Second Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)
| Second East Prussian campaign | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Eastern Front of World War I | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 German Empire |
 Russian Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Hermann von François |
Nikolai Ruzsky | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
|
VIII Army |
I Army[b] X Army | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
On 20 September 1914 129,814 men[6] 354 machine guns[7] 540 guns[8] | 295,000[9] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown[c] | 97,377[12] | ||||||||
The offensive of the Russian armies in October 1914 with the aim of capturing East Prussia after in Battle of Augustów (1914).
Background
[edit]The situation in the armies of the Russian Northwestern Front at the beginning of September 1914 was determined by the consequences of the East Prussian operation, which ended in the defeat of the Russian 2nd Army and the heavy defeat of the 1st Army. In August, the arriving corps of the Russian 10th Army began to occupy the front between them; however, their attempt to go on the offensive “on wheels” to change the course of the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes failed. The troops of the 1st Army retreated across the Neman River in mid-September and began to strengthen positions on the eastern bank of the river. The corps of the 10th Army left Augustow and Suwalki, finding themselves under the threat of a German flank attack. The actions of both armies began to be subordinated to the goal of preventing German troops from crossing the Neman River from Kovno to Grodno. The actions of the 8th German Army were aimed at creating the most convenient bridgehead for both defense and a possible offensive in the Baltic states, and after the start of the offensive of the Central Powers on the middle Vistula - at pinning down the opposing Russian forces.[13]
To the newly appointed Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the North-Western Front, Infantry General Nikolai Ruzsky, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief General of the Cavalry, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, in a special telegram dated September 17, 1914, granted “complete freedom of decision within the boundaries of the front entrusted to him and the troops subordinate to him.” . Decisions were also made to immediately replenish the troops of the Russian 1st Army by separating personnel from the 6th Army, located in the Petrograd Military District (20 marching battalions) and disbanding the remnants of the Russian 54th and 72nd infantry, defeated by the Germans divisions. On September 20, 1914, N. Ruzsky gave a directive to the subordinate armies: the 1st Army - to defend crossings across the Neman River, the 10th Army - to cover Bialystok, Grodno, the 2nd Army - to retreat to the Narew River.[14]
In the plans of the Russian Headquarters, passive defense was excluded. On September 28, transmitting the directive on the offensive into Silesia by the forces of the Russian South-Western Front, the chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Lieutenant General Nikolai Yanushkevich, ordered the armies of the North-Western Front “after the final production of the first army, which must be rushed, to launch a general offensive against enemy acting from East Prussia. At the same time, one must take into account the preservation of the left-flank army’s ability to provide quick and direct assistance to the armies of the Southwestern Front during their initial operations on the banks of the Vistula.”[15]
Significant changes took place in the German troops of the 8th Army. For the offensive on the Vistula River and direct support of the Austro-Hungarian troops who had already retreated across the San River and towards Krakow, the 9th Army was formed, which included the Guards Reserve Corps, withdrawn from the 8th Army, and the 11th, 17th and 20th Army Corps with 8th Cavalry Division. The command of the new army was entrusted to Colonel General P. von Hindenburg, and E. Ludendorff became his chief of staff. In the ranks of the 8th Army (by September 20, 1914) 129,814 military personnel remained in service.[16]
Command was transferred to artillery general Richard von Schubert. The remaining forces were gathered into several groups with the task of preventing the development of operations of Russian troops against East Prussia and preventing a new Russian invasion.[17]
