Jump to content

Providence, Rhode Island

Coordinates: 41°49′25″N 71°25′20″W / 41.82361°N 71.42222°W / 41.82361; -71.42222
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Providence (Rhode Island))

Providence
State capital city
Downtown Providence skyline
Downtown Providence skyline
Weybosset Street view
Weybosset Street
Brown's University Hall
University Hall
Crawford Street Bridge and Financial District
Crawford Street Bridge
Federal Hill
Federal Hill
Rhode Island State House
Rhode Island State House
Flag of Providence
Flag
Official seal of Providence
Seal
Nickname(s): 
The Creative Capital, the Renaissance City, the Divine City, PVD, Prov
Motto: 
"What Cheer?"[a]
Map
Interactive map of Providence
Providence is located in the United States
Providence
Providence
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 41°49′25″N 71°25′20″W / 41.82361°N 71.42222°W / 41.82361; -71.42222
CountryUnited States
StateRhode Island
CountyProvidence
RegionNew England
Settled1636
Incorporated (city)November 5, 1832
Founded byRoger Williams
Named forDivine providence
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • BodyProvidence City Council
 • MayorBrett Smiley (D)
Area
[3]
20.58 sq mi (53.31 km2)
 • Land18.41 sq mi (47.67 km2)
 • Water2.18 sq mi (5.64 km2)
Elevation
[4]
10 ft (3 m)
Population
 (2020)[5]
190,934
 • RankUS: 134th
 • Density10,373.47/sq mi (4,005.25/km2)
 • Urban
1,285,806 (US: 39th)
 • Urban density2,362.5/sq mi (912.2/km2)
 • Metro
1,676,579 (US: 38th)
DemonymProvidentian
GDP
[6]
 • Metro$105.561 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern Time Zone)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
02901–02912, 02918-02919, 02940
Area code401
FIPS code44-59000
Websitewww.providenceri.gov

Providence is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The county seat of Providence County, it is one of the oldest cities in New England,[7] founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, a Reformed Baptist theologian and religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of "God's merciful Providence"[8] which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers. The city developed as a busy port, as it is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay.

Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool, jewelry, and silverware industries.[9][10] Today, the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and eight institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city's economy into service industries, though it still retains some manufacturing activity.

At the 2020 census, Providence had a population of 190,934, making it the third-most-populous city in New England after Boston and Worcester, Massachusetts. The Providence metropolitan area, which extends into Massachusetts, is the second largest metropolitan area in New England by a large margin with over 1.6 million residents, nearly 30% larger than metro Hartford.[11][12]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Providence, Rhode Island
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Providence, Rhode Island.
The First Baptist Church in America is the oldest Baptist congregation in America, founded by Roger Williams in 1638. Its present meetinghouse was first occupied in 1775.

Providence was settled in June 1636 by Puritan theologian Roger Williams and grew into one of the original Thirteen Colonies. As a minister in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Williams had advocated the separation of church and state and condemned colonists' confiscation of land from the Indians. For these and other "diverse, new, and dangerous opinions," he was convicted of sedition and heresy and banished from the colony. Williams and others established a settlement in Rumford, Rhode Island.[13][14] The group later moved down the Seekonk River, around Fox Point and up the Providence River to the confluence of the Moshassuck and Woonasquatucket Rivers. The settlement was named after "God's merciful Providence."[15]

Providence lacked a royal charter, unlike Salem and Boston. The settlers thus organized themselves, allotting tracts on the eastern side of the Providence River in 1638 allowing roughly six acres each. These home lots extended from Towne Street (now South Main Street) to Hope Street.[16] Over the following two decades, Providence Plantations grew into a self-sufficient agricultural and fishing settlement, though its lands were difficult to farm and its borders were disputed with Connecticut and Massachusetts.[13]

In 1652, Providence prohibited indentured servitude for periods of longer than 10 years. This statute constituted the first anti-slavery law in the United States, though there is no evidence the prohibition was ever enforced.[17] However, the Rhode Island General Assembly legalized African and Native American slavery throughout the colony in 1703, and Providence merchants' participation in the slave trade helped turn the city into a major port.[18]: 11–13  By 1755, enslaved people made up 8% of Providence's population, below the 10% average for colonial Rhode Island, but above the 5% average for the northern colonies.[18]: 24–25 

In March 1676, Providence Plantations was burned to the ground by the Narragansetts during King Philip's War. Later in the year, the Rhode Island legislature formally rebuked the other colonies for provoking the war.[19] In 1770, Brown University moved to Providence from nearby Warren. At the time, the college was known as Rhode Island College and occupied a single building on College Hill. The college's choice to relocate to Providence as opposed to Newport symbolized a larger shift away from Newport's commercial and political dominance over the colony.[20][21]

In 1772, a group from Providence burned a British customs schooner south of Providence in the event known as the Gaspee Affair.[13] This was the first act of armed resistance to British rule in America, predating the more famous Boston Tea Party by more than a year. Rhode Island was the first of the Thirteen Colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown on May 4, 1776.[22] It was also the last of the Thirteen States to ratify the United States Constitution on May 29, 1790, once assurances were made that a Bill of Rights would become part of the Constitution.[23]

Market Square was the center of civic life in the 19th century, and Market House was home to the city council before Providence City Hall was built.[24]
Providence City Hall was built in 1878

Following the war, Providence was the nation's ninth-largest city[b] with 7,614 people. The economy shifted from maritime endeavors to manufacturing, in particular machinery, tools, silverware, jewelry, and textiles. By the start of the 20th century, Providence hosted some of the largest manufacturing plants in the country, including Brown & Sharpe, Nicholson File, and Gorham Manufacturing Company.[13] The city's industries attracted many immigrants from Ireland, Germany, Sweden, England, Italy, Portugal, Cape Verde, and French Canada. These economic and demographic shifts caused social strife.[13] Hard Scrabble and Snow Town were the sites of race riots in 1824 and 1831.[25][26]

Providence residents ratified a city charter in 1831 as the population passed 17,000.[13] The seat of city government was located in the Market House[27] in Market Square from 1832 to 1878, which was the geographic and social center of the city. The city offices soon outgrew this building, and the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building in 1845.[27] The city offices moved into Providence City Hall in 1878.[28]

Local politics split over slavery during the American Civil War, as many had ties to Southern cotton and the slave trade. Despite ambivalence concerning the war, the number of military volunteers routinely exceeded quota, and the city's manufacturing proved invaluable to the Union. Providence thrived after the war, and waves of immigrants brought the population from 54,595 in 1865 to 175,597 by 1900.[13]

By the early 1900s, Providence was one of the wealthiest cities in the United States.[29] Immigrant labor powered one of the nation's largest industrial manufacturing centers.[29] Providence was a major manufacturer of industrial products, from steam engines to precision tools to silverware, screws, and textiles. Giant companies were based in or near Providence, such as Brown & Sharpe, the Corliss Steam Engine Company, Babcock & Wilcox, the Grinnell Corporation, the Gorham Manufacturing Company, Nicholson File, and the Fruit of the Loom textile company.[29] The manufacturing of jewelry and costume jewelry emerged as a dominant local industry.[30][31] In the 1960s, jewelry trade magazines referred to Providence as "the jewelry capital of the world."[31]

Aerial photograph of Downtown Providence taken in 1951

In 1922, it was affected by the 1922 New England Textile Strike, shutting down the mills in the city over an attempted wage cut and hours increase.[32][33]

The city began to see a decline by the mid-1920s as manufacturing industries began to shut down. It was deeply affected by the Great Depression, which left more than a third of the city's labor force unemployed.[34] The subsequent Recession of 1937–1938 was immediately followed by the New England Hurricane of 1938, which flooded downtown.[35] The hurricane was particularly destructive to the struggling textile industry, with many mills never reopening following the storm.[36] Providence's population declined from a peak of 253,504 in 1940 to only 179,213 in 1970, as the white middle class moved to the suburbs. From the 1940s to 1970s, white middle class residents vacated Providence faster than any other American city other than Detroit. The remainder of these residents were disproportionately poor and elderly.[37][38] From the 1950s to the 1980s, Providence was a notorious bastion of organized crime.[39][40]

