Dennō Senshi Porygon
| "Dennō Senshi Porygon" | |
|---|---|
| Pokémon episode | |
One of the scenes reported to trigger epileptic seizures. | |
| Episode no. | Season 1 Episode 38 |
| Directed by | Kiyotaka Isako |
| Written by | Junki Takegami |
| Production code | 138 |
| Original air date | December 16, 1997 |
"Dennō Senshi Porygon" (Japanese: でんのうせんしポリゴン, Hepburn: Dennō Senshi Porigon, translated as "Computer Warrior Porygon", although more commonly "Electric Soldier Porygon") (IPA: [deɴnoː seɴɕi poɾiɡoɴ]) is the 38th episode of the Pokémon anime's first season. During its sole broadcast in Japan on December 16, 1997, a scene with flashing lights induced photosensitive epileptic seizures in children across the country. Over 600 children were taken to hospitals. The incident is referred to in Japan as the "Pokémon Shock" (ポケモンショック, Pokemon Shokku).
The episode was written by Junki Takegami and directed by Kiyotaka Isako, and was broadcast on TV Tokyo. In the episode, Ash and his friends find that there is something wrong with the Poké Ball transmitting device at the local Pokémon Center. To find out what is wrong, they must go inside the machine. Towards the end of the episode, Pikachu stops a wave of missiles with an attack, resulting in an explosion depicted by rapid flashing lights that fill the screen.
After the incident, the Pokémon anime went into a four-month hiatus. The episode was pulled from rotation and was never aired in any other country. The incident complicated plans for an American localization of the series, and resulted in new broadcasting standards in Japan to ensure future incidents would be avoided.
Plot
[edit]Ash, Misty, Brock and Pikachu make their way to the nearest Pokémon Center, where they discover that the Poké Ball transmitting device is malfunctioning. On Nurse Joy's request, they go to Professor Akihabara, the one who created the Poké Ball transfer system. He tells them that Team Rocket stole his prototype Porygon, a digital Pokémon that can exist in cyberspace, and is using it to steal trainers' Pokémon from inside the computer system.
Akihabara sends Ash, Misty, Brock, Pikachu and his second Porygon into the cyberspace system, using his Dimension Transporter, to stop Team Rocket, whom they learn have set up a blockade that stops Pokéballs from traveling the network. Porygon is able to defeat Team Rocket's Porygon; unfortunately, Nurse Joy, monitoring the situation and unaware that Ash and the others are inside, has sent an antivirus program into the system to combat the computer virus Team Rocket set up. The program manifests as four cyber missiles, and in the ensuing chaos Pikachu uses a Thunderbolt attack on the missiles, causing a large explosion. Two of the missiles enter the portal, completely destroying Akihabara's house, much to his dismay, as his Dimension Transporter is now broken. The group and Team Rocket successfully escape the computer, and with Team Rocket's blockade removed, the Poké Ball transmitting device returns to normal.
