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Reviewer: Borsoka (talk · contribs) 12:29, 15 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]

GA review (see here for what the criteria are, and here for what they are not)

  1. It is reasonably well written.
    a. (prose, spelling, and grammar):
    An exceptionally well written, clear and concise article.
    b. (MoS for lead, layout, word choice, fiction, and lists):
    It complies with the manual of style guidelines for lead sections, layout, words to watch, fiction, and list incorporation.
  2. It is factually accurate and verifiable.
    a. (reference section):
    The article contains a list of all references. Source formatting is consistent and all information necessary to identify the cited source is there.
    b. (citations to reliable sources):
    All citations are from hiqh-quality reliable sources.
    c. (OR):
    Each statement is verified by a reference to a scholarly work. I checked references 91, 131, 212, and 397.
    d. (copyvio and plagiarism):
    No example of plagiarism or copyvio was detected in the checked references.
  3. It is broad in its coverage.
    a. (major aspects):
    b. (focused):
    Perhaps some information about the non-Jewish victims of WWII could be described as superfluous in the article's context but in such a sensitive area we could hardly achieve a consensual presentation without mentioning them.
  4. It follows the neutral point of view policy.
    Fair representation without bias:
    An exemplarily neutral and fair presentation of an emotionally exceptionally demanding subject.
  5. It is stable.
    No edit wars, etc.:
    The article received extended confirmed protection which prevents new users from edit warring but its history and Talk page show that reverts may occur. However, these reverts have not developed into edit warring and the article's Talk page indicates that most editors of the article are willing to reach a compromise. Borsoka (talk) 12:31, 17 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  6. It is illustrated by images and other media, where possible and appropriate.
    a. (images are tagged and non-free content have non-free use rationales):
    All images are tagged and non-free content have non-free use rationales.
    b. (appropriate use with suitable captions):
  7. Overall:
    Pass/fail:

(Criteria marked are unassessed)

