Jump to content

Politics of Cuba

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Politics of Cuba
Constitution
Communist Party
8th term
National Assembly
9th term
Elections and referendums
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
Related topics
flag Cuba portal

Cuba has had a socialist political system since 1961 based on the "one state – one party" principle. Cuba is constitutionally defined as a single party Marxist–Leninist socialist republic with semi-presidential powers.[1][2][3] The present Constitution of Cuba, which was passed in a 2019 referendum,[4][5] also describes the role of the Communist Party of Cuba to be the "leading force of society and of the state" and as having the capability of setting national policy, and First Secretary of the Communist Party is the most powerful position in Cuba.[4][5] The 2019 Constitution of Cuba identifies the ideals represented by Cuban independence hero José Martí and revolutionary leader Fidel Castro as the primary foundation of Cuba's political system, while also stressing the importance of the influence of the ideas of Marx, Engels, and Lenin.[6]

The President of Cuba is Miguel Díaz-Canel, who succeeded Raúl Castro as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba in 2021. Díaz-Canel is the first president of Communist Cuba to not hail from the family of Fidel or Raúl Castro.[7] Executive power is exercised by the government, which is represented by the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister of Cuba. Legislative power is exercised through the unicameral National Assembly of People's Power, which is constituted as the maximum authority of the state. With effect from 10 October 2019, Miguel Díaz-Canel is the president and Manuel Marrero is the Prime Minister of Cuba. The previous president of the State Council was Raúl Castro, brother of former leader Fidel Castro; Raúl Castro remained First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, and Commander-in-Chief of the Revolutionary Armed Forces until 19 April 2021. Fidel Castro ruled from 1959 to 2006, before illness forced him to hand power to his brother. Esteban Lazo Hernández is the president of the National Assembly.

Political scientists characterize the political system of Cuba as a single-party authoritarian regime where political opposition is not permitted.[8][9][10] There are elections in Cuba, but they are not considered democratic.[11][12] According to the V-Dem Democracy indices, Cuba is the second least electoral democratic country in Latin America.[13] Censorship of information (including limits to internet access) is extensive,[14][15][16] and independent journalism is repressed in Cuba;[17] Reporters Without Borders has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries in the world for press freedom.[18][19]

Executive

[edit]

Executive power is Council of Ministers.[20]: 38  From February 1959 until February 2008, Cuba was led by revolutionary leader Fidel Castro, who was head of state, head of government, First Secretary of the Communist Party, and commander-in-chief of the Cuban armed forces. The Ministry of Interior is the principal organ of state security and control.

According to the Constitution of Cuba, Article 94, the First Vice President of the Council of State assumes presidential duties upon the illness or death of the President. On July 31, 2006, during the 2006 Cuban transfer of duties, Fidel Castro delegated his duties as President of the Council of state, first secretary of the Cuban Communist Party and the post of commander in chief of the armed forces to first Vice President Raúl Castro. Since 2019, the President of Cuba is also limited to two five year terms.[4][21][22][23][24][25]

Legislature

[edit]
El Capitolio, former seat of the National Assembly of People's Power.

Cuba has an elected national legislature, the National Assembly of People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular),[20]: 38  which has 612 members, elected every 5 years and holds brief sessions to ratify decisions by the executive branch. The National Assembly convenes twice a year in ordinary periods of sessions. However, it has permanent commissions to look after issues of legislative interest. Among its permanent or temporary commissions are those in charge of issues concerning the economy, sugar industry, industries, transportation and communications, constructions, foreign affairs, public health, defense and interior order. The National Assembly also has permanent departments that oversee the work of the Commissions, Local Assemblies of the People's Power, International Relations, Judicial Affairs and the Administration.[26]

Article 88(h) of the Constitution of Cuba, adopted in 1976, provides for citizen proposals of law, prerequisite that the proposal be made by at least 10,000 citizens who are eligible to vote. In 2002 supporters of a movement known as the Varela Project submitted a citizen proposal of law with 11,000 signatures calling for a national referendum on political and economic reforms. The Government response was to collect 8.1 million signatures to request that Cuba's National Assembly enact a constitutional amendment making socialism an unalterable feature of Cuban government.[27]

Committees for the Defense of the Revolution

[edit]
A CDR in Old Havana on Paseo de Martí facing Parque Central

The Committees for the Defense of the Revolution is a network of neighborhood organizations across Cuba of which most Cubans are members.[28] The organizations are designed to put medical, educational or other campaigns into national effect, and to report "counter-revolutionary" activity. It is the duty of the CDR officials to know the political activities of each person in their respective blocks.[citation needed]

Political parties and elections

[edit]
Main articles: List of political parties in Cuba and Elections in Cuba

Suffrage is automatically afforded to Cuban citizens who have resided in Cuba for at least two years and are at least sixteen years old. Those legally declared "mentally handicapped" or who are serving time in prison cannot exercise this right. Cubans who live abroad for personal reasons for more than 24 consecutive months lose their right to vote.[29][30][31]: 156-157  The national elections for the 470 members[32] of the National Assembly of People's Power are held according to this system and the precepts of the 1976 Constitution.