From 1975 until 1982, $606 million of local and national community development funds were invested throughout the city. In the 1990s, the city pushed for revitalization, completing a number of major development projects. Among these were the realignment of railroad tracks; the relocation of rivers, creation of Waterplace Park, and development of a riverwalk; the construction of a Downtown ice rink;[41] and the development of Providence Place Mall.[13] In 1980, Providence's previously declining population began to grow once again.[42]

In the early 2000s, Providence developed an economic development plan that outlined a shift to a knowledge-based economy. These efforts involved the rebranding of the formerly industrial Jewelry District as a new "Knowledge District".[43] Despite new investment, approximately 21.5-percent of the city population lives below the poverty line.[44] Recent increases in real estate values have further exacerbated problems for those at marginal income levels, mirroring a statewide housing affordability crisis.[45] From 2004 to 2005, Providence saw the highest rise in median housing price of any city in the United States.[46]

Geography

[edit]

The Providence city limits enclose a small geographical region with a total area of 20.5 square miles (53 km2); 18.5 square miles (48 km2) of it is land and the remaining 2.1 square miles (5.4 km2) is water (roughly 10%). Providence is located at the head of Narragansett Bay, with the Providence River running into the bay through the center of the city,[47] formed by the confluence of the Moshassuck and Woonasquatucket Rivers. The Waterplace Park amphitheater and riverwalks line the river's banks through Downtown.[48] Providence is one of many cities claimed to be founded on seven hills like Rome. [49][50]

As with many cities worldwide, the Northeastern megacity has a large population of feral pigeons (Columba livia).[51] Although expecting Providence's population genetics to be continuous with the larger megacity, Carlen & Munshi-South 2020 find Providence and Boston share one population and the rest of the region shares another.[51] This is likely due to the intervening low urbanization zone in western Connecticut.[51]

Neighborhoods

[edit]
Main article: Neighborhoods in Providence
Map of neighborhoods in Providence

Providence has 25 official neighborhoods, though these neighborhoods are often grouped together and referred to collectively:[52][53]

Cityscape

[edit]
See also: List of tallest buildings in Providence
The Providence skyline as viewed from above the Providence River
Downtown Providence and the East Side, 2010. Note the demolition of the previous I-195 as part of the Iway project.

Geographically, Providence is compact—characteristic of eastern seaboard cities that developed prior to use of the automobile. The street layout of the city is irregular; more than one thousand streets run haphazardly, connecting and radiating from traditionally bustling places such as Market Square.[57]

Downtown Providence has numerous 19th-century mercantile buildings in the Federal and Victorian architectural styles, as well as several postmodern and modernist buildings. In particular, a fairly clear spatial separation appears between the areas of pre-1980s development and post-1980s development; West Exchange Street and Exchange Terrace serve as rough boundaries between the two.[58] The newer area, sometimes called "Capitol Center",[58] includes the Providence Place Mall (1999), Omni Providence Hotel (1993) and Residences Providence (2007), GTECH Corporation (2006), Waterplace Towers condominiums (2007), and Waterplace Park (1994). The area tends toward newer development, since much of it is land reclaimed in the 1970s from a mass of railroad tracks referred to colloquially as the "Chinese Wall".[59] This part of Downtown is characterized by open spaces, wide roads, and landscaping.[58]

The streetscape of much of historic downtown has retained a similar appearance since the early 20th century. Many of the state's tallest buildings are found here. At 426 feet (130 m), the city's largest structure is the art deco Industrial National Bank Building.[60] The building contrasts with the city's second tallest structure—One Financial Plaza—which is designed in the modernist style.[61] Other core buildings of the Providence skyline are the postmodern 50 Kennedy Plaza and late modern Textron Tower. Downtown is also the home of the historic Providence Biltmore hotel and Westminster Arcade—the oldest enclosed shopping mall in the U.S.[62]

The city's southern waterfront, away from the downtown core, is the location of oil tanks, ferry and sailing docks, power plants, and nightclubs. The Russian Submarine Museum was located here until 2008, when the submarine sank. The Fox Point Hurricane Barrier is also found here, built to protect Providence from storm surge like those endured by the city during the 1938 New England Hurricane and 1954 Hurricane Carol.[63]

  • The Shepard Company Building in Downtown Providence's compact urban center
    The Shepard Company Building in Downtown Providence's compact urban center
  • Burnside Park in Downtown Providence facing the city's primary row of high rises
    Burnside Park in Downtown Providence facing the city's primary row of high rises
  • The Providence Riverwalk, at the edge of downtown
    The Providence Riverwalk, at the edge of downtown

Climate

[edit]
Providence
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
3.9
 
 
37
21
 
 
3.3
 
 
40
24
 
 
5
 
 
48
30
 
 
4.4
 
 
59
41
 
 
3.6
 
 
68
49
 
 
3.6
 
 
78
58
 
 
3.3
 
 
83
64
 
 
3.6
 
 
81
63
 
 
3.9
 
 
74
55
 
 
3.9
 
 
63
44
 
 
4.5
 
 
53
36
 
 
4.2
 
 
42
26
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Metric conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
98
 
 
3
−6
 
 
84
 
 
5
−5
 
 
127
 
 
9
−1
 
 
111
 
 
15
5
 
 
90
 
 
20
9
 
 
92
 
 
25
15
 
 
84
 
 
28
18
 
 
91
 
 
27
17
 
 
100
 
 
23
13
 
 
100
 
 
17
7
 
 
115
 
 
12
2
 
 
107
 
 
6
−3
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm

Providence has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) bordering a humid subtropical climate with hot summers, and cool to cold winters. The 2023 USDA places the city in hardiness zone 7a.[64] The influence of the Atlantic Ocean keeps the state of Rhode Island warmer than many inland locales in New England.[65][66][67]

July is the warmest month with a daily mean of 73.5 °F (23.1 °C) and highs rising to 90 °F (32 °C) or higher an average of 10 days per summer, January is the coldest month with a daily mean of 29.2 °F (−1.6 °C) and low temperatures dropping to 10 °F (−12 °C) or lower an average of 11 days per winter.[68] while.[68] Extremes range from −17 °F or −27.2 °C on February 9, 1934[69] to 104 °F or 40 °C on August 2, 1975;[70] the record cold daily maximum is 1 °F (−17.2 °C) on February 5, 1918, while the record warm daily minimum is 80 °F (26.7 °C) on June 6, 1925.[68] Temperature readings of 0 °F or −17.8 °C or lower are uncommon in Providence and generally occur once every several years. The year which had the most days with a temperature reading of zero degrees or lower was 2015 with eight days total—one day in January and seven days in February.[68] Conversely, temperature readings of 100 °F or 37.8 °C or higher are even rarer, and the year with the most days in this category was 1944 with three days, all of which were in August.[68]

Monthly precipitation in Providence ranges from a high of 4.43 inches (112.5 mm) in March to a low of 3.17 inches (80.5 mm) in July.[70] In general, precipitation levels are slightly less in the summer months than the winter months, when nor'easters can cause significant snowfall on occasion. Hurricanes have impacted Providence, and Providence's location at the head of Narragansett Bay makes it vulnerable to storm surges. Hurricane Carol in 1954 and the 1938 Hurricane were particularly damaging.[71]