Thus, by the beginning of the new phase of the struggle for East Prussia, Russian troops outnumbered the German defenders of the province by 4 times in the number of troops, in machine guns by more than twice, in artillery by 2.6 times. The balance of forces for the Russian armies of the Northwestern Front was even more favorable than at the beginning of the war. But the troops of the 1st Army and half of the corps of the 10th Army had unsuccessful battle experience; a heavy defeat on the Masurian lakes had a negative impact on the combat effectiveness and morale of the troops.[18]
Battles on the Neman River in September 1914
[edit]Pursuing the goal of attracting as many Russian troops as possible, the commander of the 8th Army, Schubert, ordered the 1st Army Corps to advance to the Neman River, cross it between the fortresses of Kovno and Olita and destroy the Bialystok-Warsaw highway. However, at the same time, the Russians began an offensive to bypass the right flank of the German 1st Army Corps, so the headquarters of the 8th German Army ordered the withdrawal of troops from the bend of the Neman River to Suwalki in the afternoon of September 26. By September 30, almost the entire 1st and 10th Russian armies went on the offensive with the forces of the 3rd, 20th, 22nd, 26th Army Corps. By September 30, Schubert concentrated 4 German infantry divisions near Augustow and Suwalki, intending to give a decisive battle to the main forces of the 1st and 10th armies.[19]
Events began to develop most dramatically in the area of Augustow and Suwalki. Intending to invade East Prussia in the area of the city of Luk, south of the line of the Masurian Lakes, cutting the 8th German Army in two, N. Ruzsky sent troops of the 10th Army, 3 corps: 22nd, 2nd Caucasian and the 3rd Siberian Army Corps to Augustow. Soon, the 26th Army Corps and three cavalry divisions of the 1st Army were ordered to support the 10th Army's advance on Augustow, while 2 cavalry divisions and the newly formed 1st Turkestan Army Corps were also to attack Augustow from the right flank.
The task of capturing Avtustov was entrusted to the 3rd Siberian Army Corps of Infantry General E. Radkevich (7th and 8th Siberian Rifle Divisions). The 3rd Siberian Army Corps went on the offensive on the morning of September 27, 1914. After a general attack by three rifle regiments, the Germans abandoned Augustow and retreated to Suwalki by noon. The city was occupied by the 25th and 26th Siberian Rifle Regiments. Continuing the offensive, on September 30, the 3rd Siberian Corps entered into battle with the German 3rd Reserve Division. [20]
On October 1, four corps of the 10th Army launched an attack on Suwalki. The goal was to encircle the German troops and cut off their escape route to Marggrabowa. However, German troops repelled the offensive in stubborn battles. At the same time, the German 2nd Infantry Division boldly attacked the superior forces of the 3rd Siberian Corps. On October 1, N. Ruzsky ordered the commander of the 1st Army, P. von Rennenkampf, to continue the invasion of East Prussia. By October 3, the 1st Army had made little progress. But during the day, the difficult situation on the flank of the 10th Army became clear, and the 26th Army Corps, and then the 2nd Brigade of the 29th Infantry Division, were sent to help it. On the morning of October 4, the entire 20th Corps received the task of attacking in support of the 10th Army. As a result, the Germans could not withstand the onslaught of the Russians at Suvalki and began to retreat bearing catastrophic losses, as a participant in the battle recalled, "The losses of the Germans at Suvalki were so high that their entire retreat path was littered with corpses"[21]
Outcome
[edit]In general, until the end of September 1914, the Russian command of the armies of the North-Western Front was able to restore strength after the defeat near Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes, create a powerful grouping and threaten East Prussia, chaining significant forces of the German 8th Army to this area in October 1914 . The Germans had to leave the banks of the Neman, Augustów and Suwałki. Moreover, a new offensive was organized within Germany. However, the Russian troops failed to conquer the province: also using reinforcements, the German side was able not only to stop the troops of the 1st and 10th armies, but also inflict serious defeats on the flank groups and go on the offensive, which lasted until November. However, the Russian troops had sufficient forces to repel frontal attacks and again force the Germans to withdraw to East Prussia.
In early November, the Russian armies maintained a numerical superiority,[22][23] but the Germans's transition to new defensive tactics made it possible to release five infantry divisions for the operation against Łódź without prejudice to the defense of the province. Turning to the tactics of creating well-fortified zones, the German troops of the 8th Army by mid-November 1914 stopped the advance of the Russian 10th Army and forced it to also go on the defensive.
