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TOGO

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This article is about the Japanese roller coaster manufacturer. For the African state, see Togo. For other uses, see Togo (disambiguation).
TOGO
Native name
Toyo Goraku Ki Kabushiki Kaisha
FormerlyToyo Gorakuki
IndustryAmusement rides
Founded1935 (1935)
FounderTeiichi Yamada
DefunctJuly 2001 (July 2001)
FateBankruptcy
Area served
Worldwide (Excluding Western Hemisphere)
ProductsRoller coasters
Websitehttp://www.tohgo.co.jp/
Fujiyama, a TOGO hypercoaster

TOGO (株式会社トーゴ, Kabushiki-gaisha Tōgo) was a Japanese amusement ride company that built roller coasters, giant wheels, carousels, flumes, dark rides, sky cycles and other amusement rides.

History

[edit]

In 1935 Mr. Teiichi Yamada founded the Toyo Gorakuki Company and built his first attraction, a five-foot mechanical walking elephant that was a popular attraction at one of Tokyo's neighborhood parks.[1] Yamada reorganized his company in 1949 and changed the name to TOGO. TOGO built its first roller coaster in 1953, at Hanayashiki Park in Tokyo. That coaster is still in operation and is the oldest coaster in Japan.[1]

In 1965 TOGO built Cyclone at Toshimaen Park, which at the time, was the largest coaster in Asia. The company also began to expand its export business, selling coasters in Russia, Cuba and China.[1] Although the company built a variety of different rides in Japan, its export business was primarily roller coasters. In 1979, TOGO installed standup trains on two of its existing coasters in Japan, Momonga Standing and Loop Coaster at Yomiuriland and Dangai at Thrill Valley, creating the world's first stand-up roller coasters. These two installations captured the attention of Taft/Kings Entertainment company, who then purchased TOGO's Astro-Comet, the world's first coaster designed from the ground up as a stand-up roller coaster, installing at Kings Island as King Cobra.[1]

In 1986 TOGO developed the Ultra Twister Coaster. This unique concept had rails on the side of the vehicle allowing the coaster to perform true heartline rolls as it navigated the course. TOGO also incorporated a vertical lift hill and near-vertical drop into the ride.[2] TOGO built seven of these models, all similar, but not identical to each other. The original versions were not capable of making turns, so all seven operated as shuttles. However, TOGO did display a full-circuit model at the IAAPA trade show in the mid-1990s that was capable of making turns, but the ride was never built.[2] In the fall of 1989, Arrow Dynamics began building a similar concept called the Pipeline, which failed to get past the prototype stage.[3]

TOGO went bankrupt in 2001 due to a lawsuit by Knott's Berry Farm for problems with their Windjammer Surf Racers roller coaster.[citation needed] TOGO created several unique coasters, including its combination of a looping sit-down coaster and a hypercoaster with its Manhattan Express coaster in Las Vegas (now known as "The Big Apple Coaster"). The looping wild mouse by TOGO was a style of ride with a drop into a vertical loop, followed by the hairpin turns and drops of a wild mouse coaster. The former Windjammer coaster at Knott's berry Farm was a variation of the looping wild mouse; it didn't feature any hairpin turns.

TOGO is also renowned for inventing the Twist-and-Dive roll, an inversion maneuver that combines elements of a half-heartline roll with a half-loop.[citation needed] A version of this maneuver included a half-oblique loop instead of a half-loop, so riders exited the element at an angle. This was used on the now-defunct Viper at Six Flags Great Adventure.

In 2018, TOGO announced a possible comeback after releasing a concept of their new stand up coaster model.