Climate data for Providence, Rhode Island (T. F. Green Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[c] extremes 1904–present[d]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 70
(21) 		72
(22) 		90
(32) 		98
(37) 		96
(36) 		98
(37) 		102
(39) 		104
(40) 		100
(38) 		88
(31) 		81
(27) 		77
(25) 		104
(40)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 58.7
(14.8) 		57.9
(14.4) 		67.1
(19.5) 		79.3
(26.3) 		87.2
(30.7) 		91.5
(33.1) 		94.8
(34.9) 		92.7
(33.7) 		87.6
(30.9) 		78.9
(26.1) 		70.1
(21.2) 		61.5
(16.4) 		96.6
(35.9)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 38.3
(3.5) 		40.5
(4.7) 		47.7
(8.7) 		58.9
(14.9) 		68.9
(20.5) 		77.7
(25.4) 		83.6
(28.7) 		82.2
(27.9) 		74.8
(23.8) 		63.8
(17.7) 		53.2
(11.8) 		43.4
(6.3) 		61.1
(16.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 30.2
(−1.0) 		32.0
(0.0) 		38.9
(3.8) 		49.3
(9.6) 		59.1
(15.1) 		68.2
(20.1) 		74.4
(23.6) 		73.0
(22.8) 		65.6
(18.7) 		54.4
(12.4) 		44.5
(6.9) 		35.5
(1.9) 		52.1
(11.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 22.1
(−5.5) 		23.5
(−4.7) 		30.2
(−1.0) 		39.6
(4.2) 		49.2
(9.6) 		58.8
(14.9) 		65.2
(18.4) 		63.9
(17.7) 		56.5
(13.6) 		45.1
(7.3) 		35.8
(2.1) 		27.6
(−2.4) 		43.1
(6.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 4.1
(−15.5) 		7.4
(−13.7) 		15.1
(−9.4) 		28.5
(−1.9) 		38.1
(3.4) 		47.2
(8.4) 		56.2
(13.4) 		54.3
(12.4) 		43.1
(6.2) 		31.7
(−0.2) 		21.8
(−5.7) 		12.3
(−10.9) 		2.0
(−16.7)
Record low °F (°C) −13
(−25) 		−17
(−27) 		1
(−17) 		11
(−12) 		29
(−2) 		39
(4) 		48
(9) 		40
(4) 		32
(0) 		20
(−7) 		6
(−14) 		−12
(−24) 		−17
(−27)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.96
(101) 		3.44
(87) 		4.90
(124) 		4.29
(109) 		3.37
(86) 		3.81
(97) 		2.91
(74) 		3.59
(91) 		4.17
(106) 		4.18
(106) 		4.27
(108) 		4.65
(118) 		47.54
(1,208)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 10.3
(26) 		10.5
(27) 		6.4
(16) 		0.6
(1.5) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		1.0
(2.5) 		7.6
(19) 		36.6
(93)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.2 10.3 11.6 11.7 12.2 10.8 9.3 9.1 9.1 10.2 9.6 11.9 127.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.7 5.4 3.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 3.4 19.3
Average relative humidity (%) 63.9 63.0 62.9 61.4 66.6 70.1 71.0 72.5 73.0 70.2 68.9 67.0 67.5
Average dew point °F (°C) 16.3
(−8.7) 		17.4
(−8.1) 		25.0
(−3.9) 		33.1
(0.6) 		45.0
(7.2) 		55.6
(13.1) 		61.5
(16.4) 		61.0
(16.1) 		53.8
(12.1) 		42.6
(5.9) 		33.3
(0.7) 		22.1
(−5.5) 		38.9
(3.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 171.7 172.6 215.6 225.1 254.9 274.1 290.6 262.8 233.0 208.7 148.0 148.6 2,605.7
Percent possible sunshine 58 58 58 56 57 60 63 61 62 61 50 52 58
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)[68][73][74]
Source 2: Weather Atlas [75]
Climate data for Providence
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °F (°C) 41.4
(5.2) 		38.1
(3.4) 		38.7
(3.8) 		44.1
(6.7) 		50.9
(10.5) 		59.6
(15.3) 		67.0
(19.4) 		69.3
(20.7) 		66.7
(19.3) 		61.6
(16.4) 		54.2
(12.3) 		47.7
(8.8) 		53.3
(11.8)
Source: Weather Atlas [75]


See or edit raw graph data.

Demographics

[edit]

As of the 2000 United States census,[79] Providence's population consisted of 173,618 people, 162,389 households, and 35,859 families. The population density was 9,401.7 inhabitants per square mile (3,630.0/km2), characteristic of other small cities in New England such as New Haven, Connecticut; Springfield, Massachusetts; and Hartford, Connecticut.[80] The city's population peaked in the 1940s, just prior to the nationwide period of rapid suburbanization.[76] The Providence metropolitan area includes Providence, Fall River, Massachusetts, and Warwick, and is estimated to have a population of 1,622,520. In 2006, this area was officially added to the Boston Combined Statistical Area (CSA), the sixth-largest CSA in the country. In recent years, Providence has experienced a sizable growth in its under-18 population. The median age of the city was 28 years, while the largest age cohort is 20- to 24-year-olds as of 2000.[81]

Historical racial and ethnic profile 2020[80] 2010[82] 1990[83] 1970[83] 1950[83]
White 53.1% 49.8% 69.9% 90.0% 96.5%
 —Non-Hispanic 33.8% 37.6% 64.5% 89.5%[e] N/A
Black or African American 16.1% 16.0% 14.8% 8.9% 3.3%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 43.5% 38.1% 15.5% 0.8%[e] N/A
Asian 5.6% 6.4% 5.9% 0.5% 0.1%

2020 census

[edit]
Providence, Rhode Island – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[84] Pop 2010[85] Pop 2020[86] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 79,451 66,910 61,917 45.76% 37.58% 32.43%
Black or African American alone (NH) 22,103 23,399 22,429 12.73% 13.14% 11.75%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 1,446 1,220 905 0.83% 0.69% 0.47%
Asian alone (NH) 10,303 11,153 11,359 5.93% 6.26% 5.95%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 81 88 66 0.05% 0.05% 0.03%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 1,731 1,727 2,167 1.00% 0.97% 1.13%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) 6,357 5,710 8,276 3.66% 3.21% 4.33%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 52,146 67,835 83,815 30.03% 38.10% 43.90%
Total 173,618 178,042 190,934 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Providence has a racially and ethnically diverse population. In 2020, white Americans formed 53.1% of the population, including a sizable white Hispanic community. Non-Hispanic whites were 33.8% of the total population,[80] down from 89.5% in 1970.[83] Providence has had a substantial Italian American population since the start of the 20th century, with 14% of the population claiming Italian ancestry.[87] Italian influence manifests itself in Providence's 'Little Italy' in Federal Hill.[88] Irish immigrants have also had considerable influence on the city's history, with 8% of residents claiming Irish heritage.[89] The percentages of people claiming Irish and Italian ancestry, though high, has gone down considerably from historical highs, and is much lower than the percentages of these groups in Rhode Island as a whole. The city also has a sizable Jewish community, estimated at 10,500 in 2012, or roughly 5% of the city's population.[90]

In 2020, people of Hispanic or Latino origin composed 43.5% of the city's population.[80] They formed a majority of city public school students as of 2007.[91] The majority of Hispanics in Providence are of Dominican descent. Numbering roughly 25,000 and constituting roughly half of the city's Hispanic population, Providence's Dominican community is the fifth largest in the United States.[92] Other Hispanic groups present in sizable numbers include Puerto Ricans, Guatemalans, and Colombians. Hispanics are widespread in significant numbers in most of Providence, but most concentrated in the neighborhoods of Elmwood, the West End, and Upper and Lower South Providence.[93]

African Americans constitute 16.1%[80] of the city's population, with their greatest concentrations found in Mount Hope and the Upper and Lower South Providence neighborhoods.[94][95] Providence has small Liberian and Haitian communities in the city. Liberians compose 0.4% of the population;[87] the city is home to one of the largest Liberian immigrant populations in the country.[96] Asian-Americans constitute 5.6% of Providence's population. The largest Asian groups are Cambodians (1.7%), Chinese (1.1%), Indian Americans (0.7%), Laotians (0.6%), and Koreans (0.6%). Another 6% of the city has multiracial ancestry. American Indians and Pacific Islanders make up the remaining 0.9%.[95]

