Qingli Reforms

The Qingli Reforms or Qingli New Policies(simplified Chinese: 庆历新政; traditional Chinese: 慶曆新政; pinyin: Qìnglì xīnzhèng),took place in China’s Song dynasty under the leadership of Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, Fu Bi, and Ouyang Xiu. ^[1]^[2]^[3] Taking place from 1043 to 1045 during the Qingli era (1041–1048) under Emperor Renzong of Song, it was a short-lived attempt to introduce reforms into the traditional way of conducting governmental affairs in China. It was a precursor to a grander effort three decades later led by Wang Anshi.

Qingli Reforms was the first political reform of the Northern Song dynasty,^[4] which lasted for one year and four months, eventually ended in defeat due to resistance of the opponents of the reforms. After that, Fan Zhongyan was deported to Dengzhou.^[5]

Fan Zhongyan

Fan Zhongyan was the leading figure of the Qingli Reform. He passed the imperial examination in 1015, followed by a long official career serving various regional posts until the early 1040s. Before appointed the Vice Grand Chancellor in 1043 by Emperor Renzong, Fan entered central politics only briefly, including the prefect of Kaifeng, the imperial capital, in the 1030s. However, he was demoted to regional posts for criticizing the Chief Chancellor. In 1040, the Western Xia threatened Song security. Fan was dispatched to the frontier to organize a strong defense against Western Xia.

Ouyang Xiu

Ouyang Xiu was posted to Kaifeng four years after passing his jinshi examination in 1030. He began his association with Fan from this time in Kaifeng. Like Fan, he also was demoted. After Fan's demotion, Ouyang criticized Fan's principle critic, resulting in being sent to a minor post in Hubei. Like Fan, he was brought back to the capital in the 1040s where he was assigned to work on cataloguing the entire imperial library.

Ten-Point Memorial

Fan Zhongyan and Fu Bi submitted a joint ten-point memorial in 1043 outlining reform agendas. They can be largely divided into the following categories:^[6]^[7]^[8]

Increase administrative efficiency by improving the appointment, evaluation, and compensation of officials;
Reform the education and civil examination system;
Promote agricultural activities and strengthen military defense;
Properly and fully implement laws and regulations.

Implementation

The first measure undertaken was to allow competent officials to stay in one post for more than three years and for unable or treacherous officials to be removed more easily. Sons and relatives of state officials were banned from automatically inheriting the post of their father. The importance of poetry in the imperial examinations was reduced in favour of essays and the Confucian classics. Supervision over officials in the provinces responsible for the transport of tax grains was increased and appointed directly by the central government. Land allotted to officials was redistributed more adequately. Agricultural productivity was enhanced by the construction of dykes and canals to improve irrigation. Troops garrisoned around the capital were to engage in agriculture and be trained in a more effective way. Service corvée was to be reduced. Proclamations and edicts issued by the court were to be followed by imminent implementation, with greater control over their implementation.^[9]^{[better source needed]}

Many of these reforms were put into effect in the two-year period from 1043 to 1045. However, without the full support of the emperor, there never was complete implementation of the reforms. Not long after they began, backlash from groups of officials, large land owners, and the wealthy in general resulted in the dismissal Fan Zhongyan and Fu Bi in 1045.

Changes in the school and the examination system endured to the extent that local schools at prefecture levels were enhanced; the ancient style of writing focusing on plain prose and statecraft discussions were given preference over ornamental literature.^[10]^[11] Further more, the Imperial University was created as part of the reforms for the education of the children of commoners and low-ranking officials, which was the only institution that survived the reversal of the reforms.^[12]

Legacy

The Qingli Reforms was the dynasty's first Confucian political movement, highlighting a revival of Confucian ideas and the rise of regional elites who gained advanced social status through learning, civil exams, and government services.^[13] Wang Anshi would take up the banner of reform in the 1070s, not only pushing for many of the Qingli Reforms, but going even further. However, while they remained in place longer than the Qingli Reforms, with the exception of some reforms to the examination system, this reform effort similarly met a dead end.

References

^ Xu, Lili (2017-03-23). "一代人的理想与失落—庆历新政后"范仲淹集团"的政治走向（1044-1067）" [Ideals and Losses of a Generation: The Political Direction of the "Fan Zhongyan Group" after the Qingli New Deal (1044–1067)]. CNKI.
^ Asaf Goldschmidt (8 October 2008). The Evolution of Chinese Medicine: Song Dynasty, 960–1200. Routledge. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-134-09181-2.
^ Wang, Fang (22 April 2016). Geo-Architecture and Landscape in China's Geographic and Historic Context: Volume 1 Geo-Architecture Wandering in the Landscape. Springer. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-981-10-0483-4.
^ Li, Chunqing (1995). 乌托邦与诗: 中国古代士人文化与文学价值观 [Utopia and poetry: ancient Chinese scholarly culture and literary values]. Beijing Normal University Press. ISBN 978-7-303-04166-4.
^ Zhao, Dongyan (1 April 2013). 中国王朝内争实录变法悲歌 [Chinese Dynasties' Internal Controversies: A Lament for the Change of Law]. Liaoning Nationalities Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-7-205-07621-4.
^ McGrath (2009), pp. 317–318.
^ Fan, Zhongyan, Northern Song dynasty, September 1043，“答手詔條陳十事”
^ Zhang, Xiqing (2010). "士大夫与天子"共治天下" - 范仲淹与庆历新政" [Co-governance by scholar-officials and the emperor - Fan Zhongyan and the Qingli Reforms]. 博览群书 [Chinese Book Review Monthly] (2010–10).
^ "Song Period Event History (www.chinaknowledge.de)".
^ McGrath (2009), pp. 318–319.
^ Liu (1957), pp. 111–112.
^ Chaffee, John; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (2015). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 5, Part Two: Sung China, 960–1279. Cambridge University Press. p. 294. ISBN 9780521243308.
^ McGrath (2009), pp. 316–318.

Bibliography

McGrath, Michael (2009). Twitchett, Denis; Smith, Paul Jakov (eds.). The Cambridge history of China. Vol. 5, Part One: The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279. Cambridge [Eng.] ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-21447-6.
Liu, James T.C. (1957). "An early song reformer: Fan Chung-yen". In Fairbank, John K. (ed.). Chinese Thought and Institution. Chicago: The university of chicago press.