Broadcast
[edit]"Dennō Senshi Porygon" had its sole broadcast in Japan on Tuesday, December 16, 1997,[1] at 6:30 PM Japan Standard Time (09:30 UTC),[2] with the exact scene that triggered the seizures reportedly airing at 6:51:34pm, towards the end of the episode.[3][4][5] It was broadcast over 37 TV stations that Tuesday night.[5] It held the highest ratings for its time slot,[2] and was watched by approximately 4.6 million households.[5][6]
Strobe lights
[edit]
#ed1c24 and #00a2e8Twenty minutes into the episode, Pikachu stops missiles with his Thunderbolt attack, resulting in an explosion that rapidly flashes red and blue lights.[1][7] Although there were similar parts in the episode with red and blue flashes, two anime techniques, called "paka paka"[a] and "flash",[b] made the scene particularly intense.[2] These flashes were bright strobe lights, with blinks at a rate of about 12 Hz for approximately six seconds.[8]
At this point, some of the viewers experienced blurred vision, headaches, dizziness and nausea.[1][7][9] Some suffered seizures, blindness, convulsions and unconsciousness.[1][7] Japan's Fire Defense Agency reported that 685 viewers – 310 boys and 375 girls – were taken to hospitals by ambulances.[7][10] Although many victims recovered during the ambulance trip, more than 150 were admitted to hospitals.[7][10] Two were hospitalized for more than two weeks.[10] The Japanese press referred to this incident as "Pokémon Shock" (ポケモンショック, Pokémon Shokku).[11]
Later studies showed that 5–10% of the viewers had mild symptoms that did not need hospital treatment.[8] Twelve thousand children who were not sent to hospitals reported mild symptoms of illness; however, their symptoms more closely resembled mass hysteria than a seizure.[7][12][13] A study following 103 patients over three years after the event found that only 22% were reported to have had seizures after the incident.[14] 15 of these patients were determined to have had visually induced seizures, while 56% of the patients who did have more seizures following the incident also having epilepsy.[14] Although approximately 1 in 4,000 people are susceptible to these types of seizures, the number of people affected by the Pokémon episode was unprecedented.[1][10] The three year study of 103 surveyed patients also found that only 25 (24%) of them were determined to have hsd seizures before the incident took place.[14]
Aftermath
[edit]Immediate response
[edit]More than three hours after the controversial scene was broadcast, NHK General TV became the first channel to report on the seizures at 9:59pm that evening during a news bulletin,[15] followed by FNN's News JAPAN later that evening. The topic was heavily discussed on the next day's news programs, but with the footage frozen in order to prevent further damage.
To prevent any similar incidents from occurring, the episode was pulled from rotation, and it has not aired since in any country.[1]
The following day, the television station that had originated the lone broadcast of that episode, TV Tokyo, issued an apology to the Japanese public, suspended the program, and said it would investigate the cause of the seizures.[7] Numerous video retailers across Japan removed the Pokémon anime from their rental shelves in response to the incidents.[7]
Officers from Atago police stations were ordered by Japan's National Police Agency to question the anime's producers about the show's contents and production process.[2]
On the Tokyo Stock Exchange, shares in Nintendo (the company that publishes the games that the anime is based on) fell by 400 yen the following morning to 12,200 yen (almost 3.2%).[7][16] The president of Nintendo, Hiroshi Yamauchi, said at a press conference the day after the episode had aired that the video game company was not responsible since the original Pokémon game for its Game Boy product was presented in black and white.[16]
Effect on the Pokémon anime
[edit]After the airing of "Dennō Senshi Porygon", the Pokémon anime went into a nearly four-month hiatus.[1][17]
The episode "Rougela's Christmas" ("Holiday Hi-Jynx"), which would have aired the following week, December 23, 1997, was pulled following the incident, and would not air until October 5, 1998. Airing out of order caused confusion to viewers because Ash still had a Charmander instead of Charizard, and Misty did not have Togepi yet, but Starmie and Horsea.