Although the Russians managed to fulfill their initial plan to push the enemy away from the Polish borders and create a springboard for an offensive deep into German territory,[1] the Russian conquests were completely eliminated during the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Oleynikov 2023, p. 20.
- ^ Краткий Стратегический Очерк войны 1914-1918. Ч.2
- ^ Nelipovich 2017, p. 78.
- ^ Stegemann, ч. II, P.207
- ^ Borisyuk 2024, p. 43.
- ^ Sanitaetsbericht ueber das Deutsche Heer, bd. III, Berlin 1934, taffel 11
- ^ С. Г. Нелипович: Два похода. Борьба за Восточную Пруссию в августе-октябре 1914 года, 2020, p. 114
- ^ С. Г. Нелипович, 2020, p. 114
- ^ Nelipovich 2017, p. 76.
- ^ "BATTLE OF AUGUSTOW GERMANS ROUTED; RUSSIANS IN HOT PURSUIT". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ Oleynikov 2016, p. 319.
- ^ Nelipovich 2017, pp. 97–100.
- ^ С. Г. Нелипович, 2020, p. 109
- ^ С. Г. Нелипович, 2020, p. 109
- ^ С. Г. Нелипович, 2020, p. 110
- ^ Sanitaetsbericht ueber das Deutsche Heer (Deutsche Feld-und Besatzungsheer im Weltkriege 1914/1918. Bd. III. Berlin, 1934. Tafel 11
- ^ Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918. Bd. 5. Berlin, 1929. Skizze 11
- ^ С. Г. Нелипович, 2020, p. 114
- ^ С. Г. Нелипович, 2020, p. 118-121
- ^ Новиков П. А. Восточно-сибирские стрелки в первой мировой войне, Иркутск, 2008, p. 83-84
- ^ Олейников А. Россия-щит Антанты. С предисловием Николая Старикова.-СПб.:Питер, 2016.-336 с.-( серия «Николай Стариков рекомендует прочитать») ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4
- ^ Sanitaetsbericht ueber das Deutsche Heer, bd. III, Berlin 1934, taffel 11
- ^ on 1.11.1914 8th Army have 124,722 men
Notes
[edit]- ^ The first part of the operation was extremely successful for the Russians, they knocked the Germans off the borders and occupied a significant part of East Prussia.[1] Russians lost the advantage in numbers, because the Germans were more technically equipped, they had to abandon the plan to take Konigsberg and East Prussia turned into a bridgehead, where the Russians held significant enemy forces for a long time, which greatly helped to win the battles in Poland.[2] Russians ended the battle with a small tactical success and a strategic draw, however, the Russians were able to transfer part of their forces to Poland, but the Germans did not, moreover, the latter were forced to send reinforcements to East Prussia.[3] The German command covered the operation as its victory,[4] and the Russian as its own, Although from the point of view of subsequent events, the battle really ended in favor of the Russians[1][5]
- ^ Only one corps
- ^ Perhaps 20,000 killed in the Battle of Augustow alone[10] The Germans admit losses of 20,000 people by mid-October, after that, from October 11 to October 16, another 3,470 people were added to them.[11]
Bibliography
[edit]- Oleynikov, Аlexei (2023). Германский натиск на Восток 1915 [The German push to the East 1915] (in Russian). ISBN 978-5-4484-4327-5.
- Oleynikov, Alexei (2016). Россия-щит Антанты [Russia-Shield of Entente]. Foreword by Nikolai Starikov. St.Petersburg: Piter. ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4.
- Nelipovich, Sergei (2017). Русский фронт Первой Мировой войны: потери сторон 1914 [The Russian Front of the First World War: the losses of the sides in 1914]. Moscow: Квадрига. ISBN 978-5-91791-238-7.
- Borisyuk, Andrey (2024). Забытая война. Россия в 1914-1918 [The forgotten war. Russia in 1914-1918] (in Russian). Moscow: Вече. ISBN 978-5-4484-5078-5.