Notable rides

[edit]
  • Bandit at Yomiuriland – It was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world when it opened in 1988 and inspired Richard Kinzel of Cedar Point to build Magnum XL 200.[4]
  • Big Apple Coaster at New York-New York Hotel & Casino (first opened in 1997 as the "Manhattan Express").
  • Freestyle is a stand-up roller coaster operating at Cavallino Matto in Tuscany, Italy. It opened as the park's fifth roller coaster on 18 July 2015. Freestyle originally opened at Canada's Wonderland in 1985 as SkyRider
  • Fujiyama – A hypercoaster at Fuji-Q Highland, Japan. Until 2000, it was the tallest roller coaster in the world.
  • King Cobra at Kings Island (1984–2001) – The world's first coaster designed specifically to be a stand-up looping coaster. It was taken down and scrapped after TOGO went out of business, making parts very expensive.
  • Shockwave – Kings Dominion, Doswell, Virginia. Built in 1986 Specifically for Kings Dominion, was retired August 9, 2015.
  • SkyRider – Canada's Wonderland Opening date May 1985, retired in 2014 dismantled and sent to Italy.
  • Ultra Twister – A pipeline roller coaster that uses single cars that ride between the rails. Because of the design, the cars are unable to make lateral turns and require switch tracks at either end of the ride.
  • Viper at Six Flags Great Adventure – A roller coaster that featured a unique heartline roll. The ride was scrapped in 2005, and its station was re-used for El Toro.
  • White Canyon at Yomiuriland – White Canyon was the tallest and longest Cyclone-style roller coaster in the world before it closed in 2013.
  • Windjammer Surf Racers at Knott's Berry Farm – a twin racing coaster with 65-foot vertical loops. This coaster was a massive failure, and part of the lawsuits would lead to TOGO's bankruptcy.

List of roller coasters

[edit]

As of 2019, TOGO has built 61 roller coasters around the world.[5]

