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Compulsory loan of Greece to Nazi Germany

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The Compulsory loan of Greece to Nazi Germany (German: Deutsche Zwangsanleihe in Griechenland), also known as the forced loan of 1942 (Greek: καταναγκαστικό δάνειο του 1942) or Occupation loan (κατοχικό δάνειο) refers to a payment for occupation costs demanded by Nazi Germany from the collaborationist Greek government during the German occupation in the Second World War.

Excerpt from file R 27320 from 1945, page 114 in the Political Archive of the Foreign Office: "German Remaining Debt" totaling 476 million RM.

From April 1943, Germany began repaying part of its occupier's debt in monthly installments. Converted into Reichsmark and taking into account exchange rate fluctuations, a German document compiled in 1945 listed a "German Remaining Debt" of 476 million RM.[1]

The question of a Greek repayment claim now valued between 5 and 11 billion Euro has been a contentious issue between Greece and Germany in the 21st century, recently intertwined with the debate over the Greek debt crisis.[2] The dispute is pursued more through public media than legal or diplomatic channels.[3]

Facts

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The occupation regime by the Axis powers (Bulgaria, Italy, and Germany) was marked by economic exploitation. Greece not only had to bear the occupation costs; the occupying powers also extensively extracted raw materials and products from Greece, leading to what is known as the Great Famine.

As the transportation of valuables from Greece continuously increased in value and volume, with little reciprocal supplies from the German side, Greece's accounts, which formally managed the payments for these goods, showed a credit balance. In December 1942, the Greek collaborationist government was forced to agree to treat this credit balance as an interest-free claim, to be repaid after the war.

According to a final report by the Foreign Office of the German Reich to the Reichsbank dated April 12, 1945, this outstanding debt amounted to 476 million Reichsmark.[4][5]

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Greece

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Greek politicians and victims' associations have consistently highlighted the reparations issue, also claiming compensation for the compulsory loan of 1942. From the Greek perspective, it is legally unresolved whether repayment falls under reparations or should be regarded as a civilian credit.

Recent examples include a commission set up by the conservative Antonis Samaras government to assess the likelihood of successful claims. His successor, the leftist Alexis Tsipras, reiterated "moral responsibility to our people, to history, and to all the peoples of Europe" to claim the funds. It seems unlikely that Greece could gain European partners in this matter, as a potential fallout with Germany appears unattractive.[6] Consequently, Greek authorities have not pursued any initiatives in this direction.

Germany

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Götz Aly in a column for the Berliner Zeitung on February 23, 2015, called the "compulsory loan" a "legend" that has been nurtured by the historian Hagen Fleischer for years.[7] This was followed on March 18, 2015, by the author Sven Felix Kellerhoff in the newspaper Die Welt. He references a 1945 file that is currently archived and publicly accessible at the Political Archive of the Foreign Office (PA AA) under the file number "R 27320". According to this file, the occupation costs were to be settled, the estimated balance at the end of the occupation of Greece amounted to 476 million RM, which, according to the file, still had to be reduced by German services.[8]

The Hague Conventions do not explicitly address the permissibility of forced loans from the population of an occupied territory for the benefit of the occupier. However, the exercise of military power in occupied enemy territory includes aspects of the permissibility of interventions in public property. A definitive international legal assessment of the German procedure could only be made in the context of a judicial or arbitration proceeding, which has not been pending nor was previously held.[9]

The Federal Government of Germany considers the demand for repayment of the loan to be a Greek demand for reparations and has not recognized such claims since 1990. It argues particularly that arrangements have been made regarding restitution, from which Greece has also benefited. After decades of "peaceful, trustworthy, and fruitful cooperation" between Germany and its NATO and EU partner Greece, the "reparations issue has lost its justification," according to the government.[10] Therefore, the Federal Republic sees no reason to fulfill the demand.

The view of the Federal Government is not uncontroversial; it is referred to by the Left Party in the Bundestab with reference to an expert opinion of the Scientific Services of the Bundestag (WD 2, 041/13) as "not compelling."[11]

German politicians like Volker Kauder, Gerda Hasselfeldt, or Wolfgang Schäuble rejected the claims of the Greek government for reparations as legally unjustified in March 2015. The Foreign Office, e.g., State Minister Michael Roth (SPD), also rejects reparations demands by the Greek government.[12] The issue of reparations is legally and politically concluded, declared German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier.[13]