Providence has a considerable community of immigrants from various Portuguese-speaking countries, especially Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde. These residents are concentrated in the Washington Park and Fox Point neighborhoods.[97][98][99] Portuguese is the city's third-largest European ethnicity, after Italian and Irish. Cape Verdeans compose 2% of the city's population.[87]

The per capita income as of the 2000 census was $15,525, which is well below both the state average of $29,113 and the national average of $21,587.[100][101] The median income for a household was $26,867, and the median income for a family in Providence was $32,058,. The city has one of the highest rates of poverty in the nation with 29.1% of the population and 23.9% of families living below the poverty line. Of residents in poverty, the largest concentrations are found in the city's Olneyville, and Upper and Lower South Providence areas.[102][103] Poverty has affected children at a disproportionately higher rate, with 40.1% of those under the age of 18 living below the poverty line. These residents are concentrated west of Downtown in the neighborhoods of Hartford, Federal Hill, and Olneyville.[103]

Economy

[edit]
Distribution of Providence's economic activity

Over one third of Providence's economy is based in trade, transportation, utilities, and educational and health services.[104] As the capital of Rhode Island, the city's economy additionally consists of government services, with approximately 70,000 jobs.[104] The unemployment rate in the city is 5.0% as of August 2022, compared to a national rate of 3.8%.[104]

Prominent companies headquartered in Providence include Fortune 500 Textron, an advanced technologies industrial conglomerate; United Natural Foods, a distributor of natural and organic foods; Fortune 1000 Nortek Incorporated; Gilbane, a construction and real estate company. Other companies with headquarters in the city include Citizens Bank,[105] Virgin Pulse, Ørsted US Offshore Wind, and Providence Equity.[106] Providence is the site of a sectional center facility (SCF), a regional hub for the U.S. Postal Service.[107] Providence is also home to some of toy manufacturer Hasbro's business operations, although their headquarters are in Pawtucket.

The city is home to the Rhode Island Convention Center, which opened in December 1993.[108] Along with a hotel, the convention center is connected to the Providence Place Mall, a major retail center, through a skywalk.[108]

Arts and culture

[edit]
Arts and Culture
The Providence Performing Arts Center
Washington St. in downtown Providence during PVDFest 2024

Much of Providence culture is synonymous with the culture of Rhode Island as a whole. Like the state, the city has a non-rhotic accent that can be heard on local media. Providence also shares Rhode Island's affinity for coffee, with the most coffee and doughnut shops per capita of any city in the country.[109] Providence is also reputed to have the highest number of restaurants per capita of major U.S. cities.[110]

During the summer months, the city regularly hosts WaterFire, an environmental art installation that consists of about 100 bonfires which blaze just above the surface of the three rivers that pass through the middle of Downtown Providence.[111] There are multiple WaterFire events that are accompanied by various pieces of classical and world music.[112]

Providence has several ethnic neighborhoods, notably Federal Hill and the North End (Italian),[113] Fox Point (Portuguese),[114] West End (mainly Central American and Asian),[115] and Smith Hill (Irish).[116] There are also many dedicated community organizations and arts associations located in the city.[117]

The city gained the reputation as one of the most active and growing gay and lesbian communities in the Northeast.[118][119] The rate of reported gay and lesbian relationships is 75% higher than the national average.[120] Former mayor David Cicilline won his election running as an openly gay man.[121] Former Mayor Buddy Cianci instituted the position of Mayor's Liaison to the Gay and Lesbian community in the 1990s.[119] and Providence is home to the largest gay bathhouse in New England.[122]

The city is the home of the Tony Award-winning theater group Trinity Repertory Company, the Providence Black Repertory Company, and the Rhode Island Philharmonic Orchestra,[123] as well as groups such as The American Band, once associated with noted American composer David Wallis Reeves. Providence hosts several performing arts centers, such as the Veterans Memorial Auditorium, the Providence Performing Arts Center, and Festival Ballet Providence. The city's underground music is centered on artist-run spaces such as the now-defunct Fort Thunder and is known in underground music circles.[124] Providence is also home to the Providence Improv Guild, an improvisational theatre that has weekly performances and offers improv and sketch comedy classes, and AS220, a long-standing non-profit arts center with exhibition, educational, and performance spaces, as well as live-work studios.[125]

A multi-day annual outdoor arts festival, PVDFest, features a mix of live music performances, art installations, craft markets, and food vendors showcasing global cuisines.[126][127][128]

Sites of interest

[edit]
See also: List of Registered Historic Places in Providence, Rhode Island
Roger Williams National Memorial
Roger Williams Park
Prospect Terrace Park
Rhode Island School of Design Museum
Old Stone Bank
Providence Athenæum

Providence is home to a 1,200-acre (4.9 km2) park system.[129] Notable among these are Waterplace Park and the Riverwalk, Roger Williams Park, Roger Williams National Memorial, and Prospect Terrace Park. Prospect Terrace Park features expansive views of the downtown area, as well as a 15-foot tall granite statue of Roger Williams gazing over the city. As one of the first cities in America, Providence contains many historic buildings, while the East Side neighborhood in particular includes the largest contiguous area of buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S., with many pre-revolutionary houses.[130]

Providence's East Side is home to the First Baptist Church in America, which was founded by Williams in 1638, as well as the Old State House which served as the state's capitol from 1762 to 1904.[131] Nearby is Roger Williams National Memorial. The dome of the State House is the fourth-largest self-supporting marble dome in the world and the second-largest marble dome after St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.[132] The Westminster Arcade is the oldest enclosed shopping center in the U.S.[133][134]

The Rhode Island School of Design Museum contains the 20th-largest collection in the United States.[135] The Providence Athenæum is the fourth oldest library in the United States, in addition to the Providence Public Library and the nine branches of the Providence Community Library.[136] Edgar Allan Poe frequented the library, and met and courted Sarah Helen Whitman there.[137] H. P. Lovecraft was also a regular patron.[138]

The Bank Newport City Center is located near Kennedy Plaza in the Downtown district, connected by pedestrian tunnel to Waterplace Park, a cobblestone and concrete park below street traffic that abuts Providence's three rivers.[139][140][41][141] Another downtown landmark is the Providence Biltmore, a historic hotel which stands adjacent to Kennedy Plaza.[142]

The southern part of the city is home to the famous roadside attraction Big Blue Bug, the world's largest termite and mascot of eponymous Big Blue Bug Solutions.[143] Roger Williams Park contains a zoo, a botanical center, and the Museum of Natural History and Planetarium.[144]

Sports

[edit]
ice hockey arena
The Amica Mutual Pavilion hosted the NCAA ice hockey East Regionals in 2019

Providence is home to the Providence Bruins of the American Hockey League, who play at the Amica Mutual Pavilion. From 1926 to 1972, the AHL's Providence Reds (renamed the Rhode Island Reds in their last years)[145] played at the Rhode Island Auditorium. In 1972, the team relocated to the Providence Civic Center, where they played until moving to Binghamton, New York, in 1977.

The National Football League's New England Patriots and Major League Soccer's New England Revolution play in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which is situated halfway between Providence and Boston. Providence was formerly home to two major league franchises: the NFL's Providence Steam Roller in the 1920s and 1930s, and the National Basketball Association's Providence Steamrollers in the 1940s. The Rhode Island Auditorium also hosted 29 of the 49 boxing fights of Rocky Marciano.[146]

1879 National League champion Providence Grays

The city's defunct baseball team, the Providence Grays, competed in the National League from 1879 through 1885. The team defeated the New York Metropolitans in baseball's first successful "world championship series" in 1884.[147] In 1914, after the Boston Red Sox purchased Babe Ruth from the then-minor league Baltimore Orioles, the team prepared Ruth for the major leagues by sending him to finish the season playing for a minor league team in Providence that was also known as the Grays. Most baseball fans—along with the local media—tend to follow the Boston Red Sox.[148]

Major colleges and universities fielding NCAA Division I athletic teams are Brown University and Providence College. The latter is a member of the Big East Conference.

