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Missing info on "hybrid viral particles" and other (potential) issues from coinfections

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I think it may possibly be good to mention "hybrid viral particles" in this article and maybe also elsewhere (where?) – recently featured this study in 2022 in science:

"Hybrid viral particles (HVPs)" are reported, combining IAV and RSV in vitro.[1][2]

More generally, there could be a section on (potential) issues from / in coinfections.

Info on relation to Recombinant viruses seems to be missing.

The review "Viral coinfections in COVID-19" has this:

The most consequential challenge raised by coinfection is perhaps the inappropriate generation of recombinant viruses through the exchange of genetic material among different strains.[3]

This study on the origin of the Omicron variant found:

For the Omicron insertion, on the other hand, the only SARS-CoV-2 sequences in GISAID containing exact forward or reverse-complement matches are assigned to other SARS-CoV-2 lineages (or were not assigned to any lineage at the time of this analysis). There are several possible implications or interpretations of this finding. [...] Second, it is possible that the utilized template was derived from a co-infecting SARS-CoV-2 variant that does harbor the exact inserted sequence. Recombination between SARS-CoV-2 lineages in the context of simultaneous co-infection has been described previously [...] The importance of recombination between coronaviruses has been highlighted recently [49], and its potential is supported by clinical reports showing that COVID-19 patients are co-infected with other respiratory pathogens, including non-SARS-CoV-2 viruses of the Coronaviridae family, at relatively high frequencies[4]

(And I don't know why the following is still not published in a journal and still a preprint: [5])

It also contains no information on influenza, e.g. the following review contains:

Reassortment is the process by which influenza viruses swap gene segments. This genetic exchange is possible due to the segmented nature of the viral genome and occurs when two differing influenza viruses co-infect a cell.[6]

The info on SARS-CoV-2 currently has no references albeit e.g. "Bacterial co-infections with SARS-CoV-2"[7] could be used (and also expand the info a bit). The following study suggests "Our study revealed that coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza had no effect on overall mortality"[8]

The review blow contains:

The inappropriate use of antibiotics for bacterial infections, particularly broad-spectrum antibiotics, can also further complicate the infection process, often leading to multi drug resistance, clinical deterioration, poor prognosis, and eventually death. To this end, researchers must establish a new therapeutic approach to control SARS-CoV-2 and the associated microbial coinfections.[9]

Info such as the following from the review below also seem to be relevant and possibly missing:

Viral interference, a phenomenon where one virus competitively suppresses replication of other coinfecting viruses, is the most common outcome of viral coinfections. In addition, coinfections can modulate virus virulence and cell death, thereby altering disease severity and epidemiology[10]

Lastly, info about this (maybe via transclusion) and/or wikilinks to here could be added to other articles, including the article Infection and maybe Antimicrobial resistance and Viral evolution.

Similarly, info on concurrent epidemics and pandemics could be missing (here and in articles like pandemic) and sources on that often also have useful info on coinfections. Such can be found by terms such as "twindemic" and "tripledemic". For example:

Infections with rhinoviruses, which are the most common culprit behind the common cold, have also been found to block flu infections in other studies, [...] In studies published in 2020 and 2021, Foxman and her colleagues reported that an initial infection of rhinovirus induced a strong and rapid innate immune response that prevented a subsequent infection with influenza or SARS-CoV-2 in an organoid model.[11]

Another issue is that a general pandemic mitigation article seems to be missing (see this article which gets nearly no edits & views).

References

  1. ^ Yirka, Bob. "Flu and RSV viruses found to fuse together to form hybrid viruses". Medical Xpress. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  2. ^ Haney, Joanne; Vijayakrishnan, Swetha; Streetley, James; Dee, Kieran; Goldfarb, Daniel Max; Clarke, Mairi; Mullin, Margaret; Carter, Stephen D.; Bhella, David; Murcia, Pablo R. (November 2022). "Coinfection by influenza A virus and respiratory syncytial virus produces hybrid virus particles". Nature Microbiology. 7 (11): 1879–1890. doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01242-5. ISSN 2058-5276. PMID 36280786. S2CID 253108498.
  3. ^ Aghbash, Parisa S.; Eslami, Narges; Shirvaliloo, Milad; Baghi, Hossein B. (12 June 2021). "Viral coinfections in COVID‐19". Journal of Medical Virology. 93 (9): 5310–5322. doi:10.1002/jmv.27102. ISSN 0146-6615.
  4. ^ Venkatakrishnan, A. J.; Anand, Praveen; Lenehan, Patrick J.; Suratekar, Rohit; Raghunathan, Bharathwaj; Niesen, Michiel J. M.; Soundararajan, Venky (September 2022). "On the Origins of Omicron’s Unique Spike Gene Insertion". Vaccines. 10 (9): 1509. doi:10.3390/vaccines10091509. ISSN 2076-393X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ "Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 harbors a unique insertion mutation of putative viral or human genomic origin". osf.io. doi:10.31219/osf.io/f7txy.
  6. ^ Steel, John; Lowen, Anice C. (2014). "Influenza A Virus Reassortment". Influenza Pathogenesis and Control - Volume I. Springer International Publishing: 377–401. doi:10.1007/82_2014_395.
  7. ^ Mirzaei, Rasoul; Goodarzi, Pedram; Asadi, Muhammad; Soltani, Ayda; Aljanabi, Hussain ali abraham; Jeda, Ali Salimi; Dashtbin, Shirin; Jalalifar, Saba; Mohammadzadeh, Rokhsareh; Teimoori, Ali; Tari, Kamran; Salari, Mehdi; Ghiasvand, Sima; Kazemi, Sima; Yousefimashouf, Rasoul; Keyvani, Hossein; Karampoor, Sajad (October 2020). "Bacterial co‐infections with SARS‐CoV ‐2". IUBMB Life. 72 (10): 2097–2111. doi:10.1002/iub.2356.
  8. ^ Guan, Zhou; Chen, Can; Li, Yiting; Yan, Danying; Zhang, Xiaobao; Jiang, Daixi; Yang, Shigui; Li, Lanjuan (2021). "Impact of Coinfection With SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza on Disease Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Frontiers in Public Health. 9. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.773130. ISSN 2296-2565.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Teklemariam, Addisu D.; Hashem, Anwar M.; Saber, Saber H.; Almuhayawi, Mohammed S.; Haque, Shafiul; Abujamel, Turki S.; Harakeh, Steve (19 September 2022). "Bacterial co-infections and antimicrobial resistance associated with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 infection". Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews: 1–22. doi:10.1080/02648725.2022.2122297. ISSN 0264-8725.
  10. ^ Kumar, Naveen; Sharma, Shalini; Barua, Sanjay; Tripathi, Bhupendra N.; Rouse, Barry T. (October 2018). "Virological and Immunological Outcomes of Coinfections". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 31 (4): e00111–17. doi:10.1128/CMR.00111-17. ISSN 0893-8512.
  11. ^ "What Happens When You Catch More than One Virus?". The Scientist Magazine®.

Prototyperspective (talk) 20:56, 3 December 2022 (UTC) --Prototyperspective (talk) 22:14, 7 December 2022 (UTC)--Prototyperspective (talk) 12:31, 9 December 2022 (UTC)[reply]

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