Revisitation of the Claim in 2015

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The current value of the repayment claim is assessed very differently by experts: The calculations range between three billion and 64 billion euros. According to a confidential report by a commission of experts of the Greek Court of Audit, which was presented to the government in January 2015, the Greek experts come up with a figure of eleven billion euros.[14][15] Other experts estimate Germany's total debts to Greece to be now up to 160 billion[16] or even up to 575 billion euros.[17]

A Greek study on monetary claims from Greece to Germany was completed in early March 2013 and declared strictly confidential. On March 8, 2015, the newspaper To Vima published this study. The total claims are estimated between 269 and 332 billion euros. Prime Minister Tsipras said two days after the publication that a parliamentary committee should deal with the issue.[18][19]

In April 2015, Greek Deputy Finance Minister Dimitris Mardas stated a current value of the compulsory loan at 10.3 billion euros.[20]

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  • [Greek Claims: "Germany dismisses claims"] (Interview), Hagen Fleischer speaking with tagesschau.de, February 10, 2015
  • Christian Rickens: [Greek Compensation Claims: The Nazis' European Plunder.] Spiegel Online, February 2, 2015
  • [Greece's Left demands repayment of German debts], in: Die Zeit from September 14, 2013
  • ZDF Frontal 21, episode from March 3, 2015 by Martina Morawietz and Ulrich Stoll: German Debts to the Greeks – An Unsettled Account from War Times; zdf.de (PDF)

Footnotes

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  1. ^ "The Nazis' stolen 'loan' from Greece – DW – 10/10/2018". dw.com. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  2. ^ Volker Wagener: German-Greek dispute - A case for couples therapy Deutsche Welle, March 16, 2015.
  3. ^ On the Greek compulsory loan of 1942 Scientific Services of the German Bundestag, Paper from December 11, 2013, p. 4.
  4. ^ Sven Felix Kellerhoff: Reparations: Does Germany owe Greeks 70 billion?, Welt Online, September 17, 2011.
  5. ^ Hagen Fleischer/Despina Konstantinakou: Ad calendas graecas? Greece and German reparations, in: Hans Günter Hockerts, Claudia Moisel, Tobias Winstel (eds.), Limits of Reparation: Compensation for NS-Victims in Western and Eastern Europe 1945–2000, Wallstein, Göttingen 2006, p. 375-457, here p. 456 note 331: Activity report Nestler, as appendix Paul Hahn, director at the German Reichsbank and German banking commissioner in Greece 1941–1944 (auxiliary office of the Foreign Office), to the president of the Reichsbank, April 12, 1945, PA AA, R 27320. Archive number and amount also mentioned by Fleischer: When you remember, we can forget, Federal Agency for Civic Education (bpb), March 17, 2014.}}
  6. ^ N. Christodoulakis: Germany’s War Debt to Greece: A Burden Unsettled, 2014.
  7. ^ Götz Aly: Greek debt myths, Berliner Zeitung, February 23, 2015.
  8. ^ Sven Felix Kellerhoff: There is no such thing as Greece's 476-million loan, Welt Online, March 18, 2015.
  9. ^ See in detail On the Greek compulsory loan of 1942 Scientific Services of the German Bundestag, Paper WD 2- 3000- 093/13.
  10. ^ Responses by the Federal Government to several small inquiries by the Left Party faction, BT-Drs. 17/709 from February 11, 2010 (PDF; 151 kB) and 18/451 from February 6, 2014 (PDF; 214 kB).
  11. ^ Small inquiry by the Left Party from January 17, 2014, BT-Drs. 18/324 (PDF; 212 kB), with reference to the elaboration of WD: On the international legal foundations and limitations of war-related reparations with special consideration of the Greek-German relationship (PDF; 223 kB)
  12. ^ Foreign Office rejects reparations, n-tv.de, March 17, 2015.
  13. ^ NS crimes in Greece: Steinmeier calls debate over reparations “dangerous”, Spiegel Online, March 18, 2015.
  14. ^ Debt crisis paradox: Germany owes Athens eleven billion from a compulsory loan, Focus from January 12, 2015.
  15. ^ Deutschlandfunk from January 27, 2015: “Germany's debts from the past”.
  16. ^ Germany should owe Athens billions, Der Standard from January 12, 2015; Archived (Date missing) at tagesschau.de (Error: unknown archive URL), contribution on tagesschau.de from March 6, 2014.
  17. ^ Jaques Delpla, Interview in: Les Échos from June 22, 2011 (French).
  18. ^ Tsipras accuses Germany of trickery. FAZ, March 11, 2015.
  19. ^ It's about many billions of euros: Athens could seize German property. n-tv.de, March 11, 2015.
  20. ^ World War II: Athens estimates German debt at 278 billion euros. Spiegel Online, April 7, 2015.
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