Jump to content

Sexual abuse

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Sex abuse)
For the academic journal, see Sexual Abuse (journal).
"Sex abuse" redirects here. For self-inflicted unhealthy sexual behavior, see Sexual addiction.

Sex and the law
Social issues
Specific offences
(varies by jurisdiction)
Sex offender registration
Portals
Rape
Types
Effects and motivations
By country
During conflicts
Laws
Related articles
Portals
icon Law portal

Sexual abuse or sex abuse is abusive sexual behavior by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using physical force, or by taking advantage of another.[1] Sexual abuse is a term used for a persistent pattern of sexual assaults.[2] The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser. Live streaming sexual abuse involves trafficking and coerced sexual acts, and/or rape, in real time on webcam.[3][4][5][6]

Molestation often refers to an instance of sexual assault against a small child. The perpetrator is called (often pejoratively)[7] a molester. The term also covers behavior by an adult or older adolescent towards a child to sexually stimulate any of the involved. The use of a child for sexual stimulation is referred to as child sexual abuse and, for pubescent or post-pubescent individuals younger than the age of consent, statutory rape.

Sexual abuse can be perpetrated against other vulnerable populations like the elderly, a form of elder abuse, or those with developmental disabilities.

Victims

Spouses

See also: Domestic violence and Marital rape

Spousal sexual abuse is a form of domestic violence. When the abuse involves threats of unwanted sexual contact or forced sex by a woman's husband or ex-husband, it may constitute rape, depending on the jurisdiction, and may also constitute an assault.[8]

Children

Main article: Child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent.[9][10] It includes direct sexual contact, the adult or otherwise older person engaging indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.) to a child with intent to gratify their own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities, displaying pornography to a child, or using a child to produce child pornography.[9][11][12]

Effects of child sexual abuse include shame, self-blame,[13] depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pelvic pain, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorder, and propensity to re-victimization in adulthood.[14] Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for attempting suicide.[15] Additionally, some studies have shown childhood sexual abuse to be a risk factor of the perpetration of intimate partner violence in men.[16] Much of the harm caused to victims becomes apparent years after the abuse happens. With specific regard to addiction, a study by Reiger et al. supports previous findings that adverse life events increase sensitivity to drug rewards and bolster drug reward signaling by exposing an association between heightened limbic response to cocaine cues.[17]

Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest, which can result in severe long-term psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest.[18]

Globally, approximately 18–19% of women and 8% of men disclose being sexually abused during their childhood.[19][20] The gender gap may be caused by higher victimization of girls, lower willingness of men to disclose abuse, or both.[19] Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. Most child sexual abuse is committed by men; women commit approximately 14% of offenses reported against boys and 6% of offenses reported against girls.[21] Child sexual abuse offenders are not pedophiles unless they have a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children.[22]

People with developmental disabilities

Main article: Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities

People with developmental disabilities are often victims of sexual abuse. According to research, people with disabilities are at a greater risk for victimization of sexual assault or sexual abuse because of lack of understanding (Sobsey & Varnhagen, 1989).

Elderly and people with dementia

Elderly people, especially those with dementia, can be at risk of abuse. There were over 6,000 "safeguarding concerns and alerts" at UK care homes from 2013 to 2015. These included alleged inappropriate touching and worse allegations. Offenders were most often other residents but staff also offended. It is suspected some care homes may deliberately overlook these offenses.[23]

People in poverty

People in poverty, including those from developing countries, are vulnerable to forced prostitution,[24][25][26] live streaming sexual abuse,[4][5][6] and other forms of molestation. Victims who come from families in poverty often have less connections, power, protection, and education about sex crimes.[27]

Minorities

Sexual abuse is a problem in some minority communities. In 2007, a number of Hispanic victims were included in the settlement of a massive sexual abuse case involving the Los Angeles archdiocese of the Catholic Church.[28] A qualitative study by Kim et al. discusses the experiences of sexual abuse in the US population of Mexican immigrant women, citing immigration, acculturation, and several other social elements as risk factors for abuse.[29]

Prisoners

This section is an excerpt from Prisoner abuse § Sexual abuse.[edit]
Sexual abuse is known to occur in facilities for both genders, however it is especially predominant with female prisoners. Common acts can include arbitrary and extensive strip searches as well as other forms of forced denudation beyond general necessity, excessive vaginal or rectal contraband searches or other internal checks including the oral cavity of a prisoner. In extreme cases even forced insertion of objects into the inmate's vagina or rectum and also forced sexual intercourse is known to occur mostly on female detainees.

