Socrates Chrestus

Socrates Chrestus (Greek: Σωκράτης ό Χρηστός; Chrestus (The Good)^[1] died 90–88 BC) was the second son of Nicomedes III of Bithynia. He usurped the Bithynian throne by deposing his elder brother or half brother, Nicomedes IV of Bithynia.

Life

There is very little information about Socrates. We have only brief references by Appian, Granius Licinianus, Justin and Memnon of Heraclea within the context of conflict in Asia Minor and military interventions in the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia by Mithridates VI, the king of Pontus.

Socrates was a second son Nicomedes III had with a concubine called Hagne who was from Cyzicus. He sent Socrates and Hagne to Cyzicus with 500 talents.^[2] He had an older half-brother named Nicomedes IV, and two younger half siblings named Nysa and Pylaemenes III.

When Nicomedes III died in 94 BC, the Roman senate appointed Nicomedes IV to be the king of Bithynia as his successor. However, Mithridates VI, the king of Pontus, set up Socrates as a rival to Nicomedes.^[3] Mithridates gave Socrates a splendid reception and called him Chrestus (The Good).^[4] He helped Socrates to usurp the throne by giving him an army. He put Socrates on the throne even "though Socrates was of a quiet disposition and thought it right that his elder brother should reign."^[5] He then sent him to Rome to ask for his recognition as king. The Roman senate turned this down.^[4] Justin wrote that Mithridates drove Nicomedes IV out of Bithynia. He probably wrote this because it was Mithridates who engineered Socrates' usurpation. Nicomedes IV fled to Rome and asked the Romans for help. The Roman senate decreed that both Nicomedes IV and Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia, who had been deposed and driven out of Cappadocia by Mithridates, be able to return to rule their states and commissioned Manius Aquillius and Manlius Maltinus to enforce this.^[6] The Romans' wishes prevailed, despite the opposition of Mithridates.^[4]

Manius Aquillius, with the help of Cassius, the governor of the Roman province of Asia, who recruited a large force from Galatia and Phrygia, restored both Nicomedes IV and Ariobarzanes I.^[7] According to Granius Licinianus, Socrates was not tempted by jealously to seek control of the kingdom, because he had had enough trouble from his previous adventures.^[2] These restorations are mentioned in the Periochae. An entry for Livy's book 74 records that in 88 BC "[i]n Bithynia Nicomedes was restored to the throne and Ariobarzanes in the kingdom of Cappadocia."^[8]

According to Granius Licinianus, Socrates went back to Cyzicus. He murdered his sister out of greed. Both the people of Cyzicus and Nicomedes IV pursued him and he fled to the Greek island of Euboea, where he was welcomed and hosted by a certain Cornelius, who was a Roman equite.^[4] According to Justin, Socrates was murdered by Mithridates.^[9]

References

^ Mayor, The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome’s deadliest enemy p.XVII
^ ^a ^b Granius Licinianus, History of Rome, 29
^ Memnon, History of Heracleia 22.5
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Granius Licinianus, History of Rome, 30
^ Appian, The Mithridatic Wars, 10, 13
^ Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus' Philippic Histories, 38.3.4,8
^ Appian, The Mithridatic Wars, 11
^ Livy, Periochae, 74. 6
^ Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus' Philippic Histories, 38.5.8

Sources

Primary

Appian, The Foreign Wars, Book 12, The Mithridatic Wars, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014; ISBN 978-1503114289

Granius Licinianus, Grani Liciniani Quae Supersunt (Classic Reprint),Forgotten Books, 2018; ISBN 978-0428904401
Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus (Classical Resources Series, No 3), Society for Classical Studies Classical Resources, Oxford University Press, U.S.A., 1994; ISBN 978-1555409517
Memnon of Heraclea, History of Heracleia [1]

Secondary

Mayor, A., The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome’s deadliest enemy, Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0691150260
McGing, B.C., The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, BRILL, 1986

[1] Mayor, The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome’s deadliest enemy p.XVII

[Licinianus29-2] Granius Licinianus, History of Rome, 29

[3] Memnon, History of Heracleia 22.5

[Licinianus30-4] Granius Licinianus, History of Rome, 30

[5] Appian, The Mithridatic Wars, 10, 13

[6] Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus' Philippic Histories, 38.3.4,8

[7] Appian, The Mithridatic Wars, 11

[8] Livy, Periochae, 74. 6

[9] Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus' Philippic Histories, 38.5.8

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v t e Hellenistic rulers
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Greco-Bactrians	Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Demetrius II Eucratides I Plato Eucratides II Heliocles I
Indo-Greeks	Demetrius I Antimachus I Pantaleon Agathocles Apollodotus I Demetrius II Antimachus II Menander I Zoilos I Agathokleia Lysias Strato I Antialcidas Heliokles II Polyxenos Demetrius III Philoxenus Diomedes Amyntas Epander Theophilos Peukolaos Thraso Nicias Menander II Artemidoros Hermaeus Archebius Telephos Apollodotus II Hippostratos Dionysios Zoilos II Apollophanes Strato II Strato III
Monarchs of Bithynia	Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus
Monarchs of Pontus	Mithridates I Ctistes Ariobarzanes Mithridates II Mithridates III Pharnaces I Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos with Laodice Mithridates V Euergetes Mithridates VI Eupator Pharnaces II Darius Arsaces Polemon I Pythodorida Polemon II
Monarchs of Commagene	Ptolemaeus Sames II Mithridates I Antiochus I Mithridates II Antiochus II Mithridates III Antiochus III Antiochus IV
Monarchs of Cappadocia	Ariarathes I Ariarathes II Ariamnes II Ariarathes III Ariarathes IV Ariarathes V Orophernes Ariarathes VI Ariarathes VII Ariarathes VIII Ariarathes IX Ariobarzanes I Ariobarzanes II Ariobarzanes III Ariarathes X Archelaus
Monarchs of the Cimmerian Bosporus	Paerisades I Satyros II Prytanis Eumelos Spartokos III Hygiainon (regent) Paerisades II Spartokos IV Leukon II Spartokos V [ru] Kamasarye Paerisades III Paerisades IV Paerisades V Mithridates I Pharnaces Asander with Dynamis Mithridates II Asander with Dynamis Scribonius's attempted rule with Dynamis Dynamis with Polemon Polemon Aspurgus Gepaepyris Mithridates III Cotys I
Monarchs of Epirus	Admetus Tharrhypas Alcetas I Neoptolemus I Arybbas Alexander I Aeacides Neoptolemus II Alcetas II Pyrrhus I Alexander II Olympias II (regent) Pyrrhus II Ptolemy Pyrrhus III Deidamia
Hellenistic rulers were preceded by Hellenistic satraps in most of their territories.