Jump to content

Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Peruvian political crisis (2016–present).

Peruvian Internal Conflict
Part of the Cold War (1980–1991) and the War on Drugs (1980–present)

Areas where Shining Path was active in Peru
DateMain phase:
17 May 1980 – December 2000[19][20][note 2]
Low-level activity:
22 June 2002 – present[21]
Location
Peru
Result

First phase:
Peruvian government and Anti-Communist victory

Second phase:
Ongoing

Territorial
changes		 Successful control of 98% of Peruvian territory by the Government of Peru.
Belligerents

 Peru

State-affiliated paramilitaries:
Rondas campesinas
Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru
Franco Command (1985–1990)
Grupo Colina (1990–1999)
Supported by:

 Colombia[1]
 North Korea[2]
 Russia[3]
 Spain[4]
 United States[5]

Shining Path

Supported by:
MOVADEF
FUDEPP[6]
 Hezbollah[7]
ICL
Abu Nidal Organization[8] (until 2002)
RIM[9] (until 2012)
Libya (until 2011)[10]

MPCP[note 1]
Supported by:
 China (claimed by MPCP)
ASPRET (until 2022)[citation needed]

Red Mantaro Base Committee
FARC-EP in Peru
Supported by:
FARC dissidents[12]

ASPRET
Ethnocacerist Movement
Supported by:
 Hezbollah[13][14]
MPCP (until 2022)[citation needed]

Huallaga faction (1999–2012)

MRTA (1982–1997)
Supported by:
19th of April Movement[15]
FMLN[16]
FSLN[17][18]
 Cuba[18] (alleged, denied by Cuba)
Libya[18]
 Soviet Union[18] (until 1991)
Commanders and leaders
Strength
30,000-50,000 men 20,000-80,000 militants[23]
Casualties and losses
3,000 killed 50,000 executed
20,000 captured
20,000 exiled

Total civilians casualties: 50,000-70,000 civilans casualties[24][25][26]
3,000,000 civilians displaced

300,000 civilians sterilized
Part of a series on the
History of Peru
Perou. Das Königreich Perou, from Description de l'Univers, contenant les différents systèmes du monde
By chronology
Pre-Columbian Peru 12000 BCE–1532
Ancient civilizations 3500 BCE–1470
Inca Empire 1438–1533/1572
Spanish conquest 1532–1572
Viceroyalty 1542–1824
War of Independence 1809–1826
Foundational Period 1821–1842
Protectorate of Peru 1821–1822
Supreme Governing Junta 1822–1823
Confederation and War 1836–1839
Restoration 1839–1841
Military Anarchy 1841–1845
Guano Era 1845–1866
Chincha Islands War 1865–1879
War of the Pacific 1879–1883
Occupation of Peru 1879–1883
Occupation of Lima 1881–1883
Peruvian Resistance 1881–1883
National Reconstruction 1884–1895
Aristocratic Republic 1895–1919
New Motherland 1919–1930
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 1941
Odría Dictatorship 1948–1956
Moderate civil reform 1956–1968
Revolutionary Government 1968–1980
Return to democracy and terrorism 1980–2000
Internal conflict 1980–2000, 2002–
Economic crisis 1980s
Peruvian political crisis 2016–
By political entity
By topic
See also
flag Peru portal

The Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000[27] was an armed conflict between the Government of Peru and the Maoist guerilla group Shining Path. The conflict's main phase began on 17 May 1980 and ended in December 2000.[28] From 1982 to 1997 the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement waged its own insurgency as a Marxist–Leninist rival to the Shining Path.[27]

It is estimated that there have been between 50,000 and 70,000 deaths, making it the bloodiest war in Peruvian history, since the European colonization of the country. The high death toll includes many civilian casualties, due to deliberate targeting by many factions. The indigenous peoples of Peru were specifically targeted by killings, with 75% of those killed speaking Quechua as their native language.[29] Since 2000, the number of deaths has dropped significantly and recently the conflict has become somewhat dormant. The conflict is also characterized by serious violations of human rights.[30][31][32][33][34]

Background

[edit]
See also: Revolutionary Left Movement (Peru)

The first guerrilla outbreaks arose in Peru in the early 1960s, during the Moderate Civil Reform, when the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR), a guerrilla group founded and led by Luis de la Puente Uceda, began its first attacks against the Peruvian State in 1962. However, despite their training in Fidel Castro's Cuba, the members of the MIR often were in an unstable state, as they were often based in the Amazon.[35] As a result, its members were easily killed by the police and the armed forces. During these counterattacks, their leader and founder was killed and the group eventually would collapse completely by 1965. Another guerrilla group that also emerged simultaneously was the National Liberation Army (ELN) led by Juan Pablo Chang Navarro and trained by Cuba.[36] It was made up of some former members of the MIR and other people who were recruited. However, this organization suffered the same fate as the MIR since many of its members were infected with leishmaniasis. As a result, the armed forces killed its members. The ELN received military training in Cuba and operated from 1962 to 1965. After its dismantling, its main leaders fled to Bolivia where they would fight alongside Che Guevara in the Ñancahuazú Guerrilla, where they would be assassinated while trying to establish a guerrilla focus in the Andes.