General elections consist of two phases: municipal elections and elections to ANPP (National Assembly of People's Power, or Parliament).[33] They are usually called in July and are held every five years. After elections are called, Council of State designates members of CEN (National Electoral Commission). The CEN oversees elections, but does not participate in them. It is responsible for surveying and inspecting the election procedure and ensure it conforms with the Constitution and electoral law. The CEN appoints CEP (Provincial Electoral Commission), which in turn appoints CEM (Municipal Electoral Commission). The latter lead formation of electoral commissions at the grassroots. There are roughly 1450 people in each of these circunscripcións.[31]: 154-156 

For the purpose of Municipal elections, each circunscripción is further divided into two to eight areas with the goal of allowing nomination meetings to be very compressed and based on the grassroots. The number of nomination areas is determined by the population in the circunscripción. In rural areas, extension of territory is also taken into consideration. People have the right to participate, nominate and vote only in the area in which they live. Nomination area assembly meetings are normally held in public areas at eight o'clock in the evening on weekdays or during the day on the weekend. Each assembly is presided over by the local electoral commission. Individuals have the right to propose anyone who lives in their circunscripción as long as the person has indicated they are willing to be nominated. The person nominating must provide a reason for nomination. Others have the right to argue against a nomination. When this is done, a show-of-hands vote is taken and counted by the electoral commission. The person with the most votes becomes the candidate for that nomination area. In order to ensure the law is being followed, members of CEP make surprise visits to nomination meetings.[31]: 157-159 [34]

Once candidates have been nominated, the local electoral commission obtains a short biographical profile and a photo from them. These are posted in local public spaces for easy access to voters. This is the only publicity permitted under the electoral law. Voters are expected to read the profiles in order to make their choice. Campaigning is not permitted.[35] Duharte Díaz, professor at University of Havana, is of the opinion that posting profiles is insufficient and that more should be done to present the candidates.[36]

Municipal elections are usually held in October. On the day of the vote, held always on a Sunday, voters confirm their voting eligibility by presenting their identification cards and are then handed a ballot with names of candidates nominated in their circunscripción. Voting is secret. To win, a candidate must receive at least 50% plus one of the vote. If this does not happen, the candidate who placed last is eliminated and voting is repeated with remaining candidates.[31]: 162-163 

Candidates elected in municipal elections carry out their functions on a voluntary basis after their regular work hours. Once municipal assemblies are constituted, they elect their presidents and vice-presidents from among themselves. These individuals are the only ones who are full-time, earning the same salary as they received at their place of work.[31]: 146-147 

Second phase, elections to ANPP (Parliament), is different from municipal elections. Up to half of the members of parliament are nominated from individuals elected in municipal election. The rest are nominated by mass organisations. These are Workers' Central Union of Cuba, Federation of Cuban Women, National Association of Small Farmers, Federation of University Students, Federation of Pre-University Students and Committees for the Defense of the Revolution. To propose candidates for elections each of the six mass organisations assembles at all three levels in plenary sessions to propose candidates from the population. The goal is to obtain a pool of potential candidates representing a wide cross-section of the population. Because of this, each of the mass organisations at all three levels (municipal, provincial, national) has the right to propose at least three times the number of candidates needed for each municipality to be represented in the parliament. The proposals are sent to CCN (National Candidacies Commission) which then reduces the list down to the number of seats.[31]: 167–171 

Before elections (that usually happen in January), meetings between candidates and workers are held in places of work and in the neighbourhoods. Similarly to municipal elections, the only publicity allowed is a short biography and a photo. Elections happen on a Sunday. Voters are given a ballot with the names of candidates chosen by the CCN to represent their municipality. They can choose to vote for all, some or none of the candidates. To be elected, a candidate must receive at least 50% plus one of the valid votes. If they do not, a new candidate is chosen for the seat and voting repeated.[31]: 174–175 [37]

State leaders

[edit]

Communist Party of Cuba

[edit]
Main article: Communist Party of Cuba

The organization of Cuba's political system reflects the Marxist–Leninist principle of democratic centralism.[20]: 38 

Ministry of the Interior building on the Plaza de la Revolución, Havana

Council of Ministers

[edit]