Name Model Park Country Opened Status Ref
Jet Coaster Sitdown Coaster Nagashima Spa Land Japan Japan 1966 Operating [6]
Diving Shooter Sitdown Coaster Itozu No Mori Park Japan Japan Unknown Removed [7]
Cycle Coaster Cycle Coaster Enakyo Wonderland Japan Japan Unknown Operating [8]
Jet Coaster Sitdown Coaster Kagoshima Jungle Land Japan Japan Unknown Removed [9]
Crazy Mouse Looping Mouse II Kagoshima Jungle Land Japan Japan Unknown Removed [10]
Jungle Mouse Wild Mouse Coaster Yoshinogawa Yuenchi Japan Japan Unknown Removed [11]
Rushing Car Rushing Car Tokyo Summer Land Japan Japan Unknown Removed [12]
Rushing Car Rushing Car Tengu Land Japan Japan Unknown Removed [13]
Rushing Car Rushing Car Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen Japan Japan Unknown Removed [14]
Rushing Car Wild Mouse Coaster Kashiikaen Yuenchi Japan Japan Unknown Removed [15]
Unknown
Formerly Ultra Twister		 Ultra Twister I Six Flags America
Six Flags AstroWorld
Six Flags Great Adventure		 United States United States Unknown
1990 to 2005
1986 to 1988		 Removed [16]
[17]
[18]
Roller Coaster Sitdown Coaster Hanayashiki Japan Japan 1953 Operating [19]
Sea Coaster Sitdown Coaster Yatsu Yuenchi Japan Japan 1958 Removed [20]
Cyclone Sitdown Coaster Toshimaen Japan Japan 1965 Removed [21]
2WAY Coaster Sitdown Coaster Tokyo Dome City Japan Japan 1968 Removed [22]
Diving Coaster Sitdown Coaster GrinPa Japan Japan 1973 Removed [23]
Bobster Bobster Takakonuma Greenland Japan Japan 1973 Removed [24]
Momonga Standing and Loop Coaster
Formerly Standing and Loop Coaster		 Standing Coaster Astro Comet II Yomiuriland Japan Japan 1979 Removed [25]
Crazy Mouse Looping Mouse II Tobu Zoo Park Japan Japan 1981 Removed [26]
Bobster Bobster Shirakaba Resort Family Land
Nakajima Park		 Japan Japan 1982
1974 to 1981		 Operating [27]
[28]
King Cobra Standing Coaster Astro Comet Kings Island United States United States 1984 Removed [29]
Standing Coaster Standing Coaster Astro Comet II Rusutsu Resort
Otaru Expo		 Japan Japan 1985
1984		 Operating [30]
[31]
Adventure Coaster Diving Shooter Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen Japan Japan 1985 Removed [32]
Montaña Rusa Bobster Parque Lenin Cuba Cuba 1985 Removed [33]
Shockwave Standing Coaster Custom Kings Dominion United States United States 1986 Removed [34]
Pink Typhoon Standing Coaster
Formerly Star Jet		 Standing Coaster Astro Comet Brazilian Park Washuzan Highland
Tsukuba Expo		 Japan Japan 1986
1985		 Operating [35]
[36]
Ultra Twister Ultra Twister I Tokyo Dome City Japan Japan 1986 Removed [37]
Loop Screw Coaster Sitdown Coaster Seibuen Yuenchi Japan Japan 1986 Removed [38]
Roller Coaster Loop & Corkscrew Beijing Amusement Park China China 1987 Removed [39]
Bandit Super Roller Coaster Yomiuriland Japan Japan 1988 Operating [40]
SL Coaster Sitdown Coaster Yomiuriland Japan Japan 1988 Removed [41]
Zola 7 Shooting Coaster Fuji-Q Highland Japan Japan 1988 Removed [42]
Ultra Twister Ultra Twister I Nagashima Spa Land Japan Japan 1989 Operating [43]
SL Coaster Sitdown Coaster Minamichita Beach Land & Minamichita Toy Kingdom Japan Japan 1989 Removed [44]
Dangai Standing Coaster Custom Thrill Valley Japan Japan 1989 Removed [45]
Super Roller Coaster Sitdown Coaster Fantasy Dome Tomakomai Japan Japan 1990 Removed [46]
Milky Way
Formerly Fujin-Raijin
Formerly Ultra Twin
Formerly Fujin-Raijin		 Standing Coaster Custom Greenland
International Flower and Greenery Exposition		 Japan Japan 1991
1990		 Operating [47]
Ultra Twister Ultra Twister I Brazilian Park Washuzan Highland Japan Japan 1991 Operating [48]
Fujin Raijin II Standing Coaster Custom Expoland Japan Japan 1992 Removed [49]
Geopanic Sitdown Coaster Tokyo Dome City Japan Japan 1992 Removed [50]
DIOS Super Roller Coaster Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen Japan Japan 1992 Removed [51]
Aladdin Coaster Sitdown Coaster Alibaba City Japan Japan 1992 Removed [52]
Surf Coaster Leviathan
Formerly Surf Coaster		 Super Roller Coaster Sea Paradise Japan Japan 1993 Operating [53]
Ultra Twister Ultra Twister S-II Rusutsu Resort
World Food Festival		 Japan Japan 1989
1988		 Operating [54]
[55]
Unknown Sitdown Coaster Fantasy Dome Seiro Japan Japan 1994 Removed [56]
Vegas Panic Looping Mouse Custom Fantasy Dome Kishiwada Japan Japan 1994 Removed [57]
Ultra Twister Megaton Ultra Twister I Greenland Japan Japan 1994 Operating [58]
White Canyon Wooden Coaster Yomiuriland Japan Japan 1994 Removed [59]
Clipper Sitdown Coaster Space World Japan Japan 1995 Removed [60]
Viper Mega Coaster Six Flags Great Adventure United States United States 1995 Removed [61]
Fujiyama Sitdown Coaster Fuji-Q Highland Japan Japan 1996 Operating [62]
Mega Coaster Mega Coaster Hamanako Pal Pal Japan Japan 1997 Operating [63]
Big Apple Coaster
Formerly The Roller Coaster
Formerly Manhattan Express		 Mega Coaster New York, New York Hotel & Casino United States United States 1997 Operating [64]
Windjammer Surf Racers
Formerly Jammer		 Looping Mouse Custom Knott's Berry Farm United States United States 1997 Removed [65]
Kiddy Shuttle Kiddy Shuttle Thrill Valley Japan Japan 1998 Removed [66]
Crazy Mouse Looping Mouse II Kitami Family Land Japan Japan 2000 Operating [67]
Hyper Kid Coaster Sitdown Coaster Fantasy Dome Japan Japan 2000 Closed [68]
Flounder's Flying Fish Coaster Sitdown Coaster Tokyo DisneySea Japan Japan 2001 Operating [69]
Actpo Kometa Sitdown Coaster Maviland
Metalworkers' Palace		 Russia Russia 2002