Prior to the conflict, Peru had undergone a series of coups with frequent switches between political parties and ideologies. On 2 October 1968,[37] General Juan Velasco Alvarado staged a military coup and became Peru's 56th president under the administration of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces, left-leaning military dictatorship.[citation needed] Following a period of widespread poverty and unemployment, Velasco himself was overthrown in a bloodless military coup on 29 August 1975. He was replaced by Francisco Morales Bermúdez as the new President of Peru.[38]

Morales announced that his rule would provide a "Second Phase" to the previous administration, which would bring political and economic reforms.[39] However, he was unsuccessful in delivering these promises, and in 1978, a Constitutional Assembly was created to replace Peru's 1933 Constitution. Morales then proclaimed that national elections would be held by 1980.[40] Elections were held for the Constituent Assembly on 18 June 1978, whilst martial law was imposed on 6 January 1979. The Assembly approved the new constitution in July 1979. On 18 May 1980, Fernando Belaúnde Terry was elected president. Between February 1966 and July 1980 approximately 500 people died of political violence.[41]

Many affiliated with Peru's Communist Party had opposed the creation of the new constitution and formed the extremist organization known as the Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path. This ultimately led to the emergence of internal conflict, with the first attacks taking place a day before the elections.[41] Despite this, national elections continued and Fernando Belaúnde was elected as the 58th President of Peru in 1980. Belaúnde had already served as the country's 55th president prior to Velasco's coup in 1968.[citation needed]

The Shining Path

[edit]

During the governments of Velasco and Morales, the Shining Path had been organized as a Maoist political group formed in 1970 by Abimael Guzmán, a communist professor of philosophy at the San Cristóbal of Huamanga University. Guzmán had been inspired by the Chinese Cultural Revolution which he had witnessed first-hand during a trip to China.[42] Shining Path members engaged in street fights with members of other political groups and painted graffiti encouraging an "armed struggle" against the Peruvian state.[43]

In June 1979, demonstrations for free education were severely repressed by the army: 18 people were killed according to official figures, but non-governmental estimates suggest several dozen deaths. This event led to a radicalization of political protests in the countryside and the outbreak of the Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path's actions.[44]

Course of the conflict

[edit]

Belaúnde administration (1980–1985)

[edit]
See also: Chuschi ballot burning incident

When Peru's military government allowed elections for the first time in 1980, the Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path was one of the few leftist political groups that declined to take part. They opted instead to launch guerrilla warfare actions against the state in the province of Ayacucho. On 17 May 1980—the eve of the presidential elections—members of the Shining Path burned ballot boxes in the town of Chuschi, Ayacucho. The perpetrators were quickly caught and additional ballots were brought in to replace the burned ballots; the elections proceeded without any further incidents. The incident received very little attention in the Peruvian press.[45] A few days later, on 13 June, a group of young people belonging to the "generated organization" Movement of Labourers y Workers Clasistas (MOTC) carried out an attack on the Municipality of San Martín de Porres in Lima with Molotov cocktails commemorating the Chuschi incident.[46]

The Shining Path opted to fight in the manner advocated by Mao Zedong. They would open up "guerrilla zones" in which their guerrillas could operate and drive government forces out of these zones to create "liberated zones". These zones would then be used to support new guerrilla zones until the entire country was essentially a unified "liberated zone". There is some disagreement among scholars about the extent of Maoist influence on the Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path, but the majority of scholars consider the Shining Path to be a violent Maoist organization. One of the factors contributing to support for this view among scholars is that the Shining Path's economic and political base were located primarily in rural areas and they sought to build up their influence in these areas.[47]

On 3 December 1982, the Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path officially formed an armed wing known as the "People's Guerrilla Army".[citation needed] The Peruvian guerrillas were peculiar in that they had a high proportion of women, 50 percent of the combatants and 40 percent of the commanders were women.[48]

Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement

[edit]
Main article: Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement

In 1982, the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) also launched its own guerrilla war against the Peruvian state. The group had been formed by remnants of the Movement of the Revolutionary Left and identified with Castroite guerrilla movements in other parts of Latin America. The MRTA used techniques that were more traditional to Latin American leftist organizations, like wearing uniforms, claiming to fight for true democracy, and accusations of human rights abuses by the state; in contrast, the Shining Path did not wear uniforms, nor care for electoral processes.