Council of State and National Assembly of People's Power

[edit]

Foreign relations

[edit]
Vladimir Putin and Fidel Castro in 2000.
Main article: Foreign relations of Cuba

Cuba's foreign policy has been scaled back and redirected as a result of economic hardship after the collapse of the Soviet bloc. Without massive Soviet subsidies and its primary trading partner Cuba was comparatively isolated in the 1990s, but has since entered bilateral co-operation with several South American countries, most notably Venezuela and Bolivia. Cuba has normal diplomatic and economic relations with every country in the Western hemisphere except the United States.[41] The United States continues an embargo "so long as [Cuba] continues to refuse to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights."[42] The European Union accuses Cuba of "continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms", but also "Reiterates its condemnation of the US embargo on Cuba, and calls for it to be lifted forthwith, as the UN General Assembly has repeatedly demanded."[43]

Cuba has developed a growing relationship with the People's Republic of China and Russia. In all, Cuba continues to have formal relations with 160 nations, and provided civilian assistance workers – principally medical – in more than 20 nations.[44] More than two million exiles have escaped to foreign countries.[citation needed] Cuba's present Minister of Foreign Affairs is Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla.

Poster urging citizens to vote to make the socialist system permanent and irrevocable by amending the constitution
Candidates of the 2008 elections of the national and provincial parliaments in Santiago de Cuba

Authoritarianism

[edit]
Main article: Cuba and democracy
See also: Grassroots dictatorship and International rankings of Cuba

Some political scientists characterize the political system of Cuba as non-democratic and authoritarian.,[45][46][47][48][49][50] while others challenge this characterization.[31]: 146-149  It is a single-party state where political opposition is not permitted.[48][51] The function of the party is different to that in liberal democracies. It does not propose candidates and is not allowed to influence elections.[31]: 159-160  Candidates are instead nominated directly by citizens with a show of hands in circunscripciones (very small districts).[31]: 146-149  Critics challenge whether this is democratic.[52][53] Censorship of information (including limits to internet access) is extensive,[15][54] and independent journalism is repressed in Cuba;[55] Reporters Without Borders has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries in the world for press freedom.[56][57]

Officially, Cuba frames itself as a "people's democracy", as opposed to the "liberal democracy" of Western states. Cuba thus rejects criticism of its political system as a lack of appreciation for different forms of democracy other than those in capitalist states.[58] It alludes to the grass roots elements in the nomination of candidates at neighborhood level (in the so-called circunscripciónes).[59]

Opposition groups inside and outside the country as well as a summary published by Human Rights Watch[60] and certain foreign governments have described the Cuban political system as undemocratic. On the other hand, Cuba is a member of organisations ALBA and CELAC, that consider themselves democratic.[61] The United States Government has initiated various policy measures ostensibly designed to urge Cuba to undertake political change towards a multi-party electoral system. These plans have been condemned by the Cuban Government, who accuses the United States of meddling in Cuba's affairs.[62]

Human rights

[edit]
Main article: Human rights in Cuba

According to Human Rights Watch, Castro constructed a "repressive machinery" that continues to deprive Cubans of their basic rights.[63] The Cuban government has been accused of numerous human rights abuses, including torture, arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial executions (a.k.a. "El Paredón").[64] Human Rights Watch reports that the government represses nearly all forms of political dissent.[63]

The country's first ever transgender municipal delegate was elected in the province of Villa Clara in early 2013. Adela Hernández is a resident of the town of Caibarién and works as a nurse electrocardiogram specialist. In Cuba, delegates are not professional politicians and, therefore, do not receive a government salary.[65]

In 2022, the Family Code constitutional amendment passed. This followed hundreds of painstaking assembly discussions within communities and institutions across the island. This Code ensures the protection of rights of adoption, surrogacy, transgender-affirmation, same-sex marriages and the legitimacy of intergenerational households.

