Razing of Kandanos
The text reads: "Kandanos was destroyed in retaliation for the bestial ambush murder of a paratrooper platoon and a half-platoon of military engineers by armed men and women."
The Razing of Kandanos (Greek: Καταστροφή της Καντάνου) refers to the complete destruction of the village of Kandanos in Western Crete (Greece) and the killing of about 180 of its inhabitants on 3 June 1941 by German occupying forces during World War II.[1][2]
It was ordered by Generaloberst Kurt Student in reprisal for the participation of the local population in the Battle of Crete that had held advancing German soldiers for two days. The destruction constituted one of the most atrocious war crimes committed during the occupation of Crete by Axis forces in World War II.
Background
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Local resistance
[edit]The Battle of Crete began on 20 May 1941 with a large-scale airborne invasion planned to capture the island's strategic locations. Kandanos is located on the road from Chania on the north coast to Paleochora in the south, which was a candidate landing point for potential Allied reinforcements from North Africa. The village of Kandanos had been bombed during the first days of the attack and a small motorized German detachment (riding motorcycles with MG 34 machine guns on their sidecars) attempted to move through it on 23 May 1941, aiming to reach and secure Paleochora.
On the following day, the locals gathered in larger numbers and set an ambush for the advancing German troops of the 5th Gebirgsdivision (elements of the 55 motorcycle Battalion and the 95 anti-tank Battalion[3]), at Kandanos' gorge.[4][5]
Despite their strong resistance on 24 and 25 May and their limited casualties, the locals were vastly outnumbered and were thus eventually forced to retreat into the mountains, letting the Germans advance towards Paleochora.[6][7]
The repercussions of the resistance
[edit]During the Battle of Crete, the invading German forces had suffered heavy losses. Furthermore, the unprecedented resistance from the local population exasperated their Prussian sense of military order according to which no one but professional warriors should be allowed to fight.
Such stories proved to be false later on, as more careful investigations could identify only a few cases of mutilation all over Crete, most of which had been inflicted after death.[6] Nevertheless, as a result of the above allegations and seeking to set an example, right after the surrender of Crete on 31 May, temporary commander General Kurt Student issued an order for launching a wave of brutal reprisals against the local population. The reprisals were to be carried out rapidly by the same units who had been confronted by the locals, omitting formalities.[6]
The razing
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On 3 June 1941, a day after executing several civilians in Kondomari, German troops from the III Battalion of the 1st Air Landing Assault Regiment (most probably led by Oberleutnant Horst Trebes) reached Kandanos, following Student's order for reprisals. The Germans killed about 180 residents and slaughtered all livestock; all houses were torched and razed.[8]
Nearby villages such as Floria and Kakopetro met a similar fate. After its destruction, Kandanos was declared a 'dead zone' and its remaining population was forbidden to return to the village and rebuild it. Finally, inscriptions in German and Greek were erected on each entry of the village. One read: Here stood Kandanos, destroyed in retribution for the murder of 25 German soldiers, never to be rebuilt again.[9]
Aftermath
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A memorial to the fallen soldiers of the 95 Battalion was erected by the 5. Gebirgs Division near Floria after the surrender of Crete.
After the surrender of Germany, General Kurt Student was captured by the British. In May 1947, he came before a military tribunal to answer charges of mistreatment and murder of prisoners of war and civilians by his forces in Crete. Greece's demand to have Student extradited was declined.[why?] Student was found guilty of three out of eight charges and sentenced to five years in prison. However, he was given a medical discharge and was released in 1948. Student was acquitted for crimes against civilians, partially due to testimony given by Maj Gen Lindsay Merritt Inglis at his trial.[10]
Today, Kandanos has been rebuilt and is the seat of the eponymous municipality. Reproductions of the sombre Wehrmacht signposts commemorating the destruction of the village are displayed on a local war memorial.[11]
On 31 October 2024, German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier visited Kandanos. He asked for forgiveness on behalf of Germany for the crimes committed by the Wehrmacht, saying "I ask you, the survivors and descendants, for your forgiveness for the heinous crimes perpetrated here by Germans. I ask for forgiveness for the fact that over many decades my country failed to punish these crimes."[12] Still, he dismissed the claims for reparation payments to the victims.
See also
[edit]- Viannos massacres
- Razing of Anogeia
- Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
- Lidice massacre
- War crimes of the Wehrmacht
References
[edit]- ^ MacDonald, Callum. The Lost Battle: Crete 1941, The Free Press, 1993, ISBN 0029196256.
- ^ Mosier, John. Cross of Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German War Machine, NY: Henry Holt & Co., 2006; ISBN 0805083219.
- ^ Official History of New Zealand in the 2nd World War 1939–45. Crete – The fifth day: 24 May
- ^ Hill, Maria. Diggers and Greeks: The Australian Campaigns in Greece and Crete, UNSW Press, 2010; ISBN 1742230148.
- ^ Η μάχη στο φαράγγι της Καντάνου, Χανιώτικα Νέα onLine, 11 Ιουνίου 2008
- ^ a b c Beevor, Antony. Crete: The Battle and the Resistance, John Murray Ltd, 1991. Penguin Books, 1992.
- ^ Kiriakopoulos, G.C. The Nazi Occupation of Crete: 1941–1945, Praeger Publishers 1995; ISBN 0-275-95277-0.
- ^ Willingham, Matthew. Perilous Commitments: The Battle for Greece and Crete 1940–1941, Spellmount, 2005; ISBN 1-86227-236-0.
- ^ Stroud, R. Kidnap in Crete: The True Story of the Abduction of a Nazi General, Bloomsbury Pub., 2015; ISBN 978-1632861948.
- ^ Antill, Peter D. Crete 1941: Germany's lightning airborne assault. Campaign series. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. ISBN 978-1-84176-844-1.
- ^ Philip Chrysopoulos. "Crete Remembers the Razing of Kandanos by the Nazis on June 3, 1941". Greek Reporter. Archived from the original on 2021-06-04. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
- ^ "I ask you for your forgiveness". Bundespraesident. October 31, 2024. Archived from the original on 1 November 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
External links
[edit]- Κάνδανος. 3 Ιουνίου 1941 Archived 2014-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, greekholocausts.gr. Archived copy
- Kandanos from historic.de (in German – translate)
- Floria monument from historic.de (in German – translate)