A highly sensitive theme that requires much attention. I planning to complete the review in a week. I have one preliminary question: why are not Zionism, the establishment of the State of Israel and Holocaust denial mentioned in the article? Borsoka (talk) 12:29, 15 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Holocaust denial does not dominate discussions of the legacy of the Holocaust the way the state-led denial of the Armenian genocide does. I was surprised how few sources I consulted when writing this section even mentioned it. Kansteiner does mention Holocaust denial but suggests it is a marginal phenomenon. However, I'm not opposed to a brief mention. As for Zionism and Israel, they are already mentioned although perhaps coverage could be expanded and/or improved. Thanks so much for taking on this review. (t · c) buidhe 16:11, 15 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • I am also thinking of a very brief mention. I will return to my preliminary question after completing the overall review. Excellent article. Thank you for it.
  • ...a Greek word meaning "burnt offering"... A reference to the religious connotation of the term? Perhaps a link to Holocaust (sacrifice) or Burnt offering (Judaism)?
    •  Done
  • ...was introduced in the 1950s... Do we know by whom (researchers, journalists, clergy...) or where (studies, journals, ...)?
  • By the early twentieth century, most Jews in central and western Europe were well integrated into society, while many Eastern European Jews still lived in small towns, spoke Yiddish, and practiced Orthodox Judaism. Throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, Jews were subjected to antisemitism based on Christian theology, which blamed them for killing Jesus. I would change the sequence of the two sentences and refer to Jewish emancipation.
    • done
  • ...was lent a scientific backing by nineteenth-century biologists... No, it has never been lent a scientific backing. It may have been backed by allegedly scientific studies. A reference to Social Darwinism?
    • Rewrote the sentence.
  • ...traitors to the countries that they lived in... A reference to the Dreyfus affair in a footnote?
    • I'd rather take out this clause than add a footnote, since the Dreyfus affair is not actually mentioned in the sources.
  • A reference to the survival/revival of pre-modern popular anti-Semitic concepts like the blood libel, and a reference to the early 20th-century progroms in Eastern Europe?
    • Done for the second one. Blood libel isn't mentioned in most of the sources.
  • A reference to the mass immigration to the Eastern European Jews to Austria-Hungary? As far as I can remember Hitler wrote that he became convinced that the Jews form a separate race when he first met the "Galizianer" community in Vienna.
    • Mentioned the composition of the German Jews.
  • ... right-wing political parties... The cited source names parties and movements but does not mention the Völkisch movement (that is linked). Perhaps some parties and movements could be mentioned in a footnote. I think the Völkisch movement should also be mentioned.
    • Removed link.
  • The turn of the twentieth century also saw a major effort to establish a German colonial empire overseas, including the Herero and Nama genocide and subsequent racial apartheid regime in South West Africa. Perhaps this is a consequence of a language barrier, but for me the major effort to establish a colonial empire does not include the genocide and the apartheid regime, but led to them.
    • Changed to "leading to".
  • ... its ideology is often cited as the main factor to explain the Holocaus By whom? What are the other main factors that are often cited?
    • Gerlach cites Yehuda Bauer specifically as someone who holds this view, but I'm not sure it would be helpful to the reader to mention Bauer since I believe, and Gerlach states, that this is a common interpretation. Other factors (for example, more contingent and war-related reasons) are discussed later in the article.
  • Nazi ideas of race and empire were developed from earlier ones... Some examples in a footnote or a link?
    • Actually, the linked articles Volksgemeinschaft and Lebensraum detail their pre-Nazi origins and/or precursors.
      • I would name some of the earlier ideas because the sentence is unspecific: "X ideas of Y and Z were developed from earlier ones..." is a valid statement in any context.
  • ...these ideas appealed to many Germans. Why?
    • As previously stated the Nazis beliefs were developed from earlier ones that already had considerable appeal in Germany. Dan Stone writes that many Germans liked the idea of national renewal according to the Volksgemeinschaft idea, subscribed to antisemitic conspiracy theories, and/or were imperialist.
    • I miss a reference to the social consequences of the Great Depression. All studies I have so far read about the rise of Nazi Germany emphasize the especially devastating economical and social effects of the Great Depression in Germany.
  • ...especially communists..., ...most Jews were not communists... Why not Communists?
    • Communist should not be capitalized except when referring to a specific communist party per MOS:IDEOLOGY.
  • ...eventually 400,000 people were sterilized—primarily on the basis of feeblemindedness, schizophrenia, or epilepsy—and others subjected to forced abortion I assume the same groups of people were sterilized or forced to abortion. Consider linking Compulsory sterilization.
    • Compulsory sterilization is already linked. Rewrote sentence.
  • ...the Nazis sought to control every aspect of public and private life... Consider linking Totalitarianism.
    • I'm reluctant to do so because of the recent historians such as Stone or Robert Gellately who argue that Nazi Germany was not "totalitarian" to most Germans.
  • ...state-led measures... Consider linking Economy of Nazi Germany.
    • Done
  • Who were the Jews according to the Nuremberg Laws? I think it should also be mentioned that tens of thousands of people who had no real Jewish (cultural) background was proclaimed Jewish based on "race".
    • Done
    • The cited source writes of full Jews and "Mischlinge". I think this differentiation should be mentioned because "Mischlinge" were treated as Jews in occupied Eastern Europe.
  • How many people were defined as Jews by the Nuremberg Laws? What was their ratio in the population of Germany? How many among them adhered to Judaism?
    • Added background information to the Background section
  • ...restricted Jews' economic activity..., ...they were barred from additional occupations... Examples in footnotes?
  • ...their businesses were expropriated... All Jewish businesses were expropriated at this time?
    • Yes, according to Longerich all businesses owned by German Jews were closed or Aryanized in 1938.
  • I would name (not only link) the Kristallnacht somwhere in the article.
    • Done
  • I would mention (not only link) Mandatory Palestine instead of Palestine.
    • Done
  • ...1 billion RM... Reichsmark is not introduced and linked in a previous sentence. Some context (equivalent to ..., X percent of state revenues)?
    • At the time, USD1 = 2.5RM. I could add a currency conversion here?
  • The section title "Invasion of Poland" does not reflect its text because it also refers to the invasion of western Europe and Scandinavia.
    • Retitled "Start of World War II".
  • ...more than two million Jews in the territory it occupied... What percentage of the local population?
    • I've looked for this figure in several sources but cannot find it.
  • ...which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September. A reference to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact?
    • Added
  • ...contributing to a perception among many non-Jews that Soviet rule was a Jewish conspiracy Not reinforcing? In our region of Central and Eastern Europe, the association of Jews and Communists was quite common already in the early 20th century as many Communist leaders had Jewish background.
    • Rephrased to make it clearer that this is a pre-existing prejudicial belief
  • I would mention the consequences of the occupation of Poland (2nd paragraph of section "Invasion of Poland") before mentioning the invasion of western European countries.
    • Done
  • Some Jews fled to the Soviet occupation zone..., ... thousands of Jews were expelled into the Soviet occupation zone Repetition? If not, the two sentences should be linked and differentiated.
    • Combined
  • Around 50,000 Polish leaders and intellectuals were arrested or executed; the bulk of these victims were from the region of Danzig–West Prussia with fewer in the Wartheland and fewer still in the General Governorate occupation zone. Is this highly relevant in the article's context?
    • It's included mainly because (see discussions above) some editors believe that the article should cover non-Jewish victim groups to some extent.
  • By mid-1941 nearly 3 million people had been deported to Germany as forced laborers. I assume they were mainly Poles.
    • Correct, but I removed it here because forced labor of non-Jews is covered later on in the article in the "Forced labor" section.
  • Some information about the Jews' fate in occupied western Europe?
    • Done
  • The war also provided cover for the secret murder of around 70,000 institutionalized Germans with mental or physical disabilities, mainly with poison gas. Could we say this was the precedent or first experiment of the use of poison gas for the "industrial" extermination of people? I mean in the article's context we need some link between the extermination of people with mental or physical disabilities and the mass execution of Jews. Were they exterminated in special camps/institutions, or at random places?
    • Interestingly I checked several sources and they do not mention that this was the first killing of defenseless people with poison gas. Mentioned the euthanasia centers using poison gas.
  • Criticism from Christian institutions... Some examples in a footnote? Criticism or protest? How were the Christian institutions informed about the secret murder of c. 70,000 people?
    • They weren't informed, they found out. However I rewrote as although some sources attributed the halt to organized religion, Cesarani states, “the T-4 action was not suspended primarily because of church protests”
  • Many of the personnel involved in these killings and technology... Some examples in a footnote?
    • The obvious technology overlap would be stationary killing centers that used poison gas, but Kay also mentions similarity in misdirection efforts. I'm not it's worth adding a footnote here since the ones that mention the T4/Reinhard overlap don't list names of people involved in both.
  • The Nisko Plan... Perhaps "This so-called Nisko Plan", or similar wording for clarification?
    • I think "so-called" would fall afoul of MOS:DOUBT.
  • ...due to the opposition of Hans Frank... Why did he oppose it? I assume he was not the example of Nazi humanism.
    • Mentioned his reason for objection.
  • The Soviet Union declined a proposal to resettle Jews in Birobidzhan. A proposal by whom? Jews from where?
    • German proposal. It's not clear Jews from where or how many. It is not mentioned in most of the sources so I've removed it.
  • These resettlement plans envisioned the deaths of many Jews ... Is "envisioned" the proper term?
    • rephrased
  • ...by local initiatives... I assume not by Polish but local Nazi. If I am right, it should be clarified.
    • Done
  • However, in many smaller ghettos... Is "however" necessary? Some examples in a footnote?
    • Removed however. Not sure if a footnote would help since this describes the majority of ghettos that existed.
  • Many inhabitants of ghettos were forced to work for the occupiers, although these work programs provided subsistence to some ghetto inhabitants and in some cases protected them from deportation. I would delete "although", and begin a new sentence.
    • rewrote