During the conflict, the MRTA and the Shining Path engaged in combat with each other. The MRTA only played a small part in the overall conflict, being declared by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to have been responsible for 1.5 percent of casualties accumulated throughout the conflict. At its height, the MRTA was believed to have consisted of only a few hundred members.[49]

Belaúnde's response and massacres

[edit]

President Fernando Belaúnde began the authoritarian trend of consolidating power within the executive to combat guerrilla groups, using his support in Congress to enact legislation and limit civil liberties.[31] Gradually, the Shining Path committed more and more violent attacks on the National Police of Peru until bombings near Lima increased the gravity of the conflict.[50] In December 1982, President Belaúnde declared a state of emergency and ordered that the Peruvian Armed Forces fight Shining Path, granting them extraordinary power.[50] Military leadership adopted practices used by Argentina during the Dirty War, committing many human right violations in the area where it had political control, with entire villages being massacred by the Peruvian armed forces while hundreds of civilians were forcibly disappear by troops.[31][50][51] A special US-trained "counter terrorist" police battalion is known as the "Sinchis" became notorious in the 1980s for their violations of human rights.[52]

The Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path's reaction to the Peruvian government's use of the military in the conflict was to increase violent warfare in the countryside. Shining Path attacked police officers, soldiers, and civilians that it considered being "class enemies", often using gruesome methods[citation needed] of killing their victims. These killings, along with Shining Path's disrespect for the culture of indigenous peasants[citation needed], turned many civilians in the Andes away from the group.

Faced with a hostile population, Shining Path's guerrilla campaigns began to falter. In some areas, fearful, well-off peasants formed anti-Shining Path patrols called rondas campesinas or simply rondas. They were generally poorly equipped despite donations of guns from the armed forces. Nevertheless, Shining Path guerrillas were attacked by the rondas. The first reported attack was near Huata in January 1983, where some rondas killed 13 guerrillas. In February 1983 in Sacsamarca, rondas stabbed and killed the Shining Path commanders of that area. In March 1983, rondas brutally killed Olegario Curitomay, one of the commanders of the town of Lucanamarca. They took him to the town square, stoned him, stabbed him, set him on fire, and finally shot him.[53] Shining Path responded by entering the province of Huancasancos and the towns of Yanaccollpa, Ataccara, Llacchua, Muylacruz, and Lucanamarca, where they killed 69 people.[53] Other similar incidents followed, such as ones in Hauyllo, the Tambo District, and the La Mar Province. In the Ayacucho Department, Shining Path killed 47 peasants.[54] Additional massacres would culminate in August 1985, with the infamous Accomarca massacre perpetrated by Peruvian troops on 16 August 1985 and one in Marcas that was perpetrated by Shining Path on 29 August 1985.[55][56]

García administration (1985–1990)

[edit]

During the government of Alan García, rivalries between the National Police and the Armed Forces increased.[31] In one incident in 1989 in the Uchiza District, the Armed Forces ignored calls for assistance from the National Police despite being ten minutes away and having helicopters, resulting with the National Police post being captured by Shining Path.[31]

Fujimori administration (1990–2000)

[edit]

Under the administration of Alberto Fujimori, the state began its widespread use of intelligence agencies in the fight against Shining Path. Some atrocities were committed by the National Intelligence Service, notably the La Cantuta massacre, the Barrios Altos massacre and the Santa massacre. Under the government of Alberto Fujimori, the confrontation was waged mainly through bomb attacks and selective assassinations by the Shining Path. The government began to use death squads in order to combat and eliminate suspected communist sympathizers, including the Grupo Colina and Rodrigo Franco Command. These groups often committed human rights abuses throughout Peru.[57][better source needed][33] Fujimori's government also used the peasant rounds in order to combat the Shining Path and the MRTA in the rural countryside.

Events such as the "Asháninka holocaust" perpetrated by the Shining Path also occurred at this stage. The Peruvian government began a massive crackdown on the Shining Path using unused methods. Military personnel were dispatched to areas dominated by the Shining Path, especially Ayacucho, to fight the rebels. Ayacucho, Huancavelica, Apurímac and Huánuco were declared emergency zones, allowing for some constitutional rights to be suspended in those areas.[58][34]

On 5 April 1992, Fujimori made a self-coup with the aim of dissolving the opposition-controlled Congress of Peru[59] and replace the Judiciary branch.[60] The 1979 Constitution was abolished and a Constitutional crisis took place. Fujimori also announced that Peru would no longer be under the jurisdiction of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

As Shining Path began to lose ground in the Andes to the Peruvian state and the rondas, it decided to speed up its overall strategic plan. Shining Path declared that it had reached "strategic equilibrium" and was ready to begin its final assault on the cities of Peru. In 1992, Shining Path set off a powerful bomb in the Miraflores District of Lima in what became known as the Tarata bombing. This was part of a larger bombing campaign to follow suit in Lima.