Animals

Captive breeding activities are sometimes described as sexual abuse.[30] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has specifically objected, for example, to SeaWorld's breeding of orcas (Orcinus orca).[30] Captive breeding of animals led to the idea of capturing and enslaving women for involuntary breeding according to Charles Patterson.[31]

Treatment

Main article: Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims

In the emergency department, contraceptive medications are offered to women raped by men because about 5% of such rapes result in pregnancy.[32] Preventative medication against sexually transmitted infections are given to victims of all types of sexual abuse (especially for the most common diseases like chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis) and a blood serum is collected to test for STIs (such as HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis).[32] Any survivor with abrasions are immunized for tetanus if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization.[32] Short-term treatment with a benzodiazepine may help with acute anxiety and antidepressants may be helpful for symptoms of PTSD, depression and panic attacks.[32]

Sexual abuse has been linked to the development of psychotic symptoms in abused children. Treatment for psychotic symptoms may also be involved in sexual abuse treatment.[33]

In regards to long term psychological treatment, prolonged exposure therapy has been tested as a method of long-term PTSD treatment for victims of sexual abuse.[34]

Prevention

Main article: Initiatives to prevent sexual violence

Child sexual abuse prevention programmes were developed in the United States of America during the 1970s and originally delivered to children. Programmes delivered to parents were developed in the 1980s and took the form of one-off meetings, two to three hours long.[35][36][37][38][39][40] In the last 15 years, web-based programmes have been developed.

Survivor

The term survivor is sometimes used for a living victim, including victims of non-fatal harm, to honor and empower the strength of an individual to heal, in particular a living victim of sexual abuse or assault.[41] For example, there are the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests and The Survivors Trust.

Positions of power

See also: Abusive power and control, Power harassment, and Rankism

Sexual misconduct can occur where one person uses a position of authority to compel another person to engage in an otherwise unwanted sexual activity. For example, sexual harassment in the workplace might involve an employee being coerced into a sexual situation out of fear of being dismissed. Sexual harassment in education might involve a student submitting to the sexual advances of a person in authority in fear of being punished, for example by being given a failing grade.

Several sexual abuse scandals have involved religious abuse or religious settings and often cover-up among non-abusers, including cases in the Southern Baptist Convention,[42] Catholic Church, Episcopalian religion,[43] Islam,[44] Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran church,[45] Methodist Church,[46] Anabaptist/Mennonite Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,[47] the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Orthodox Judaism,[48] other branches of Judaism,[49] various buddhist schools such as Zen and Tibetan,[50][51][52][53] Yoga classes,[54] and various cults.

In October 2020, a powerful member of the United Arab Emirates' royal family, Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, was accused of exploiting his authority by a British citizen, Caitlin McNamara, who was working on Abu Dhabi Hay Festival. On February 14 that year, the UAE's Minister of Tolerance called McNamara for a dinner at his villa on private island and sexually abused the woman, who was organizing the literary festival for the country.[55]

Social media

Due to social media censorship algorithms, people wishing to discuss sex and particular sexual assault have adopted the 'algospeak'[56] code word 'mascara' to refer to a boyfriend or romantic partner in a sexual context and then proceed to euphemistically describe bad experiences. The use of such code language can also lead to confusion and embarrassment for those who are unfamiliar with the intended meaning.[57]