I will continue my review. Borsoka (talk) 03:21, 16 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Please don’t let the GOCE template on the article stop you @Borsoka while I do the c/e. Given the length of the article and the importance of the article I’m going to take quite a while proof reading. That said, I doubt there are many if any errors. Just small c/e changes mainly. — MaxnaCarta  ( 💬 • 📝 ) 04:12, 16 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]
No worries. I did not stop reviewing because of the GOCE template. This is an emotionally and intellectually extremely difficult theme, so I cannot complete the review in one read. Borsoka (talk) 04:20, 16 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Agreed. I'm doing one section at a time, and it gets increasingly difficult to read. — MaxnaCarta  ( 💬 • 📝 ) 04:47, 16 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]
“There were no facilities leading to a high death rate”. I was just going to add a comma after facilities, but maybe we need to explain what facilities?
Please excuse me here. Not trying to get involved in the review at all, just doing the copyediting but thought I’d raise that — MaxnaCarta  ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:10, 16 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]
This is a perfect place to raise all issues to be clarified. :) Borsoka (talk) 11:28, 16 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • Rephrased the "facilities" sentence. (t · c) buidhe 04:16, 17 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • ...and at least 17,000 in the Soviet Union. Germany invades the Soviet Union only in the following section.
    • That's true. Now I've avoided any mention of the non-German victims of "euthanasia" killings. After all, if Kay is right these were motivated by different reasons than Aktion T4.
  • The vast majority of civilian victims were Jews. Could you provide numbers?
  • ... some in the senior Nazi leadership voiced doubts about killing German Jews Could you name some of them? Why did they oppose the murder of German Jews?
  • ...Baltic States... No states existed in the Baltic.
    • Changed to Baltics
  • Introduce Odilo Globocnik and Schmelt Organization.
    • Done
  • This action reportedly reduced the black market... Some context? This is the first time the black market is mentioned so it should be linked here (not in section "Liquidation of the ghettos in Poland").
  • ...including indirect participation the number rises to 500,000 Examples of indirect participation?
    • All Kay says about this figure is "If we consider all those who exercised functions of one sort or another in the machinery of annihilation, the total rises to more than 500,000 people for the Holocaust alone; many more were involved in policies of mass murder targeting other victim groups". The footnote is