Providence has also hosted the alternative sports event Gravity Games from 1999 to 2001, and was also the first host of ESPN's X Games, known in its first edition as the Extreme Games, in 1995. Providence has its own roller derby league. Formed in 2004, it currently has four teams: the Providence Mob Squad, the Sakonnet River Roller Rats, the Old Money Honeys, and the Rhode Island Riveters. Until 2020, Providence was home to the headquarters of the American Athletic Conference (The American).[149][150]

Providence is also home to the Providence Hurling Club. The Providence Hurling Club was founded in 2015 and competes in the Junior C division of the Boston GAA. Despite being the newest hurling team within the Boston GAA, the Providence Hurling Club has captured two Junior C titles- with the first in 2021 with a win over Hartford and the second in 2023 with a win over Worcester.[151] Home games are held at Pleasant View Elementary School in Providence and playoff matches are held at the Irish Cultural Center in Canton, MA.[152][153]

Government

[edit]
See also: List of mayors of Providence, Rhode Island and Mayoral elections in Providence, Rhode Island
Providence City Council chambers

The Providence City Council consists of 15 councilors, one for each of the city's wards,[154] who enact ordinances and pass an annual budget.[155] Providence uses a strong-mayor form of government in which the city council acts as a check against the power of the executive branch, the mayor. The members of the Providence City Council are elected by residents of the fifteen wards of Providence. City Council members are elected to four-year terms and are limited, by City Charter, to serving a maximum of three consecutive full terms (excluding any partial term of less than two years previously served).

As the state capital, Providence houses the Rhode Island General Assembly, as well as the offices of the Governor and the Lieutenant Governor in the Rhode Island State House. Providence also has probate and superior courts. The U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island is located downtown across from Providence City Hall adjacent to Kennedy Plaza.

Education

[edit]
Universities and colleges
Brown University
RISD
Johnson & Wales
Providence College
Rhode Island College
Community College of RI

Primary and secondary education

[edit]

The Providence Public School District serves about 21,700 students from pre-Kindergarten to grade 12 as of July 2022. The district has 21 elementary schools, seven middle schools, and nine high schools.[156] The Providence Public School District includes magnet schools at the middle and high school level, Nathanael Greene and Classical respectively. There are two separate centers for students with special needs.[157] Two public charter schools, Time Squared Academy High School (K–12) and Textron Chamber of Commerce (9–12), are funded by GTECH Corporation and Textron respectively.[158] Overall, the public high school graduation rate as of 2019 is 74%,[159] which is below the statewide rate of 84%[160] and the national average of 87%.[161]

A number of private schools also serve Providence students. The city's South Side is home to Community Preparatory School, a private school serving primarily low-income students in grades 3 through 8.[162] There are several private schools in the city's East Side, including Moses Brown (Quaker-affiliated), the Lincoln School, the Wheeler School, and Providence Hebrew Day School (Orthodox Judaism-affiliated). La Salle Academy, a Catholic college preparatory school, is located in the North End, near Providence College.

College and universities

[edit]

The main campuses of five of Rhode Island's colleges and universities are in Providence (city proper):

In addition, the Community College of Rhode Island, Roger Williams University, and University of Rhode Island have satellite campuses in the city. Between these schools, the number of post-secondary students is between 32,000[163][164] and 44,000.[165] Higher education exerts a considerable presence in the city's politics and economy, compounded by the fact that Brown University is the city's second-largest employer.[166]

Media

[edit]
Further information: Media in Providence metropolitan area

Providence is the center of Southern New England's broadcasting market, which also encompasses Bristol County, Massachusetts, which includes the cities of Fall River and New Bedford. The city is served by television stations representing every major American television network, as well as radio stations originating from Providence and Boston.

Infrastructure

[edit]

Health and medicine

[edit]
Women & Infants Hospital

Providence is home to eight hospitals, most prominently Rhode Island Hospital, the largest general acute care hospital in the state. It is also the Level I Trauma Center for Rhode Island, Southeastern Massachusetts and parts of Connecticut.[167] The hospital is in a complex that includes Hasbro Children's Hospital and Women and Infants Hospital. The city is also home to the Roger Williams Medical Center, St. Joseph Hospital For Specialty Care (a division of St. Joseph Health Services Of Rhode Island), The Miriam Hospital, a major teaching affiliate associated with the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, as well as a Veterans Affairs medical center.

Transportation

[edit]
Providence Station

Providence is served by T. F. Green Airport in Warwick, and general aviation fields also serve the region. Massport has been promoting T. F. Green as an alternative to Boston's Logan International Airport because of over-crowding.[168] Providence Station is located between the Rhode Island State House and the Downtown district and is served by Amtrak[169] and MBTA Commuter Rail services, with a commuter rail route running north to Boston and south to T.F. Green Airport and Wickford Junction.[170][171] Approximately 2,400 passengers pass through the station per day.[172][173]

I-95 runs from north to south through Providence; I-195 connects the city to eastern Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts, including New Bedford, Massachusetts and Cape Cod. I-295 encircles Providence, while RI 146 provides a direct connection with Worcester, Massachusetts. The city began the long-term project Iway in 2007 to move I-195 for safety reasons, to free up land, and to reunify the Jewelry District with Downtown Providence, which had been separated by the highway.[174][needs update] The project was estimated to cost $610 million.[175]

The Port of Providence (branded as ProvPort) is the second largest deep-water seaport in New England.[176][177] In 1994, the city incorporated ProvPort as an independent non-profit. It is located on a single campus on the west side of the Providence River, next to the Washington Park neighborhood.[178] As of 2021, operations are contracted to Waterson Terminal Services, which also operates ports in New Bedford, Massachusetts and Davisville, Rhode Island.[179] ProvPort handles cargoes such as cement, chemicals, heavy machinery, petroleum, and scrap metal.

Kennedy Plaza in Downtown Providence serves as a transportation hub for local public transit as well as a departure point for Peter Pan Bus Lines[180] and Greyhound Lines.[181] Public transit is managed by Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (RIPTA).[182] Through RIPTA alone, Kennedy Plaza averages more than 71,000 people a day.[183] The majority of the area covered by RIPTA is served by traditional buses, but RIPTA also runs a "Rapid Bus", the R-Line which connects the suburbs of Pawtucket and Cranston with Downtown Providence. Of particular note is the East Side Trolley Tunnel running under College Hill, whose use is reserved for RIPTA buses. From 2000 to 2008, RIPTA operated a seasonal ferry to Newport between May and October, but SeaStreak began operating that ferry route in 2016.[184] In 2020, RIPTA completed construction of the Downtown Transit Connector, an upgraded bus rapid transit service to run from Providence Station to the Hospital District.[185]

The Michael S. Van Leesten Memorial Bridge opened in August 2019

The city serves as the end point for four of the state's major traffic-free bicycle paths: the East Bay Bike Path, Washington Secondary Rail Trail, the Woonasquatucket Greenway Bike Path, and the Blackstone River Greenway.[186] There are several dedicated on-road bicycle lanes within the city.[186]

In 2017, the city signed a $400,000 contract with a bicycle sharing company, Jump, to introduce Providence's first program of its kind, supported by local hospitals and RIPTA.[187] Shortly after the program started in September 2018, the bicycles became associated with a "wave of vandalism and criminal activity" including widespread thefts of bicycles, bikes tossed into the Providence River, and even a company technician held at gunpoint.[187] The company suspended the program in August 2019.[187] In 2021, a new company, Spin, reintroduced a bike sharing program to the city.[188]