Animals

Main article: Sexual coercion among animals

Sexual abuse has been identified among animals as well, for example, among the Adélie penguins.[58]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Sexual abuse". American Psychological Association. 2018 American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  2. ^ "Child Molestation vs. Sexual Abuse". Manly, Stewart & Finaldi. 2021-05-24. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  3. ^ Brown, Rick; Napier, Sarah; Smith, Russell G (2020), Australians who view live streaming of child sexual abuse: An analysis of financial transactions, Australian Institute of Criminology, ISBN 9781925304336 pp. 1–4.
  4. ^ a b "Child Sex Abuse Livestreams Increase During Coronavirus Lockdowns". NPR. April 8, 2020. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Philippines child slavery survivors fight to heal scars of abuse". Reuters. April 8, 2020. Archived from the original on March 28, 2018. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  6. ^ a b "What is Online Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation?". NCA. 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-04-26. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  7. ^ "Peer commentaries on Green (2002) and Schmidt (2002)". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 31 (6): 479–503. 2002. doi:10.1023/A:1020603214218. S2CID 102340546. Child molester is a pejorative term applied to both the pedophile and incest offender.
  8. ^ Patricia, Mahoney. "The Wife Rape Fact Sheet". National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  9. ^ a b "Child Sexual Abuse". Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2008-04-02. Archived from the original on 2013-12-05. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
  10. ^ Committee on Professional Practice and Standards (COPPS); Board of Professional Affairs (BPA); American Psychological Association (APA); Catherine Acuff; Steven Bisbing; Michael Gottlieb; Lisa Grossman; Jody Porter; Richard Reichbart; Steven Sparta; C. Eugene Walker (August 1999). "Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters". American Psychologist. 54 (8): 586–593. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.586. PMID 10453704. Archived from the original on 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2008-05-07. Abuse, sexual (child): generally defined as contacts between a child and an adult or other person significantly older or in a position of power or control over the child, where the child is being used for sexual stimulation of the adult or other person.
  11. ^ Martin, J.; Anderson, J.; Romans, S.; Mullen, P; O'Shea, M (1993). "Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two-stage survey". Child Abuse and Neglect. 17 (3): 383–392. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(93)90061-9. PMID 8330225.
  12. ^ Child sexual abuse definition Archived 2010-02-13 at the Wayback Machine from the NSPCC
  13. ^ Whiffen, V. E.; MacIntosh, H. B. (2005). "Mediators of the link between childhood sexual abuse and emotional distress: a critical review". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 6 (1): 24–39. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.331.7436. doi:10.1177/1524838004272543. PMID 15574671. S2CID 10627203.
  14. ^ Maniglio, R. (2009). "The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews". Clinical Psychology Review. 29 (7): 647–657. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.003. PMID 19733950.
  15. ^ Maniglio, R. (2011). "The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 124 (1): 30–41. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01612.x. PMID 20946202. S2CID 35525949.
  16. ^ Teitelman, AM; Bellamy, SL; Jemmott, JB III; Icard, L; O'Leary, A; Ali, S; Ngwane, Z; Makiwane, M (2017). "Childhood sexual abuse and sociodemographic factors prospectively associated with intimate partner violence perpetration among South African heterosexual men". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 51 (2): 170–178. doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9836-2. PMC 6200456. PMID 27844325.
  17. ^ Regier, PS; Monge, ZA; Franklin, TR; Wetherill, RR; Teitelman, AM; Jagannathan, K; et al. (2017). "Emotional, physical and sexual abuse are associated with a heightened limbic response to cocaine cues". Addiction Biology. 22 (6): 1768–177. doi:10.1111/adb.12445. PMC 5767126. PMID 27654662.
  18. ^ Courtois, Christine A. (1988). Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-393-31356-7.
  19. ^ a b Stoltenborgh, M.; van IJzendoorn, M. H.; Euser, E. M.; Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). "A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world". Child Maltreatment. 16 (2): 79–101. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1029.9752. doi:10.1177/1077559511403920. PMID 21511741. S2CID 30813632.
  20. ^ Pereda, N.; Guilera, G.; Forns, M.; Gómez-Benito, J. (2009). "The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 29 (4): 328–338. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.007. hdl:2445/27746. PMID 19371992.
  21. ^ Whealin, Julia Whealin (2007-05-22). "Child Sexual Abuse". National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, US Department of Veterans Affairs. Archived from the original on 2009-07-30.
  22. ^ Seto, Michael (2008). Pedophilia and Sexual Offending Against Children. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p. vii.
  23. ^ Sex crimes against the elderly - are they being ignored? Archived 2018-11-06 at the Wayback Machine BBC
  24. ^ "Myanmar officials blame human trafficking on poverty, unemployment". Myanmar Times. September 7, 2018. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  25. ^ "Poverty Causes Trafficking to China, Says Report". Khmer Times. September 1, 2016. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  26. ^ "POVERTY AND CONFLICT IN MYANMAR FUEL HUMAN TRAFFICKING". Caritas. 23 November 2017. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  27. ^ "China's Bride Trafficking Problem". The Diplomat. October 30, 2019. Archived from the original on December 5, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  28. ^ "Catholic Sex Abuse Hits Home for Latinos". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2018-05-07. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