      For the figure of between 200,000 and 250,000, see Dieter Pohl, Holocaust. Die Ursachen, das Geschehen, die Folgen (Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 2000), p. 124; Wendy Lower, Hi t l e r ’s Furies: German Women in the Nazi Killing Fields (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013), p. 244, n. 154. For the figure of more than 500,000, see Konrad Kwiet, ‘Rassenpolitik und Völkermord’, in Wolfgang Benz, Hermann Graml and Hermann Weiß, eds, Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus (Munich: dtv, 2001 [1997]), pp. 50–65, here p. 62

      I do not currently have access to Kweit 1997/2001 to find out more about where this estimate comes from. (t · c) buidhe 04:36, 18 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]
    • My concern is that the adjective "indirect" is too loose. I would rather paraphrase or quote the following text: "all those who exercised functions of one sort or another in the machinery of annihilation".
  • Non-German perpetrators and collaborators included... I may not understand the context, but I am pretty sure that Hungarian, Croatian, Bulgarian officers were also actively involved in the genocide.
    • Yes, however the list that's currently there closely follows the cited sources and non-German state perpetration is arguably already covered in the third paragraph of "Deportations from elsewhere" and the second paragraph of "Continuing killings". I could add a sentence here for state participation but I'm not sure what to write for non-redundancy. (t · c) buidhe 17:00, 19 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]

I will continue the review later. Borsoka (talk) 03:40, 18 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]