1992 to 2000		 Removed [70]
[71]
Go Go Sneaker Sitdown Coaster Rusutsu Resort
Kintetsu Ayameike		 Japan Japan 2005
Unknown		 Operating [72]
[73]
Hurricane - Screw & Loop Coaster
Formerly Tornado		 Loop & Corkscrew Himeji Central Park
Kintetsu Ayameike		 Japan Japan 2007
1981 to 2004		 Operating [74]
[75]
Ultra Coaster
Formerly Ultra Twister		 Ultra Twister I Marah Land Sabahiya
Ikoma Skyland		 Kuwait Kuwait 2008
2004 to 2006		 Removed [76]
[77]
Bledek Coaster
Formerly Loop & Cork		 Looping Mouse I Suroboyo Carnival Night Market
Jawa Timur Park 2
Maruyama KidLand
Nakajima Park		 Indonesia Indonesia 2014
Unknown
1995 to 2010
1982 to 1994		 Removed [78][79]
[80]
[81]
[82]
Grand Canyon
Formerly Cobra
Formerly Kiddy Shuttle		 Kiddy Shuttle Parc de la Vallée
Lunapark Fréjus
Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen		 France France 2014
2004 to 2011
1998 to 2002		 Operating [83]
[84]
[85]
Freestyle
Formerly SkyRider		 Standing Coaster Astro Comet Cavallino Matto
Canada's Wonderland		 Italy Italy 2015
1985 to 2014		 Operating [86]
[87]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Togo (manufacturer).
  1. ^ a b c d Ruben, Paul (1988). "Innovative thrills from TOGO". RollerCoaster! Magazine. Vol. 9, no. 3. Chicago, Illinois: American Coaster Enthusiasts. pp. 50–53. ISSN 0896-7261.
  2. ^ a b Seifert, Jeffrey (2007). "The first pipeline coaster — Ultra Twister". RollerCoaster! Magazine. Vol. 28, no. 2. Zanesville, Ohio: American Coaster Enthusiasts. pp. 50–53. ISSN 0896-7261.
  3. ^ "1990 Arrow Dynamics announces the 'Pipeline Coaster'". 25 November 2007.
  4. ^ Holmes, Scott; Holmes, Carol (2009). "20 years of Magnum". RollerCoaster! Magazine. Vol. 30, no. 4. Zanesville, Ohio: American Coaster Enthusiasts. pp. 4–11. ISSN 0896-7261.
  5. ^ TOGO - rcdb.com
  6. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Coaster  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  7. ^ Marden, Duane. "Diving Shooter  (Itozu No Mori Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  8. ^ Marden, Duane. "Cycle Coaster  (Enakyo Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  9. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Coaster  (Kagoshima Jungle Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  10. ^ Marden, Duane. "Crazy Mouse  (Kagoshima Jungle Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  11. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jungle Mouse  (Yoshinogawa Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  12. ^ Marden, Duane. "Rushing Car  (Tokyo SummerLand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  13. ^ Marden, Duane. "Rushing Car  (Tengu Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  14. ^ Marden, Duane. "Rushing Car  (Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  15. ^ Marden, Duane. "Rushing Car  (Kashiikaen Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  16. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Six Flags America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  17. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  18. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  19. ^ Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster  (Hanayashiki)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  20. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Coaster  (Yatsu Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  21. ^ Marden, Duane. "Cyclone  (Toshimaen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  22. ^ Marden, Duane. "2Way Coaster  (Tokyo Dome City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  23. ^ Marden, Duane. "Diving Coaster  (GrinPa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  24. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bobster  (Takakonuma Greenland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  25. ^ Marden, Duane. "Momonga Standing and Loop Coaster  (Yomiuriland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  26. ^ Marden, Duane. "Crazy Mouse  (Tobu Zoo Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  27. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bobster  (Shirakaba Resort Family Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  28. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bobster  (Nakajima Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  29. ^ Marden, Duane. "King Cobra  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  30. ^ Marden, Duane. "Standing Coaster  (Rusutsu Resort)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  31. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Otaru Expo)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  32. ^ Marden, Duane. "Adventure Coaster  (Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