  29. ^ Kim, T; Draucker, CB; Bradway, C; Grisso, JA; Sommers, MS (2017). "Somos Hermanas Del Mismo Dolor (We Are Sisters of the Same Pain): intimate partner sexual violence narratives among Mexican immigrant women in the United States". Violence Against Women. 23 (5): 623–642. doi:10.1177/1077801216646224. PMID 27130923. S2CID 43738091.
  30. ^ a b Stokes, Ashli Q.; Atkins-Sayre, Wendy (2018). "PETA, rhetorical fracture, and the power of digital activism". Public Relations Inquiry. 7 (2). SAGE Publications: 149–170. doi:10.1177/2046147x18770216. ISSN 2046-147X. S2CID 158981724.
  31. ^ Patterson, Charles (2002). Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust. New York City, New York, US: Lantern Books. pp. xvi+296. ISBN 9781930051997. OCLC 48249492.
  32. ^ a b c d Varcarolis, Elizabeth (2013). Essentials of psychiatric mental health nursing. St. Louis: Elsevier. pp. 439–442.
  33. ^ Crush, E; Arseneault, L; Jaffee, SR; Danese, A; Fisher, HL (2018). "Protective factors for psychotic symptoms among poly-victimized children". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 44 (3): 691–700. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx111. PMC 5890453. PMID 28981896.
  34. ^ Schiff, M; Nacasch, N; Levit, S; Katz, N; Foa, EB (2015). "Prolonged exposure for treating PTSD among female methadone patients who were survivors of sexual abuse in Israel". Social Work & Health Care. 54 (8): 687–707. doi:10.1080/00981389.2015.1058311. PMID 26399489. S2CID 9288531.
  35. ^ Babatsikos, Georgia (2010). "Parents' knowledge, attitudes and practices about preventing child sexual abuse: a literature review". Child Abuse Review. 19 (2): 107–129. doi:10.1002/car.1102. ISSN 0952-9136.
  36. ^ Hébert, Martine; Lavoie, Francine; Parent, Nathalie (2002-06-01). "An Assessment of Outcomes Following Parents' Participation in a Child Abuse Prevention Program". Violence and Victims. 17 (3): 355–372. doi:10.1891/vivi.17.3.355.33664. ISSN 0886-6708. PMID 12102058. S2CID 33445782.
  37. ^ Wurtele, Sandy K.; Moreno, Tasha; Kenny, Maureen C. (2008). "Evaluation of a Sexual Abuse Prevention Workshop for Parents of Young Children". Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 1 (4): 331–340. doi:10.1080/19361520802505768. ISSN 1936-1521. S2CID 146651342.
  38. ^ Wurtele, Sandy K.; Kenny, Maureen C. (2010). "Partnering with parents to prevent childhood sexual abuse". Child Abuse Review. 19 (2): 130–152. doi:10.1002/car.1112. ISSN 0952-9136.
  39. ^ Williams, Mike (2018). "Four Steps to the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse in the Home" (PDF). NSPCC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2018-08-01.
  40. ^ Williams, Mike (2018). "Working with a community to prevent child sexual abuse in the home" (PDF). NSPCC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  41. ^ "Dean of Students Office | Clark University". Clarku.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-05-19. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
  42. ^ "StopBaptistPredators.org". stopbaptistpredators.org. Archived from the original on 2021-01-23. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
  43. ^ "Episcopalian Ministers". Archived from the original on February 14, 2010.
  44. ^ Joe Murphy (2012-05-18). "Baroness Warsi: Some Pakistani men think young white girls are "fair game" for sex abuse - Politics - News - Evening Standard". Thisislondon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
  45. ^ "Lutheran abuse". Archived from the original on January 10, 2010.
  46. ^ "Methodist abuse". Archived from the original on June 25, 2009.
  47. ^ Anderson, Lavina (1995). Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-10-878835-2.
  48. ^ Abuse Scandal Plagues Hasidic Jews In Brooklyn Archived 2018-04-11 at the Wayback Machine by Barbara Bradley Hagerty. All Things Considered, National Public Radio. 2 February 2009.
  49. ^ Amy, Neustein, ed. (2009). Tempest in the Temple: Jewish Communities and Child Sex Scandals. Brandeis Series in American Jewish History, Culture, and Life. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press. ISBN 978-1-58465-671-5.
  50. ^ Oppenheimer, Mark (2014-12-18). "The Zen Predator of the Upper East Side". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2019-03-04. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  51. ^ Corder, Mike (2018-09-14). "Dalai Lama Meets Alleged Victims of Abuse by Buddhist Gurus". US News. Archived from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  52. ^ Marsh, Sarah (5 March 2018). "Buddhist group admits sexual abuse by teachers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  53. ^ Sperry, Rod Meade; Atwood, Haleigh (2018-03-30). "Against the Stream to investigate allegations of sexual misconduct by Noah Levine; results expected within a month". Lion's Roar. Archived from the original on 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
  54. ^ "International Yoga Day: 5 yoga gurus who were accused of sexual assault". Indian Express. 21 June 2018. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  55. ^ "Gulf minister of tolerance in 'sex assault' on Hay books festival worker". The Times. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  56. ^ Levine, Alexandra (2022-09-19). "From Camping To Cheese Pizza, 'Algospeak' Is Taking Over Social Media". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  57. ^ Tellez, Anthony (2023-01-31). "'Mascara,' 'Unalive,' 'Corn': What Common Social Media Algospeak Words Actually Mean". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  58. ^ McKie, Robin (9 June 2012). "'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal". Guardian.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2016.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sexual abuse.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexual_abuse&oldid=1251987069"