  • I know that I compulsively insist on chronology but the chronology of section "Forced labor" is especially disturbing for me.
    • Reordered to put non-Jewish forced labor last.
  • The distinction between concentration camps and forced labor camps or extermination camp is unclear. I assume both forced labor camps and extermination camps are concentration camps but I am not sure.
    • I have added a footnote to clarify.
  • An even larger number of people were forced to work for the occupiers... Could the sentence be more specific by adding an estimation?
    • Gerlach states that this was true in France, Greece, and the Soviet Union. He states that at the end of 1942, close to 22 million people were employed in the Soviet Union compared to 3 million Soviet citizens who were deported to Greater Germany. Unfortunately, it is not clear if this figure includes voluntary laborers.
      • I would prefer the original wording (quoted above) to the new text. The original wording adds a relative range. Borsoka (talk) 04:15, 22 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]
        • I changed it because while Gerlach strongly suggests it, I'm not sure he says it outright and I want to avoid any failed verification issue. Spoerer (pp. 137–138) suggests that the definition of forced labor might be decisive. I have looked for other sources but haven't been able to find a citable source that states this. (t · c) buidhe 23:14, 22 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]
  • In some of Germany's allies... Could you list them or mention some of them?
    • Done
  • ...especially in Greater Germany... I assume this is a reference to the newly acquired territories. If I am right, this should be clarified; if I am wrong (and it is a reference to the whole territory of Germany) the text should be deleted.
    • Rewrote
  • ...some of the forced-labor camps for Jews and some ghettos were converted into concentration camps... Could you provide some examples?
    • Some of the forced labor camp systems were split with some of them being designated KZ/KLs and others shut down; the Schmelt camps in Silesia being a prominent example. I have mentioned the Kovno ghetto as one that was designated a KZ/KL.
  • ...inside the camp system... I assume "inside the forced labor camp system".
    • Rephrased
  • ...a non-Jewish appearance... For me, this text is close to racism. Could a reference to stereotypes be made?
    • The source doesn't mention stereotypes. "Usually mentioned [characteristics important for survival] are non-Jewish looks, good relations with non-Jews and unaccented command of the majority language." From my American perspective, I wouldn't say it's racist to suggest that people of different ethnic backgrounds could have different appearance.
  • The Polish government-in-exile's response to the Holocaust has polarized historiography, with some historians arguing that it did more than any other Allied government and others criticizing perceived indifference to the Jewish plight. What was the response?
    • I don't think there is enough space to elaborate the nuances of this response so I've removed the sentence.
  • Introduce the Joint Distribution Commitee.
    • Done
  • ...it was banned from sending relief into German-occupied Europe... By whom?
    • Done
  • ...on death marches... Could this term be explained? (In our region, it is a well known term, but I am not sure that billions of people all over the world understand it without an explanation.)
    • Done
  • ...the Arrow Cross... Perhaps "the Hungarian Arrow Cross"?
    • Done
  • Is "urbanite" an encyclopedic term?
    • replaced
  • Kay argues that all these groups, including Jews, were targeted as part of an actual strategy to win the war, although viewing them as a threat was informed by Nazi racial theory. I am not sure I understand what Kay says.
    • "While each of the killing programmes possessed a racial (and racist) component, the logic of war was central to the rationale for targeting each and every one of the victim groups, for they were regarded by the Nazi regime in one way or another as a potential threat to Germany’s ability to fight and, ultimately, win a war for hegemony in Europe. This view was informed and justified by Nazi racial thinking, so it is difficult, if not impossible, to separate German wartime strategy from Nazi genocidal racial policies." I'm not sure how I could rephrase the sentence to be more clear.

I will continue the review on Sunday afternoon or Monday morning. Borsoka (talk) 03:25, 19 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]

