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Quisqualamine
Names
IUPAC name
2-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione
Identifiers
ChemSpider
UNII
InChI=1S/C4H7N3O3/c5-1-2-7-3(8)6-4(9)10-7/h1-2,5H2,(H,6,8,9)
Key: LIPCXBVXQUFCSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C4H7N3O3/c5-1-2-7-3(8)6-4(9)10-7/h1-2,5H2,(H,6,8,9)
Key: LIPCXBVXQUFCSC-UHFFFAOYAA
Properties
C 4 H 7 N 3 O 3
Molar mass
145.118 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Chemical compound
Quisqualamine is the α-decarboxylated analogue of quisqualic acid , as well as a relative of the neurotransmitters glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA).[ 1] [ 2] α-Decarboxylation of excitatory amino acids can produce derivatives with inhibitory effects.[ 2] Indeed, unlike quisqualic acid, quisqualamine has central depressant and neuroprotective properties and appears to act predominantly as an agonist of the GABAA receptor and also to a lesser extent as an agonist of the glycine receptor , due to the facts that its actions are inhibited in vitro by GABAA antagonists like bicuculline and picrotoxin and by the glycine antagonist strychnine , respectively.[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] Mg2+ and DL-AP5 , NMDA receptor blockers , CNQX , an antagonist of both the AMPA and kainate receptors , and 2-hydroxysaclofen , a GABAB receptor antagonist, do not affect quisqualamine's actions in vitro , suggesting that it does not directly affect the ionotropic glutamate receptors or the GABAB receptor in any way.[ 2] Whether it binds to and acts upon any of the metabotropic glutamate receptors like its analogue quisqualic acid however is unclear.
^ a b Evans RH, Francis AA, Hunt K, Martin MR, Watkins JC (June 1978). "Quisqualamine, a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) related depressant amino acid". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology . 30 (6): 364–7. doi :10.1111/j.2042-7158.1978.tb13257.x . PMID 26767 . S2CID 84350091 .
^ a b c d Herrero JF (March 1994). "GABAergic activity of quisqualamine and homoquisqualamine in hemisected spinal cord in vitro preparation". Revista Española de Fisiología . 50 (1): 11–7. PMID 7527570 .
^ Biraboneye AC, Madonna S, Maher P, Kraus JL (January 2010). "Neuroprotective effects of N-alkyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-diones and their corresponding synthetic intermediates N-alkylhydroxylamines and N-1-alkyl-3-carbonyl-1-hydroxyureas against in vitro cerebral ischemia". ChemMedChem . 5 (1): 79–85. doi :10.1002/cmdc.200900418 . PMID 19943277 . S2CID 39067721 .
Ionotropic
GABAA Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor
Positive modulators (abridged; see here for a full list): α-EMTBL
Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol , 2M2B )
Anabolic steroids
Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin )
Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital )
Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam )
Bromide compounds (e.g., potassium bromide )
Carbamates (e.g., meprobamate )
Carbamazepine
Chloralose
Chlormezanone
Clomethiazole
Dihydroergolines (e.g., ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine) )
Etazepine
Etifoxine
Fenamates (e.g., mefenamic acid )
Flavonoids (e.g., apigenin , hispidulin )
Fluoxetine
Flupirtine
Imidazoles (e.g., etomidate )
Kava constituents (e.g., kavain )
Lanthanum
Loreclezole
Monastrol
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., allopregnanolone , cholesterol , THDOC )
Niacin
Niacinamide
Nonbenzodiazepines (e.g., β-carbolines (e.g., abecarnil ), cyclopyrrolones (e.g., zopiclone ), imidazopyridines (e.g., zolpidem ), pyrazolopyrimidines (e.g., zaleplon ))
Norfluoxetine
Petrichloral
Phenols (e.g., propofol )
Phenytoin
Piperidinediones (e.g., glutethimide )
Propanidid
Pyrazolopyridines (e.g., etazolate )
Quinazolinones (e.g., methaqualone )
Retigabine (ezogabine)
ROD-188
Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin )
Stiripentol
Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal) )
Topiramate
Valerian constituents (e.g., valerenic acid )