In August 2019, a pedestrian bridge opened, spanning the Providence River and connecting Providence's east and west sides. The bridge was constructed on the granite piers of the old Route 195 bridge.[189]

In January 2020, mayor Jorge Elorza unveiled a "Great Streets" initiative to create a framework of public space improvements to encourage walking, riding bicycles, and public transit.[190] The plan includes establishing an "Urban Trail Network" which includes 60 miles (97 km) of bicycle paths, bike lanes, and greenways.[191]

Utilities

[edit]

Electricity and natural gas are provided by Rhode Island Energy, which took over from National Grid in May 2022.[192] Providence Water is responsible for the distribution of drinking water, ninety percent of which comes from the Scituate Reservoir about ten miles (16 km) west of downtown, with contributions coming from four smaller bodies of water. The city has history of severe lead problems from old lead pipes, which the city is actively working to replace and offering loans to homeowners to place. The Guardian has criticized the equity of the city's solution.[193] Drinking water in Providence has been rated among the highest quality in the country.[194][195][196][197]

Police

[edit]

The headquarters of the city's fire and police departments is a 130,000 square feet (12,000 m2) Public Safety Complex. The building was dedicated in 2002 by former Mayor Vincent Cianci Jr.[198] Providence Police Department operated on a $85.6 million budget in 2020 employing 453 officers.[199]

Sister cities

[edit]

Providence has four sister cities:[200]

Friendship cities

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ This motto may appear rhetorical, but it was an earnest expression from the traditional account of Roger Williams' arrival in Rhode Island with settlers William Harris, John Smith, Joshua Verin, Thomas Angell, and Francis Wickes.[1] The party was greeted by a group of Narragansetts, with the description of their exchange:[2]

    Not far from that bridge [over the Blackstone] in a little cove is the famous "Slate Rock," on which it is said that Roger Williams first landed after his tedious and painful flight from the persecutions of his Massachusetts brethren.
    As he approached the place he was saluted by some friendly Indians with the peaceful enquiry "What Cheer netop?" netop, meaning friend, a phrase which they had acquired from their intercourse with the English and which was equivalent to the salutation "How are you?" or "What's the news?"... It is this incident which is pictured upon the seal of the city of Providence.

  2. ^ Providence was listed as a town (not a city) by the US Census Bureau until the census of 1840 because city status in the New England states is conferred by the form of government, not by population. Providence retained the title of ninth-largest settlement until the census of 1810.
  3. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  4. ^ Official records for Providence kept at downtown from November 1904 to May 1932 and at T. F. Green Airport since June 1932.[72]
  5. ^ a b From 15% sample

