ Hmannan Vol. 2: 85
^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 97–99
^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 100
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Harvey 1925: 100–101
^ Fernquest 2006: 62–66
^ Phayre 1967: 92
^ Fernquest 2005: 299

Bibliography

Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2005). "Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524–27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486–1539" (PDF). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 3 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-10.
Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)" (PDF). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-19.
Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
Royal Historians of Burma (c. 1680). U Hla Tin (Hla Thamein) (ed.). Zatadawbon Yazawin (1960 ed.). Historical Research Directorate of the Union of Burma.
Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.

Regnal titles
Thihathura of Ava Ava Kingdom Born: 1 May 1431 Died: c. August 1480
Preceded by Narapati I	King of Ava 24 July 1468 – c. August 1480	Succeeded by Minkhaung II
Royal titles
Preceded by Narapati I	Heir to the Burmese Throne January 1442 – 24 July 1468	Succeeded by Minkhaung II

[1] Zatadawbon Yazawin (Zata 1960: 47, 77) says he was born on Tuesday, 5th waning of Kason 788 ME, which translates to Thursday, 25 April 1426. But Hmannan Yazawin (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 110) suggests he was born in either 792 or 793 ME. Since Hmannan also says he came to power at age 37 (in his 38th year) on 24 July 1468, his birth date must have been in 793 ME. Indeed, 5th waning of Kason 793 ME was Tuesday, 1 May 1431.

[11] The two main standard Burmese chronicles differ on the death year. (Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 354): Maha Yazawin says he died in 1482 at age 53 (54th year) while the later chronicle Hmannan Yazawin says 1480 at age 49 (50th year). (Harvey 1925: 101–102) gives 1481. Based on Hmannan's reporting, he died soon after July 1480 since (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 110) says he had reigned for 12 years.

[hy-2-110-2] Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 110

[hy-2-82-84-3] Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 82–84

[hy-2-85-4] Hmannan Vol. 2: 85

[hy-2-97-99-5] Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 97–99

[hy-2-100-6] Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 100

[geh-7] Harvey 1925: 100–101

[jf-bmt-8] Fernquest 2006: 62–66

[app-9] Phayre 1967: 92

[jf-2005-299-10] Fernquest 2005: 299

[note 1]

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[2]

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[note 2]

v t e Burmese monarchs
Pagan dynasty 849–1297	Pyinbya Tannet Sale Theinhko Nyaung-u Sawrahan Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu Kyiso Sokkate Anawrahta Saw Lu Kyansittha Sithu I Narathu Naratheinkha Sithu II Htilominlo Naratheinga Uzana¹ Kyaswa Uzana Narathihapate Kyawswa²
Myinsaing and Pinya Kingdoms 1297–1364	Athinkhaya¹, Yazathingyan¹ and Thihathu¹ Thihathu Uzana I Sithu¹ Kyawswa I Kyawswa II Narathu Uzana II
Sagaing Kingdom 1315–1364	Saw Yun Tarabya I Anawrahta I Kyaswa Anawrahta II Tarabya II Minbyauk Thihapate
Kingdom of Ava 1364–1555	Thado Minbya Swa Saw Ke Tarabya Minkhaung I Thihathu Min Hla Kale Kye-Taung Nyo Mohnyin Thado Minye Kyawswa I Narapati I Thihathura Minkhaung II and Thihathura II Narapati II Sawlon³ and Thohanbwa³ Hkonmaing³ Narapati III³ Narapati IV³
Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1287–1539, 1550–1552	Wareru Hkun Law Saw O Saw Zein Zein Pun Saw E Binnya E Law Binnya U Maha Dewi¹ Razadarit Binnya Dhammaraza Binnya Ran I Binnya Waru Binnya Kyan Leik Munhtaw Shin Sawbu Dhammazedi Binnya Ran II Takayutpi Smim Sawhtut⁴ Smim Htaw⁴
Mrauk U Kingdom 1429–1785	Saw Mon Khayi Ba Saw Phyu Dawlya Ba Saw Nyo Ran Aung Salingathu Raza Gazapati Saw O Thazata Minkhaung Min Bin Dikkha Saw Hla Sekkya Phalaung Razagyi Khamaung Thiri Thudhamma Sanay Narapati Thado Sanda Thudhamma Thiri Thuriya Wara Dhammaraza Muni Thudhammaraza Sanda Thuriya I Nawrahta Mayuppiya Kalamandat Naradipati Sanda Wimala I Sanda Thuriya II Sanda Wizaya Sanda Thuriya III Naradipati II Narapawara Sanda Wizala Madarit Nara Apaya Thirithu Sanda Parama Apaya Sanda Thumana Sanda Wimala II Sanda Thaditha Maha Thammada
Prome Kingdom 1482–1542	Thado Minsaw Bayin Htwe Narapati⁵ Minkhaung⁵
Toungoo dynasty 1510–1752	Mingyi Nyo Tabinshwehti Bayinnaung Nanda Nyaungyan Anaukpetlun Minye Deibba Thalun Pindale Pye Narawara Minye Kyawhtin Sanay Min Taninganway Min Mahadhammaraza Dipadi
Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1740–1757	Smim Htaw Buddhaketi Binnya Dala
Konbaung dynasty 1752–1885	Alaungpaya Naungdawgyi Hsinbyushin Singu Phaungka Bodawpaya Bagyidaw Tharrawaddy Pagan Mindon Thibaw
¹ Regent or Co-Regent ² Mongol vassal (1297) ³ Confederation of Shan States (1527–55) ⁴ Brief revival (1550–52) ⁵ Vassal of the Confederation of Shan States (1532–42)