Volatiles /gases (e.g., chloral hydrate , chloroform , diethyl ether , paraldehyde , sevoflurane )
Negative modulators: 1,3M1B
3M2B
11-Ketoprogesterone
17-Phenylandrostenol
α3IA
α5IA (LS-193,268)
β-CCB
β-CCE
β-CCM
β-CCP
β-EMGBL
Anabolic steroids
Amiloride
Anisatin
β-Lactams (e.g., penicillins , cephalosporins , carbapenems )
Basmisanil
Bemegride
Bicyclic phosphates (TBPS , TBPO , IPTBO )
BIDN
Bilobalide
Bupropion
CHEB
Chlorophenylsilatrane
Cicutoxin
Cloflubicyne
Cyclothiazide
DHEA
DHEA-S
Dieldrin
(+)-DMBB
DMCM
DMPC
EBOB
Etbicyphat
FG-7142 (ZK-31906)
Fiproles (e.g., fipronil )
Flavonoids (e.g., amentoflavone , oroxylin A )
Flumazenil
Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin )
Flurothyl
Furosemide
Golexanolone
Iomazenil (123 I)
IPTBO
Isopregnanolone (sepranolone)
L-655,708
Laudanosine
Lindane
MaxiPost
Morphine
Morphine-3-glucuronide
MRK-016
Naloxone
Naltrexone
Nicardipine
Nonsteroidal antiandrogens (e.g., apalutamide , bicalutamide , enzalutamide , flutamide , nilutamide )
Oenanthotoxin
Pentylenetetrazol (pentetrazol)
Phenylsilatrane
Picrotoxin (i.e., picrotin , picrotoxinin and dihydropicrotoxinin )
Pregnenolone sulfate
Propybicyphat
PWZ-029
Radequinil
Ro 15-4513
Ro 19-4603
RO4882224
RO4938581
Sarmazenil
SCS
Suritozole
TB-21007
TBOB
TBPS
TCS-1105
Terbequinil
TETS
Thujone
U-93631
Zinc
ZK-93426
GABAA -ρ Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor
Metabotropic
GABAB Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor
Receptor (ligands )
GlyR Tooltip Glycine receptor
Positive modulators: Alcohols (e.g., brometone , chlorobutanol (chloretone) , ethanol (alcohol) , tert -butanol (2M2P) , tribromoethanol , trichloroethanol , trifluoroethanol )
Alkylbenzene sulfonate
Anandamide
Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital , sodium thiopental )
Chlormethiazole
D12-116
Dihydropyridines (e.g., nicardipine )
Etomidate
Ginseng constituents (e.g., ginsenosides (e.g., ginsenoside-Rf ))
Glutamic acid (glutamate)
Ivermectin
Ketamine
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone , pregnenolone (eltanolone) , pregnenolone acetate , minaxolone , ORG-20599 )
Nitrous oxide
Penicillin G
Propofol
Tamoxifen
Tetrahydrocannabinol
Triclofos
Tropeines (e.g., atropine , bemesetron , cocaine , LY-278584 , tropisetron , zatosetron )
Volatiles /gases (e.g., chloral hydrate , chloroform , desflurane , diethyl ether (ether) , enflurane , halothane , isoflurane , methoxyflurane , sevoflurane , toluene , trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) , trichloroethylene )
Xenon
Zinc
Antagonists: 2-Aminostrychnine
2-Nitrostrychnine
4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine
αEMBTL
Bicuculline
Brucine
Cacotheline
Caffeine
Colchicine
Colubrine
Cyanotriphenylborate
Dendrobine
Diaboline
Endocannabinoids (e.g., 2-AG , anandamide (AEA) )
Gaboxadol (THIP)
Gelsemine
iso-THAZ
Isobutyric acid
Isonipecotic acid
Isostrychnine
Laudanosine
N-Methylbicuculline
N-Methylstrychnine
N,N-Dimethylmuscimol
Nipecotic acid
Pitrazepin
Pseudostrychnine
Quinolines (e.g., 4-hydroxyquinoline , 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid , 5,7-CIQA , 7-CIQ , 7-TFQ , 7-TFQA )
RU-5135
Sinomenine
Strychnine
Thiocolchicoside
Tutin
Negative modulators: Amiloride
Benzodiazepines (e.g., bromazepam , clonazepam , diazepam , flunitrazepam , flurazepam )
Corymine
Cyanotriphenylborate
Daidzein
Dihydropyridines (e.g., nicardipine , nifedipine , nitrendipine )
Furosemide
Genistein
Ginkgo constituents (e.g., bilobalide , ginkgolides (e.g., ginkgolide A , ginkgolide B , ginkgolide C , ginkgolide J , ginkgolide M ))
Imipramine
NBQX
Neuroactive steroids (e.g., 3α-androsterone sulfate , 3β-androsterone sulfate , deoxycorticosterone , DHEA sulfate , pregnenolone sulfate , progesterone )
Opioids (e.g., codeine , dextromethorphan , dextrorphan , levomethadone , levorphanol , morphine , oripavine , pethidine , thebaine )
Picrotoxin (i.e., picrotin and picrotoxinin )
PMBA
Riluzole
Tropeines (e.g., bemesetron , LY-278584 , tropisetron , zatosetron )
Verapamil
Zinc
NMDAR Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor
Transporter (blockers )
GlyT1 Tooltip Glycine transporter 1 GlyT2 Tooltip Glycine transporter 2