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bayles, Richard M., ed. (1891). History of Providence County, Rhode Island. Vol. 1. New York: W. W. Preston & Co. p. 16.
  2. ^ Banvard, Joseph (1858). A Guide to Providence River and Narragansett Bay from Providence to Newport. Providence: Coggeshall & Stewart. p. 17.
  3. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  4. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Providence, Rhode Island
  5. ^ "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  6. ^ "Total Gross Domestic Product for Providence-Warwick, RI-MA (MSA)". fred.stlouisfed.org.
  7. ^ Guyot, Arnold (1882). Scribner's Geographical Reader and Primer: A Series of Journeys Round the World (based on Guyot's Introduction) with Primary Lessons. Scribner.
  8. ^ "Roger Williams: Founding Providence". nps.gov. Archived from the original on April 23, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024. ...having made covenant of peaceable neighborhood with all the sachems and natives round about us, and having, in a sense of God's merciful providence unto me in my distress, called the place PROVIDENCE...
  9. ^ "Providence Architecture". brown.edu. Archived from the original on November 25, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  10. ^ Kupperman, Karen Ordahl (June 1995). Providence Island, 1630–1641: The Other Puritan Colony. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-521-35205-3.
  11. ^ "Massachusetts Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  12. ^ "Rhode Island Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h "Three and One-Half Centuries at a Glance". City of Providence, Rhode Island. May 2002. Archived from the original on January 13, 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
  14. ^ "Roger Williams – Founder of Rhode Island & Salem Minister – HISTORY". history.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  15. ^ "About us". Providence, RI Digital Archives. City of Providence. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  16. ^ "Roger Williams: In Providence – Roger Williams National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". nps.gov. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  17. ^ "America's First Anti-Slavery Statute Was Passed in 1652. Here's Why It Was Ignored". Time. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  18. ^ a b Clark-Pujara, Christy (2018). Dark Work: The Business of Slavery in Rhode Island. New York University Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-5563-6. Project MUSE book 49199.
  19. ^ Allen, Zachariah (April 10, 1876). Bi-centenary of the Burning of Providence in 1676: Defence of the Rhode Island System of Treatment of the Indians, and of Civil and Religious Liberty. An Address Delivered Before the Rhode Island Historical Society. Providence: Providence Publishing Company. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  20. ^ Withey, Lynne (January 1, 1984). Urban Growth in Colonial Rhode Island: Newport and Providence in the Eighteenth Century. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-751-9. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  21. ^ FitzGerald, Frances (September 5, 2005). "Peculiar Institutions". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  22. ^ "Know Rhode Island, RI Secretary of State". Sos.ri.gov. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  23. ^ "Rhode Island Ratification of the U.S. Constitution". Usconstitution.net. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  24. ^ Cady, John Hutchins (October 1952). "The Providence Market House and its neighborhood" (PDF). Rhode Island History. 11 (4). Rhode Island Historical Society: 97–106. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  25. ^ "Hardscrabble". Brown University. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
  26. ^ "Snow Town Riot". Brown University. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
  27. ^ a b Campbell, Paul. "A Brief History of Providence City Hall". City Archives. City of Providence. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  28. ^ "History of City Hall". City of Providence. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  29. ^ a b c Stanton, Mike (2003). The Prince of Providence. New York: Random House. p. 7. ISBN 0-375-75967-0.
  30. ^ Abbott, Elizabeth (January 26, 1997). "Providence Jewelry District Gets a New Luster". The New York Times. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  31. ^ a b Davis, Paul (July 4, 2015). "R.I.'s jewelry industry history in search of a permanent home". Providence: The Providence Journal. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  32. ^ Foner, Philip Sheldon; Foner, Philip Sheldon (January 1, 1991). History of the labor movement in the United States. 9: The T.U.E.L. to the end of the Gompers era / by Philip S. Foner. New York: Intl Publ. pp. 19–31. ISBN 978-0-7178-0674-4.
  33. ^ E. Tilden, Leonard (1923). "New England Textile Strike". Monthly Labor Review. 16 (5): 13–36. JSTOR 41828627.
  34. ^ Gilkeson, John S. (1986). Middle-Class Providence, 1820-1940. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-1-4008-5435-6. OCLC 889248754.
  35. ^ Goudsouzian, Aram (2004). The Hurricane of 1938. Beverly, MA: Commonwealth Editions. p. 42. ISBN 1-889833-75-4. OCLC 55517964.
  36. ^ Blaine, Stephanie N. (2009). "Rhode Island's Greatest Natural Tragedy".
  37. ^ Coren, Samuel A. (May 2, 2016). "Interface: Providence and the Populist Roots of a Downtown Revival". Journal of Planning History. doi:10.1177/1538513216645620. S2CID 219960281.
  38. ^ Coren, Samuel (May 2, 2016). "Interface: Providence and the Populist Roots of a Downtown Revival". Journal of Planning History. 16 (1): 4–7. doi:10.1177/1538513216645620. S2CID 219960281.
  39. ^ Smith, Andy. "Mafia nostalgia ... it's a Rhode Island thing". providencejournal.com. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  40. ^ Patinkin, Mark. "Mark Patinkin: Delicious memories of the mob in Providence". providencejournal.com. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  41. ^ a b "Alex and Ani City Center". The Providence Rink. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  42. ^ Leazes, Francis J.; Motte, Mark T. (2004). Providence, the Renaissance City. UPNE. ISBN 978-1-55553-604-6.
  43. ^ Abbott, Elizabeth (December 13, 2011). "Providence Puts Focus on Making a Home for Knowledge (Published 2011)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  44. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Providence city, Rhode Island". www.census.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  45. ^ "Housing Hurdles: Why finding a place to rent in RI is out of reach for many". WPRI.com. October 27, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  46. ^ "Money Magazine: Best Places to Live: Home Appreciation". Cable News Network LP, LLLP. Archived from the original on March 7, 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
  47. ^ pvdwaterways.org/storymap (September 16, 2021). "Providence Waterways: StoryMap". ArcGIS StoryMaps. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  48. ^ "Waterplace Park". The Providence Warwick Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  49. ^ "The City". Providence Architecture. Brown.
  50. ^ Brown, Seth (September 1, 2007). Rhode Island Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Globe Pequot. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7627-4338-4. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
  51. ^ a b c
  52. ^ a b c d "Providence Neighborhoods". City of Providence. Archived from the original on December 29, 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
  53. ^ "Alternative Neighborhood Names". The Providence Plan. 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  54. ^ "Brown University continues Knowledge District expansion, buys building for $6M". Providence Business News. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
  55. ^ "'Jewelry District,' 'Knowledge District': What's in a name?". Rhode Island news. The Providence Journal Co. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved May 4, 2011 – via projo.com.
  56. ^ "West Broadway Neighborhood Association". WBNA. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
  57. ^ Albert J. Wright. "History of the State of Rhode Island with Illustrations". USGenWeb Project. Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
  58. ^ a b c Woodward, William McKenzie (2003). PPS/AIAri Guide to Providence Architecture. Providence, Rhode Island: Providence Preservation Society. pp. 303–304. ISBN 0-9742847-0-X.
  59. ^ Woodward, William McKenzie (2003). PPS/AIAri Guide to Providence Architecture. Providence, Rhode Island: Providence Preservation Society. p. 13. ISBN 0-9742847-0-X.
  60. ^ "Bank of America Building, Providence". Emporis. 2007. Archived from the original on October 22, 2006. Retrieved January 19, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  61. ^ "One Financial Plaza". Emporis. 2006. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved June 5, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  62. ^ "Providence Buildings, Real Estate, Architecture, Skyscrapers, and Construction Database". Emporis. 2005. Archived from the original on May 29, 2005. Retrieved November 7, 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  63. ^ "History: A Rhode Island Tradition". The Providence Biltimore. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
  64. ^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
  65. ^ "Rhode Island USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  66. ^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". US Department of Agriculture – The United States National Arboretum. March 2, 2006. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
  67. ^ "Rhode Island ISDA Hardiness Zone Map". growit.com. 2000. Archived from the original on January 7, 2001. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
  68. ^ a b c d e f "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  69. ^ "H.P. Lovecraft's letter to Robert H. Barlow". The LetterCraft Project. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  70. ^ a b "Monthly average temperatures and precipitation". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
  71. ^ Schlichting, Kara M (March 2022). "Misremembering risk in the age of hurricanes: The Rhode Island Coast in the 1930s–1950s". Coastal Studies & Society. 1 (1): 10–33. doi:10.1177/26349817211053170. ISSN 2634-9817. S2CID 240256996.
  72. ^ ThreadEx
  73. ^ "Station: Providence T F Green AP, RI". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 24, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  74. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for PROVIDENCE/GREEN STATE, RI 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 24, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  75. ^ a b "Providence, Rhode Island, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  76. ^ a b Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). "Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau – Population Division. Archived from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
  77. ^ "City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  78. ^ United States Census Bureau (1909). A Century of Population Growth. p. 163.
  79. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  80. ^ a b c d e "Providence (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". US Census Bureau. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  81. ^ "Providence Population and Demographics". MDNH, Inc. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  82. ^ "Providence (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  83. ^ a b c d "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.
  84. ^ "P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Providence city, Rhode Island". United States Census Bureau.
  85. ^ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Providence city, Rhode Island". United States Census Bureau.
  86. ^ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Providence city, Rhode Island". United States Census Bureau.
  87. ^ a b c "Providence, Rhode Island". Moving Traffic, Inc. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2009. (Click on People tab)
  88. ^ "Federal Hill". City of Providence. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  89. ^ "Providence—Ancestry & Family History". ePodunk Inc. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
  90. ^ "Jewish Population in the United States, 2010" (PDF). North American Jewish Data Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  91. ^ "The Providence Public School Department and The University of Rhode Island Partnership" (PDF). Southern Regional Education Board. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  92. ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder - Results". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  93. ^ "Geographic Concentration of the Latino Population" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2007.
  94. ^ "Providence City, Rhode Island". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2007.
  95. ^ a b "Maps & Rankings: People". The Providence Plan. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  96. ^ "Thousands of Liberians in U.S. Face Deportation". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on April 24, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  97. ^ "Fox Point". City of Providence. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  98. ^ "Washington Park". The Providence Plan. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  99. ^ Manie Marcuss & Ricardo Borgos. "Who are New England's Immigrants?" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 14, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
  100. ^ "Per Capital Personal Income by State". HighBeam Research, LLC. Archived from the original on June 19, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  101. ^ "U.S. Summary: 2000" (PDF). US Census Bureau. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  102. ^ "Providence (city), Rhode Island – QuickFacts". US Census Bureau. 2012. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