All 37 episodes of Pokémon: Indigo League were rerun on Kids Station in Tokyo leading up to the show's return on April 16, 1998, with airing of "Forest of Pikachu" ("Pikachu's Goodbye") and "The Four Eevee Brothers" ("The Battling Eevee Brothers").[17][18] After the hiatus, the time slot changed from Tuesday to Thursday.[5]
Before broadcasting resumed, the special program "Problem Inspection Report on the Pocket Monsters Anime" (アニメ ポケットモンスター問題検証報告, Anime Poketto Monsutā Mondai Kenshō Hōkoku) was shown. Broadcast in Japan on April 16, 1998, host Miyuki Yadama went over the circumstances of the program format and the on-screen advisories at the beginning of animated programs, as well as showing letters and fan drawings sent in by viewers, most of whom were concerned that the incident would lead to the anime being cancelled.[5]
"Dennō Senshi Porygon" itself has never been aired again, in any country.[1] The Pokémon anime has not featured Porygon or its evolutions, Porygon2 and Porygon-Z, in any subsequent episodes outside of brief cameos, despite Pikachu being the one to cause the seizure-inducing strobe effect.[19]
By station
[edit]The series was and still is syndicated to stations outside of the direct coverage area of the six stations of the TX Network. The following table lists the final episode of the Pokémon anime that aired on the station before the hiatus and the title of the program that initially replaced its timeslot.[5]
By prefecture
[edit]In total, 685 people across thirty prefectures were taken to hospital, 310 male and 375 female, while 208 out of these 685 were being treated, including three who were unconscious. There was a higher incidence in the 11 to 15-year old demographic, with over 90% of the affected being from middle and high school age ranges, and the oldest victim was a 58-year old from Kanagawa Prefecture. TXN has a limited terrestrial coverage area, but there were some victims from outside of the network's range who received one of its stations either by terrestrial or cable overspill who were affected.[5]
| Prefecture | Number of people affected |
|---|---|
| Hokkaido | 38 |
| Aomori | 1 |
| Iwate | 0 |
| Miyagi | 0 |
| Akita | 0 |
| Yamagata | 0 |
| Fukushima | 2 |
| Ibaraki | 26 |
| Tochigi | 18 |
| Gunma | 18 |
| Saitama | 70 |
| Chiba | 45 |
| Tokyo | 74 |
| Kanagawa | 76 |
| Niigata | 0 |
| Nagano | 7 |
| Yamanashi | 6 |
| Toyama | 0 |
| Ishikawa | 0 |
| Fukui | 0 |
| Shizuoka | 12 |
| Aichi | 60 |
| Gifu | 10 |
| Mie | 7 |
| Osaka | 76 |
| Shiga | 0 |
| Kyoto | 29 |
| Hyogo | 5 |
| Nara | 2 |
| Wakayama | 0 |
| Tottori | 0 |
| Shimane | 1 |
| Hiroshima | 0 |
| Yamaguchi | 11 |
| Okayama | 18 |
| Kagawa | 10 |
| Tokushima | 1 |
| Ehime | 1 |
| Kochi | 0 |
| Fukuoka | 45 |
| Saga | 10 |
| Nagasaki | 5 |
| Kumamoto | 0 |
| Oita | 1 |
| Miyazaki | 0 |
| Kagoshima | 0 |
| Okinawa | 0 |
Effect on localization
[edit]When the episode aired, Pokémon was only distributed in Japan. Shortly after the incident, speaking to USA Today, Mike Lazzo, vice president of programming for the Cartoon Network, reassured parents that American children were unlikely to suffer seizures provoked by cartoons as U.S. networks at the time rarely aired anime, which he argued was substantially different to animation aired on Cartoon Network.[20]
According to then-president of Nintendo of America, Minoru Arakawa, he had first raised the possibility of bringing Pokémon to the US market three weeks before this episode aired. The incident occurred while Nintendo of America was in negotiations with ShoPro to localize Pokémon for an American audience. However, Arakawa believed that the coverage of the incident in the US was fairly calm compared to Japan, as the US had previously reported on cases of epilepsy being induced by video games so the concept was already well-known—instead, he argued that it only increased the series' name recognition.[21]
In his book Pokémon Story, Masakazu Kubo of ShoPro notes that initially the incident increased the reluctance to bring the series to the US market, but due to concerns that the entire Pokémon TV show could end up being banned from Japanese TV, instead it was decided that pursuing an American release was essential to repairing the series' reputation in Japan. Kubo argues that once it became accepted in Japan that the incident was due to technical problems with how the show was broadcast rather than the show itself, there was no longer a need for a US release to restore the series' reputation in Japan, but the negotiations continued regardless.[21]
Starting on January 4, 1998, ShoPro conducted in-person negotiations with Nintendo of America for licensing the Pokémon anime for the US market.[21] In early January 1998, 4Kids Entertainment announced that they intended to air Pokémon in the U.S., albeit ensuring that the flashing effects were removed.[22] Pokémon successfully premiered in the U.S. (without this episode) in September 1998.[23]
Changes to television standards
[edit]