  • I did not find a reference to the liberation of the camps only its consequences.
    • Added
  • Israel is only tangentially mentioned. I thought that the Holocaust contributed to the strengthening of Zionism among the Jewish population of Europe. Was I wrong?
    • I understand there is a debate as to whether the Holocaust was a decisive or significant factor in founding Israel. This article does not seem to be the place for it. I do think you are right that Zionist attitudes were strengthened as a result, but this isn't covered in the cited sources (even Kochavi), so I'm unsure about WP:DUE. Kochavi does cover that many DPs appeared to support Zionism but offers no indication that this belief was caused by the Holocaust (Zionism was also popular in eastern Europe before World War II). My understanding is also that Israel wasn't the first choice destination of most of the displaced Jews gathered in Germany after the war, and the reason so many of them ended up there can be attributed to immigration restrictions.
    • At FAC, I will probably raise the issue again because I think some statement should be made about the possible connection between the establishment of the State of Israel and Holocaust. From GAN perspective, I do not think this is a grave problem.
  • Many perpetrators showed no remorse. Could you provide examples? And also examples of those who showed remorse.
    • Removed
  • ...150 billion after accounting for inflation In which year?
    • Fixed
  • ... what these lessons are is disputed, Whether Holocaust memory actually promotes human rights is disputed. Could you provide examples in 2-3 sentences? Alternatively, could you link an article? My concern is that we do not have a picture of the debates.
  • I may be wrong but I think the following themes are to be covered/mentioned in the article:
  • For the first point, more of the cited sources discuss the contribution of Holocaust survivors and to memory and commemoration compared to awards for rescuers. Yad Vashem is not currently mentioned in the article at all; is it more significant that the USHMM or many other museums/memorials relating to the Holocaust that are not mentioned? Hard to say in my view.
  • I think I will raise the issue again at FAC but for GAN purposes I can accept the present solution.
  • See my comment above. My understanding is that this relationship is complex and controversial, which make it difficult to cover concisely.
  • Also see my comment above. :)
  • Could you add alt text to each picture?
    • Done
  • Danzigers cheer for Adolf Hitler 2.jpg: could you refer to the annexation of the city in the caption? (It is unclear why the Danziger are rallying Hitler)
    • Done
  • File:Unpaved steet in the Frysztak Ghetto.jpg; File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-134-0771A-39, Polen, Ghetto Warschau, Kind in Lumpen.jpg: could you mention that Frysztak Ghetto and Warsaw Ghetto were in occupied Poland?
    • Done
  • File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1994-092-18A, Sowjetunion, Festnahme von Juden.jpg: can the connection between the picture and the quote be verified? Could the quote be attributed to someone in the caption? Could the location be identified in the caption?
  • File:Men with an unidentified unit execute a group of Soviet civilians kneeling by the side of a mass grave.jpg: I think this picture could be deleted.
  • File:Przeładunek Żydów do wagonów kolejki wąskotorowej do Chełmna.jpg: link Chełmno extermination camp and mention occupied Poland in the caption.
    • Done
  • File:Cumulative murders at Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka from January 1942 to February 1943.jpg: I am not sure that its licencing is valid because the picture does not consist "entirely of information that is common property" but I am not an expert in the field of copyright.
    • The information displayed on any chart is not copyrightable. The design can be but this is a very simple chart. More complex ones have been kept in Commons deletion discussions (see c:Commons:Threshold_of_originality#Charts)
  • File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 06c.jpg: I am not sure that this is a representative picture of the uprising. It rather depicts its fall.
    • The main reason this photograph is used is that it's probably the most famous Holocaust photograph that there is. Also, during the uprising only a small number of Jews actually attempted to fight with arms. A far larger number of Warsaw ghetto inhabitants tried to hide like these ones did. None of the other Stroop report photographs show armed conflict in progress although there are some with defeated resistance fighters. Also, we have no other image of Operation Reinhard-related roundups displayed and this is not a bad example.
  • File:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - 26559.jpg: Reference 3 should be fixed at WikimediaCommons.
    • Done
  • File:Selection on the ramp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, 1944 (Auschwitz Album) 3a.jpg: I would mention Hungary in the caption.
    • Done
  • File:Holocaust death rate.svg: the caption is not helpful because the map uses more colours.
    • The map uses much smaller gradations than can be shown in efficiently in a caption. I first tried it with ten rows but I thought the current version was better. Hopefully it is clear that a darker red = greater proportion of deaths.
      • I would make a general statement saying that the deeper red means more victims with the deepest red indicating about 90% death toll.
  • File:Jewish displaced persons receive bread rations at the Bindermichl displaced persons' camp in Linz.jpg: could you explain the abbreviation DP? Borsoka (talk) 02:12, 24 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Thank you so much for your review. (t · c) buidhe 07:26, 24 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]

I think there are four pending issues. If the caption at Holocaust death rate is modified in some way, I will probably promote this excellent article. Thank you for completing it. Borsoka (talk) 11:02, 24 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]

References

  1. ^ Stone 2010, pp. 9–10.
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