Corruption

[edit]
Main article: Corruption in Cuba

The 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ranked Cuba 58th out of 176 countries, tied with Jordan and Namibia.[66] and has lower levels than most of the other countries in the Caribbean and Central America. In 2006, it was ranked in 112th place, tied with India.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "New Cuban leadership reflects a rebranding of Castro dictatorship".
  2. ^ "Fidel Castro, Loyal Follower of Jose Marti – Escambray". en.escambray.cu. November 30, 2017.
  3. ^ Whitney, W. T. Jr. (January 22, 2018). "José Martí, soul of the Cuban Revolution".
  4. ^ a b c "Cuba to reshape government with new constitution". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Cuba ditches aim of building communism from draft constitution". The Guardian. 22 July 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  6. ^ "Cuban Constitution of 2019". 11 April 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  7. ^ Patrick Oppmann (19 April 2021). "Meet the new leader of Cuba's Communist Party". CNN. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
  8. ^ Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010-08-16). Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–363. ISBN 978-1-139-49148-8.
  9. ^ Lachapelle, Jean; Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A.; Casey, Adam E. (2020). "Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability". World Politics. 72 (4): 557–600. doi:10.1017/S0043887120000106. ISSN 0043-8871. S2CID 225096277.
  10. ^ Hawkins, Darren (2001). "Democratization Theory and Nontransitions: Insights from Cuba". Comparative Politics. 33 (4): 441–461. doi:10.2307/422443. ISSN 0010-4159. JSTOR 422443.
  11. ^ Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (2019-10-03). "Who wins the most when everybody wins? Predicting candidate performance in an authoritarian election". Democratization. 26 (7): 1278–1298. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1629420. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 197727359.
  12. ^ Domínguez, Jorge I.; Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (2017). "Authoritarian Regimes and Their Permitted Oppositions: Election Day Outcomes in Cuba". Latin American Politics and Society. 59 (2): 27–52. doi:10.1111/laps.12017. ISSN 1531-426X. S2CID 157677498.
  13. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). "The V-Dem Dataset". Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  14. ^ Stein, Elizabeth Ann (2016). "Information and Civil Unrest in Dictatorships". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.35. ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7.
  15. ^ a b "Impediments to Human Rights in Cuban Law (Part III)". Cuba's Repressive Machinery: Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolution. Human Rights Watch. June 1999. pp. 27–68. ISBN 1-56432-234-3. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  16. ^ Moynihan, Michael C. (22 February 2008). "Still Stuck on Castro - How the press handled a tyrant's farewell". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2009.
  17. ^ "62nd General Assembly Reports: Cuba". Inter American Press Association. 3 October 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  18. ^ "Press Freedom Index 2015", Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 12 November 2015
  19. ^ "Press Freedom Index 2008" (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-03.
  20. ^ a b c Cederlöf, Gustav (2023). The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba. Critical environments: nature, science, and politics. Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-39313-4.
  21. ^ "Cuba sets out new constitutional reforms". BBC News. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  22. ^ Marc Frank (21 February 2019). "Explainer: What is old and new in Cuba's proposed constitution". Reuters. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  23. ^ Antonio Recio (21 August 2018). "Some Traps in Cuba's New Constitution". The Havana Times.
  24. ^ "Cuba expands rights but rejects radical change in updated constitution". UPI. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  25. ^ Mega, Emiliano Rodríguez (2019-03-08). "Cuba acknowledges climate change threats in its constitution". Nature. 567 (7747): 155. Bibcode:2019Natur.567..155M. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00760-3. PMID 30862928.
  26. ^ Cuban Political system Archived 2019-12-24 at the Wayback Machine Cuba education tools.
  27. ^ "Cuba's Parliament Seeks to Approve Constitutional Change Ratifying Socialism". Associated Press. June 21, 2002. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  28. ^ "AFP: Cuba's neighborhood watches: 50 years of eyes, ears". 2013-04-10. Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
  29. ^ "Cuba's Constitution of 2019" (PDF). Constitute Project.
  30. ^ Querido, Leandro (2022-09-21). "The Cuban referendum and the right to vote". Latinoamérica 21. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j August, Arnold (2013). Cuba and Its Neighbours: Democracy in Motion. Zed books ltd. pp. 146–175. ISBN 9781848138667.
  32. ^ "Elecciones nacionales en Cuba con alta participación popular". Granma.cu (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  33. ^ El sistema político y electoral cubano Archived 2009-01-30 at the Wayback Machine. Cubasocialista.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.
  34. ^ "Ley No. 127, Artículo 93.1" (PDF). August 19, 2019.
  35. ^ "Ley No. 72, Artículo 171" (PDF). April 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