Many Japanese television broadcasters and medical officials (along with the United Kingdom's Independent Television Commission[24]) came together to find ways to make sure the incident was not repeated. They established a series of guidelines for future animated programs,[10][25] including that flashing images, especially those with red, should not flicker faster than three times per second; if the image does not have red, it still should not flicker faster than five times per second; flashing images should not be displayed for a total duration of more than two seconds; and stripes, whirls and concentric circles should not take up a large part of the television screen. The Harding test for content that now airs on Japanese TV and streaming sites ensures no more than one flashing light occurs every 10 frames, reproduced at 29.97 FPS, where "flashing lights" are classified as extreme changes in colors from one frame to the next. Footage may either clear or fail checks, or "pass with a warning" in which case the video's luminance is automatically adjusted to mitigate potential effects.[citation needed]
After the incident, TV broadcasters voluntarily added on-screen warnings to shows targeted at young children encouraging viewers to watch anime in a well-lit room and to sit far away from the television set.[26]
In popular culture
[edit]The "Pokémon Shock" incident has been parodied many times in popular culture, including a 1999 episode of The Simpsons, "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo". In the episode, Bart watches an anime entitled Battling Seizure Robots featuring robots with flashing eye lasers, and asks: "Isn't this that cartoon that causes seizures?" The flashing eyes cause him, Marge, Lisa, and Homer to have seizures. The same scene is seen again in the episode's end credits, this time covering the entire screen.[18]
An episode of South Park, "Chinpokomon", revolves around a Pokémon-like phenomenon, called Chinpokomon. Chinpokomon toys and video games are sold to children in South Park by a Japanese company. The company's president, Mr. Hirohito, uses the toys to brainwash the American children, making them into his own army to topple the "evil" American "empire". These toys included a video game in which the player attempts to bomb Pearl Harbor. While playing this game, Kenny has an epileptic seizure and later dies.[18]
The incident was included in the 2004 edition and the 2008 Gamer's Edition of the Guinness World Records book, holding the record for "Most Photosensitive Epileptic Seizures Caused by a Television Show".[27][28]
In So Yesterday, a 2004 novel by Scott Westerfeld, this episode is mentioned and shown to one of the characters. The flashing red light that caused the seizure is also used in the storytelling elements.[29][non-primary source needed]
On September 19, 2020, the official Pokémon Twitter account referenced the episode, saying "Porygon did nothing wrong,"[30] in reference to the resulting explosion from Pikachu's Thunderbolt attack being the in-universe cause of the flashing lights, not Porygon.[31] The tweet was deleted shortly thereafter, speculated to be because of the taboo subject matter.[32][33]
See also
[edit]
- Burger King Pokémon container recall
- Pokémon Go § Criticism and incidents
- YAT Anshin! Uchū Ryokō § Controversy — a similar incident
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Plunkett, Luke (February 11, 2011). "The Banned Pokémon Episode That Gave Children Seizures". Kotaku. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f Wudunn, Sheryl (December 18, 1997). "TV Cartoon's Flashes Send 700 Japanese Into Seizures". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
- ^ "社会問題となった「ポケモンショック」が軍事利用されていた!?". March 11, 2017.
- ^ Sankei Sports, 18 December 1997, page 16
- ^ a b c d e f g "ポケモン騒動を検証する" [Examining the Pokémon scandal] (in Japanese). coocan.jp. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ^ "An Interim Report on the Display Techniques in Celluloid Animtion as studied from the Medical Point of View". Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. April 1998. Archived from the original on November 4, 2002. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Radford, Benjamin (May–June 2001). "The Pokémon Panic of 1997". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 25, no. 3. pp. 26–31. Archived from the original on January 25, 2002. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
- ^ a b Takahashi, Takeo; Tsukahara, Yasuo (1998). "Pocket Monster incident and low luminance visual stimuli". Pediatrics International. 40 (6). Blackwell Science Asia: 631–637. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200X.1998.tb02006.x. ISSN 1328-8067. OCLC 40953034. PMID 9893306. S2CID 19236421. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
- ^ "Japanese cartoon triggers seizures in hundreds of children". CNN. December 17, 1997. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Pokémon on the Brain". Neuroscience For Kids. March 11, 2000. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ Papapetros, Spyros (2001). On the Animation of the Inorganic: Life in Movement in the Art and Architecture of Modernism, 1892–1944. Berkeley, California: University of California. OCLC 51930122.