  33. ^ Marden, Duane. "Montaña Rusa  (Parque Lenin)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  34. ^ Marden, Duane. "Shockwave  (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  35. ^ Marden, Duane. "Star Jet  (Brazilian Park Washuzan Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  36. ^ Marden, Duane. "Star Jet  (Tsukuba Expo)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  37. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Tokyo Dome City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  38. ^ Marden, Duane. "Loop Screw  (Seibuen Yuenchi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  39. ^ Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster  (Beijing Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  40. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bandit  (Yomiuriland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  41. ^ Marden, Duane. "SL Coaster  (Yomiuriland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  42. ^ Marden, Duane. "Zola 7  (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  43. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  44. ^ Marden, Duane. "SL Coaster  (Minamichita Beach Land & Minamichita Toy Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  45. ^ Marden, Duane. "Dangai  (Thrill Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  46. ^ Marden, Duane. "Super Roller Coaster  (Fantasy Dome Tomakomai)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  47. ^ Marden, Duane. "Milky Way  (Greenland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  48. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Brazilian Park Washuzan Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  49. ^ Marden, Duane. "Fujin Raijin II  (Expoland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  50. ^ Marden, Duane. "Geopanic  (Tokyo Dome City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  51. ^ Marden, Duane. "Super Roller Coaster DIOS  (Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  52. ^ Marden, Duane. "Aladdin Coaster  (Alibaba City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  53. ^ Marden, Duane. "Surf Coaster Leviathan  (Sea Paradise)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  54. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Rusutsu Resort)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  55. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (World Food Festival)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  56. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantasy Dome Seiro)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  57. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantasy Dome Kishiwada)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  58. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister Megaton  (Greenland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  59. ^ Marden, Duane. "White Canyon  (Yomiuriland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  60. ^ Marden, Duane. "Clipper  (Space World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  61. ^ Marden, Duane. "Viper  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  62. ^ Marden, Duane. "Fujiyama  (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  63. ^ Marden, Duane. "Mega Coaster  (Hamanako Pal Pal)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  64. ^ Marden, Duane. "Big Apple Coaster  (Toshimaen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  65. ^ Marden, Duane. "Windjammer SurF Racers  (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  66. ^ Marden, Duane. "Kiddy Shuttle  (Thrill Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  67. ^ Marden, Duane. "Crazy Mouse  (Kitami Family Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  68. ^ Marden, Duane. "Hyper Kid Coaster  (Fantasy Dome)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  69. ^ Marden, Duane. "Flounder's Flying Fish Coaster  (Tokyo DisneySea)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  70. ^ Marden, Duane. "Actpo Kometa  (Maviland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  71. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Metalworkers' Palace)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  72. ^ Marden, Duane. "Go Go Sneaker  (Rusutsu Resort)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  73. ^ Marden, Duane. "Go Go Sneaker  (Kinetetsu Ayameike)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  74. ^ Marden, Duane. "Hurricane Screw & Loop Coaster  (Himeji Central Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  75. ^ Marden, Duane. "Tornado  (Kintetsu Ayameike)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  76. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Coaster  (Marah Land Sabahiya)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  77. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ultra Twister  (Ikoma Skyland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  78. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bledek Coaster  (Suroboyo Carnival Night Market)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  79. ^ Widiyana, Esti (January 25, 2021). "Surabaya Night Carnival Riwayatmu Kini". news.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  80. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Jawa Timur Park 2)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  81. ^ Marden, Duane. "Loop & Cork  (Maruyama KidLand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  82. ^ Marden, Duane. "Loop & Cork  (Nakajima Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  83. ^ Marden, Duane. "Grand Canyon  (Parc de la Vallée)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  84. ^ Marden, Duane. "Cobra  (Lunapark Fréjus)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  85. ^ Marden, Duane. "Kddy Shuttle  (Odakyu Mukogaoka Yuen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  86. ^ Marden, Duane. "Freestyle  (Cavallino Matto)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  87. ^ Marden, Duane. "SkyRider  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
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