  36. ^ Emilio Antonio Duharte Díaz (Winter 2018). "The Cuban Political System: Current Status and Possible Reforms for an Integral and Democratic Participative Transformation". International Journal of Cuban Studies. 10 (2): 175–208. doi:10.13169/intejcubastud.10.2.0175. JSTOR 10.13169/intejcubastud.10.2.0175.
  37. ^ Cuban Solidarity Campaign. "Cuban Democracy Fact Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  38. ^ "Sesión constitutiva de la Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular para su X Legislatura minuto a minuto". radiotrinidad.icky.cu (in Spanish). 19 April 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  39. ^ "ana-maria-mari-machado". National Assembly of People's Power (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  40. ^ "homero-acosta-alvarez". National Assembly of People's Power (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  41. ^ "US Lawmakers Say Normalize Cuba Relations" Archived 2009-09-03 at the Wayback Machine, lataminfo.org, April 2009.
  42. ^ "Cuban Democracy Act of 1992". State Department.
  43. ^ "EU-Cuba relations". Official Journal of the European Union. 4 September 2003.
  44. ^ Cuba (09/01) US Department of State report
  45. ^ Hoffmann, Bert (2015-10-01). "The international dimension of authoritarian regime legitimation: insights from the Cuban case". Journal of International Relations and Development. 18 (4): 556–574. doi:10.1057/jird.2014.9. ISSN 1581-1980. S2CID 144107918.
  46. ^ Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010-08-16). Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–363. ISBN 978-1-139-49148-8.
  47. ^ Lachapelle, Jean; Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A.; Casey, Adam E. (2020). "Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability". World Politics. 72 (4): 557–600. doi:10.1017/S0043887120000106. ISSN 0043-8871. S2CID 225096277.
  48. ^ a b Miller, Nicola (2003-01-01). "The Absolution of History: Uses of the Past in Castro's Cuba". Journal of Contemporary History. 38 (1): 147–162. doi:10.1177/0022009403038001969. ISSN 0022-0094. S2CID 153348631.
  49. ^ Geoffray, Marie Laure (2015). "Transnational Dynamics of Contention in Contemporary Cuba". Journal of Latin American Studies. 47 (2): 223–249. doi:10.1017/S0022216X15000048. ISSN 0022-216X. S2CID 146318186.
  50. ^ Hawkins, Darren (2001). "Democratization Theory and Nontransitions: Insights from Cuba". Comparative Politics. 33 (4): 441–461. doi:10.2307/422443. ISSN 0010-4159. JSTOR 422443.
  51. ^ Schedler, Andreas; Hoffmann, Bert (2015). "Communicating authoritarian elite cohesion". Democratization. 23: 93–117. doi:10.1080/13510347.2015.1095181. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 146645252.
  52. ^ Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (2019-10-03). "Who wins the most when everybody wins? Predicting candidate performance in an authoritarian election". Democratization. 26 (7): 1278–1298. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1629420. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 197727359.
  53. ^ Domínguez, Jorge I.; Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (2017). "Authoritarian Regimes and Their Permitted Oppositions: Election Day Outcomes in Cuba". Latin American Politics and Society. 59 (2): 27–52. doi:10.1111/laps.12017. ISSN 1531-426X. S2CID 157677498.
  54. ^ Moynihan, Michael C. (22 February 2008). "Still Stuck on Castro - How the press handled a tyrant's farewell". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2009.
  55. ^ "62nd General Assembly Reports: Cuba". Inter American Press Association. 3 October 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  56. ^ "Press Freedom Index 2015" Archived 2015-08-27 at the Wayback Machine, Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 12 November 2015
  57. ^ "Press Freedom Index 2008" (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-03.
  58. ^ Roman, Peter. "Electing Cuba's National Assembly Deputies: Proposals, Selections, Nominations, and Campaigns" (PDF). Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  59. ^ Mendoza, Juan. "Elecciones en Cuba - un proceso democrático". Cubadebate. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  60. ^ Human Rights Watch. "Country Summary: Cuba" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  61. ^ August, Arnold (April 2012). "CELAC Defines Democracy and Cuba Is Fully Involved" (PDF). Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  62. ^ "Cuban official discounts US action". Television New Zealand. Reuters. 14 July 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  63. ^ a b "Cuba: Fidel Castro's Abusive Machinery Remains Intact". Human Rights Watch. 18 February 2008.
  64. ^ "Information about human rights in Cuba" (in Spanish). Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. April 7, 1967. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
  65. ^ Fernando Ravsberg (8 January 2014). "Cuba's First Transsexual Politician". Havana Times. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  66. ^ "Transparency International - the global coalition against corruption". Transparency International. 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2012.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Erikson, Daniel P. (2005). "Charting Castro's Possible Successors". SAIS Review 25.1, 89–103.
  • Evenson, Debra (1994). Revolution in the balance: Law and society in contemporary Cuba. Westview Press, Boulder. ISBN 0-8133-8466-4.
  • Grenier, Yvon (2017), Culture and the Cuban State; Participation, Recognition, and Dissonance under Communism (Lexington Books)
  • (fr) Danielle Bleitrach and Jean-François Bonaldi, Cuba, Fidel et le Che ou l'aventure du socialisme, Editions Le Temps des Cerises, 2009 ISBN 978-2-8410-9671-8.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Cuba&oldid=1259420804"