- ^ Radford, Benjamin; Bartholomew, Robert (2001). "Pokémon contagion: photosensitive epilepsy or mass psychogenic illness?". South Med J. 94 (2): 197–204. doi:10.1097/00007611-200194020-00005. PMID 11235034.
- ^ Goodhart, Benjie (December 16, 2022). "'There was an explosion, and I had to close my eyes': how TV left 12,000 children needing a doctor". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
The condition is perhaps best understood as the placebo effect in reverse. People can make themselves ill from an idea
- ^ a b c Ishiguro, Yoshiko; Takada, Hiroyuki; Watanabe, Kazuyoshi; Okumura, Akihasa; Aso, Kosaburo; Ishikawa, Tatsuya (April 2004). "A Follow-up Survey on Seizures Induced by Animated Cartoon TV Program "Pocket Monster"". Epilepsia. 45 (4). Copenhagen: E. Munksgaard: 377–383. doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.18903.x. ISSN 0013-9580. OCLC 1568121. PMID 15030500. S2CID 32309680.
- ^ "データベースで探す".
- ^ a b "Popular TV cartoon blamed for mass seizures". Virtual Pet. The Asahi Shimbun. December 17, 1997. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Phillips, George (March 27, 2007). "10th Anniversary of Pokémon in Japan". Anime News Network. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
- ^ a b c Hamilton, Robert (April 2002). "Empire of Kitsch: Japan as Represented in Western Pop Media". Bad Subjects. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
- ^ Innes, Kenneth. "Character Profile: Porygon". Absolute Anime. Archived from the original on June 1, 2009. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ Graham, Jefferson; Friend, Tim (December 18, 1997). "U.S. Kids Safe From Cartoon Seizures??". rense.com. USA Today. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013.
- ^ a b c Hatakeyama, Kenji; Kubo, Masakazu (December 10, 2000). "Chapter 3: America". ポケモンストーリー [Pokémon Story] (PDF). Nikkei, Inc. ISBN 4822241998.
- ^ "Invasion of the Seizure-inducing Cartoons". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 104. Ziff Davis. March 1998. p. 34.
- ^ "10-K". Yahoo. March 31, 1999. p. 6. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016.
- ^ Faught, Edward (September 2004). "Attack of the Pocket Monsters: No Lasting Effects". Epilepsy Currents. 4 (5): 198–199. doi:10.1111/j.1535-7597.2004.04511.x. PMC 1176371. PMID 16059499.
The Pokemon incident also resulted in modification in television broadcast standards in Japan and the United Kingdom, based on a detailed analysis of the culpable features of the visual stimulus.
- ^ "Animated Program Image Effect Production Guidelines". TV Tokyo. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ Sevakis, Justin (June 21, 2017). "Answerman - What Happened To The 'Watch This Program In A Well-Lit Room' Warnings?". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
- ^ Menon, Vinay (August 25, 2004). "Records: The biggest load of ...". Toronto Star. p. F04.
- ^ Clodfelter, Tim (April 17, 2008). "Record Book Focused on the Gamers". Winston-Salem Journal. p. 1.
- ^ Westerfeld, Scott (September 8, 2005). So Yesterday. Razorbill. ISBN 1595140328.
- ^ The Pokémon Company International [@Pokemon] (September 19, 2020). "Porygon did nothing wrong" (Tweet). Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ Harding, Daryl (September 20, 2020). "The Pokémon Company Finally Concedes Porygon's Innocence After 23 Years". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ^ Dwyer, Theo (September 23, 2020). ""Porygon Did Nothing Wrong" Says Official Pokémon Twitter". Bleeding Cool. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ^ Wang, Tiffany (September 19, 2020). "Pokémon's Official Twitter Jokes About Infamous Seizure Episode". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
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