  103. ^ a b "Maps & Rankings: Economics". The Providence Plan. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  104. ^ a b c "Providence, RI-MA, Area Economic Summary" (PDF). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  105. ^ "Ownership and History". Citizens Financial Group. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  106. ^ Grocer, Stephen (March 24, 2011). "Ranking the 50 Biggest U.S. Banks: From BofA to Commerce Bancshares". Dow Jones & Company. Archived from the original on June 2, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  107. ^ "Sectional Center Facility Chart". Act One Lists. Archived from the original on June 23, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
  108. ^ a b "Rhode Island Convention Center – About Us?". Rhode Island Convention Center. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  109. ^ Patinkin, Mark (August 10, 2004). "Chewing over why we love doughnut shops". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2007.
  110. ^ "Which City Really Does Have The Most Restaurants Per Capita?". ArticleAlley.com. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  111. ^ "About". waterfire.org. Archived from the original on June 25, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2007.
  112. ^ "Music of WaterFire". waterfire.org. August 9, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  113. ^ "Charles". City of Providence. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  114. ^ "Fox Point". City of Providence. Archived from the original on August 12, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  115. ^ "West End". City of Providence. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  116. ^ "Smith Hill". City of Providence. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  117. ^ "Three and One-Half Centuries at a Glance". History & Facts: America's Renaissance City. The City of Providence, Rhode Island. 2002. Archived from the original on January 13, 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
  118. ^ Link, Matthew (2007). "Providence, R.I.: The gayest city you've driven right past". PLANETOUT INC. Archived from the original on August 28, 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
  119. ^ a b K. Alexa Mavromatis. "Gay Business Comfortable in R.I." Archived from the original on October 8, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2007.
  120. ^ "Providence, RI (Providence County) – city gay Index – ePodunk". ePodunk Inc. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2007.
  121. ^ Dahir, Mubarak (December 24, 2002). "Leading Providence: David Cicilline becomes the first openly homosexual mayor of a U.S. state capital". The Advocate. Retrieved June 29, 2007.
  122. ^ Kenneth H. Mayer, MD (September 8, 2006). "Optimizing high risk men's sexual health: The Providence bathhouse experience". Alpha Public Health and Human Rights. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
  123. ^ "Providence, Rhode Island RI, city profile (Providence County)". ePodunk Inc. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2007.
  124. ^ Fox, Andrew (August 30, 2006). "Keys to the Underground". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on May 11, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
  125. ^ "P.I.G. Providence Improv Guild". Providence Improv Guild. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  126. ^ ADELEYE, TEMI-TOPE (March 12, 2024). "PVDFest will return to downtown for 2024 edition". WJAR. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  127. ^ Farzan, Antonia Noori. "'Everything I could have asked for': PVDFest makes its triumphant return to downtown". The Providence Journal. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  128. ^ PBN Staff (March 15, 2024). "Did Providence make the right move bringing the annual PVDFest back to the downtown?". Providence Business News. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  129. ^ "Parks Department". City of Providence. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
  130. ^ "Cities of New England". Mystic Media, Inc. and Visit New England. Archived from the original on July 26, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  131. ^ "History Book". fbcia.org. Archived from the original on June 25, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  132. ^ "Rhode Island Facts and Figures". State of Rhode Island General Assembly. Archived from the original on February 23, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2007.
  133. ^ "32-story condo tower would hold R.I.'s highest homes". Providence Journal. February 26, 2005. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016.
  134. ^ "Rhode Island State House". Emporis. 2007. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  135. ^ "Museum: Membership". Rhode Island School of Design. Archived from the original on June 1, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  136. ^ "History of the Providence Athenaeum". Providence Athenaem. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  137. ^ "Providence Athenaem". Fodor's Travel. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2007.
  138. ^ Rubinton, Noel (August 10, 2016). "How to Find the Spirit of H.P. Lovecraft in Providence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
  139. ^ "Bank of America City Center". providenceskating.com. Archived from the original on May 19, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  140. ^ Lisa Palmer. "Riverwalk & Waterplace Park – Great Public Spaces". Project for Public Spaces, Inc. Archived from the original on March 19, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  141. ^ Stabile, Lori (November 20, 2014). "Providence Rink to become Alex and Ani City Center". Providence Business News. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  142. ^ Providence Biltmore Hotel, History Archived January 27, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 21, 2017
  143. ^ "Who We Are". New England Pest Control. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  144. ^ "Roger Williams Park". City of Providence. Archived from the original on April 11, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
  145. ^ "Providence Reds". A to Z Encyclopedia of Ice Hockey. October 4, 2005. Archived from the original on November 27, 2005. Retrieved November 9, 2005.
  146. ^ Eisele, Andrew (2007). "Rocky Marciano". About.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  147. ^ "About Our Project". providencegrays.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  148. ^ "Boston Red Sox". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on June 15, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  149. ^ Katz, Andy (March 15, 2013). "What's next for the 'old Big East'". ESPN. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
  150. ^ "American Athletic Conference's new Irving headquarters in the works". Dallas News. March 11, 2020. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  151. ^ "Instagram".
  152. ^ "PROVIDENCE HURLING CLUB". PROVIDENCE HURLING CLUB.
  153. ^ "Providence Hurling - USA GAA Clubs - GAA Club - Shop by Team".
  154. ^ Providence Home Rule Charter (PDF) (Charter, Article II). Providence City Council. September 18, 1980.
  155. ^ Providence Home Rule Charter (PDF) (Charter, Article IV). Providence City Council. September 18, 1980.
  156. ^ "District Data / District Data". providenceschools.org. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  157. ^ "About the Student Body". Providence Schools. Archived from the original on February 4, 2005. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  158. ^ "The Providence Public School District at a Glance" (PDF). Providenceschools.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
  159. ^ "Selected statistics on enrollment, staff, and graduates in public school districts enrolling more than 15,000 students in 2020: Selected years, 1990 through 2020". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  160. ^ "Fast Facts - High school graduation rates". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  161. ^ "Table 219.10. High school graduates, by sex and control of school; public high school averaged freshman graduation rate (AFGR); and total graduates as a ratio of 17-year-old population: Selected years, 1869-70 through 2029-30". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  162. ^ "About CPS". Community Preparatory School. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  163. ^ "Providence Colleges and Schools". Citytowninfo.com. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  164. ^ "Colleges in Providence, Rhode Island Student Population Comparison". College Tuition Compare. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  165. ^ This figure is calculated as the sum of individually given figures from school websites, see: "facts about Brown University". Brown University. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007., "General Information about CCRI". Community College of Rhode Island. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007. (Note: exact figures for Providence Campuses were unavailable. For this estimate two fifths of the total student body were approximated to go to two of the five campuses_, "Johnson & Wales Providence". Johnson & Wales University. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007., "Providence College – Fast Facts". Providence College. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007., "about RIC". Rhode Island College. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007., "RISD: About RISD". Rhode Island School of Design. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007., and "About US". University of Rhode Island. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  166. ^ "America's Best Employers By State 2021". Forbes. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  167. ^ "About Rhode Island Hospital". Lifespan. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  168. ^ "T.F.Green". Massport. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  169. ^ "Providence, Rhode Island (PVD)". Amtrak. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  170. ^ "Schedules & Maps". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  171. ^ "RIAC breaks ground on Warwick Intermodal Facility". Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  172. ^ "Amtrak Background Information Facts" (PDF). Amtrak. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
  173. ^ "Chapter 11: Commuter Rail" (PDF). srpedd.org. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
  174. ^ "Relocating I-195 in Providence". Rhode Island Department of Transportation. 2007. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
  175. ^ "FHWA – Center for Innovative Finance Support – Project Profiles". Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  176. ^ "Port of Providence". pwrr.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  177. ^ "ProvPort". provport.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  178. ^ "Facilities Overview – ProvPort". provport.com. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  179. ^ "Waterson Terminal Services, LLC". provport.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  180. ^ "Tickets – Terminal Listings". Peter Pan Bus Lines. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  181. ^ "Greyhound: Providence, Rhode Island". Greyhound Lines, Inc. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  182. ^ "RIPTA". Rhode Island Public Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on June 5, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  183. ^ "RIPTA Accomplishments in FY2006". Rhode Island Public Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007. 25,943,883 boardings / 365 days = 71,079 daily.
  184. ^ "Schedule & Fares Between Providence & Newport, RI". Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
  185. ^ "RIPTA Downtown Transit Connector". ripta-dtc.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  186. ^ a b Curley, Bob (June 22, 2017). "Building a More Bikeable Providence". Rhody Beat. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  187. ^ a b c Amaral, Brian (May 20, 2020). "Watchdog Team: Company behind Jump bikes was stunned by level of vandalism in Providence". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on May 21, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  188. ^ "Spin launches electric bike share service in Providence". WJAR. June 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  189. ^ List, Madeline (August 9, 2019). "$21.9 million later, pedestrian bridge opens in downtown Providence". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  190. ^ "City of Providence Unveils Final Great Streets Plan". City of Providence. January 27, 2020. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  191. ^ "Providence Unveils Plan for 'Great Streets'". Eco RI News. January 29, 2020. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  192. ^ Sherman, Eli (May 25, 2022). "Multibillion-dollar sale of National Grid's RI operations is official". WPRI. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  193. ^ McCormick, Erin; Andrade, Kevin G (July 20, 2022). "Revealed: US cities refusing to replace toxic lead water pipes unless residents pay". The Guardian. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  194. ^ "Providence Water Introduction". Providence Water. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  195. ^ "Providence Water Watershed". Providence Water. Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  196. ^ "Providence tap water ranks with the nation's best". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  197. ^ "Cities with best and worst tap water". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  198. ^ "Federal Hill : Public Safety Complex". ProvidenceArchitecture.org. Brown University. Archived from the original on November 25, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  199. ^ "Amid calls to defund, here's how Providence police spend $86 million". WPRI.com. June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  200. ^ "Providence Gets Its Fifth Sister City, But No One Knows for Sure". GoLocal Prov. October 13, 2016. Archived from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  201. ^ Island, ANC of Rhode (September 13, 2023). "Providence, R.I. becomes Friendship City with Stepanakert". The Armenian Weekly.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Providence,_Rhode_Island&oldid=1258539599"