On 12 September 1992, Peruvian police captured Guzmán and several Shining Path leaders in an apartment above a dance studio in the Surquillo district of Lima. The police had been monitoring the apartment, as a number of suspected Shining Path militants had visited it. An inspection of the garbage of the apartment produced empty tubes of a skin cream used to treat psoriasis, a condition that Guzmán was known to have. Shortly after the raid that captured Guzmán, most of the remaining Shining Path leadership fell as well.[61]

Guzmán's role as the leader of Shining Path was taken over by Óscar Ramírez, who himself was captured by Peruvian authorities in 1999. After Ramírez's capture, the group splintered, guerrilla activity diminished sharply and previous conditions returned to the areas where the Shining Path had been active.[20] Some Shining Path and MRTA remnants managed to stage minor scale attacks, such as the January 1993 wave of attacks and political assassinations that occurred in the run-up to the municipal elections, which also targeted US interests; these included the bombing of two Coca-Cola plants on 22 January (by Shining Path); the RPG attack against the USIS Binational Center on 16 January; the bombing of a KFC restaurant on 21 January (both by the MRTA) and the car-bombing of the Peruvian headquarters of IBM on 28 January (by Shining Path).[62]: 2–3  On 27 July 1993, Shining Path militants drove a car bomb into the US Embassy in Lima, which left extensive damage on the complex (worth some US$250,000) and nearby buildings.[62]: 7–9 

As for the MRTA, its forces were decimated both by the Repentance Law and by the imprisonment of its main leaders; among them, its main leader Víctor Polay, who had escaped from prison in 1990 and was recaptured in 1992. In 1996, an armed commando of 14 members of the MRTA, led by Néstor Cerpa Cartolini, stormed the residence of the Japanese ambassador in Peru, beginning the crisis of 72 hostages that lasted 126 days. The MRTA demanded the release of 462 members of the insurgent group, imprisoned by the government to free the hostages, a demand emphatically rejected by the government. The crisis ended when the Peruvian armed forces recaptured the embassy in a military action called Operation Chavín de Huántar, which allowed the release of the hostages with the exception of Carlos Giusti Acuña, a member of the Supreme Court, who died in the exchange of shots with the subversive group. The final result was the death of the 14 subversive members, including their leader and two officers (Lieutenant Colonel Juan Valer Sandoval and Lieutenant Raúl Jiménez Chávez) who fell in combat; With this coup, the MRTA disappeared as an armed actor in the conflict.

Shining Path was confined to their former headquarters in the Peruvian jungle and continued smaller attacks against the military, like the one that occurred on 2 October 1999, when a Peruvian Army helicopter was shot down by Shining Path guerrillas near Satipo (killing 5) and stealing a PKM machine gun which was reportedly used in another attack against an Mi-17 in July 2003.[63]

Despite Shining Path being mostly defeated, more than 25% of Peru's national territory remained under a state of emergency until early 2000.[64]

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

[edit]

Alberto Fujimori resigned the Presidency in 2000, but Congress declared him "morally unfit", installing the opposite congress member Valentín Paniagua into office. He rescinded Fujimori's announcement that Peru would leave the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (CVR) to investigate the conflict. The commission was headed by the President of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Salomón Lerner Febres. The Commission found in its 2003 Final Report that 69,280 people died or disappeared between 1980 and 2000 as a result of the armed conflict.[65] A statistical analysis of the available data led the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to estimate that the Shining Path was responsible for the death or disappearance of 31,331 people, 45% of the total deaths and disappearances.[65] According to a summary of the report by Human Rights Watch, "Shining Path ... killed about half the victims, and roughly one-third died at the hands of government security forces ... The commission attributed some of the other slayings to a smaller guerrilla group and local militias. The rest remain unattributed."[30]

According the final report, rural areas were disproportionately affected by violence, especially those of indigenous communities. 75% of the people who were either killed or disappeared spoke Quechua as their native language, despite the fact that the 1993 census found that only 20% of Peruvians speak Quechua or another indigenous language as their native language.[29]

Nevertheless, the final report of the CVR was surrounded by controversy. It was criticized by almost all political parties[66][67] (including former Presidents Fujimori,[68] García[69] and Paniagua[70]), the military and the Catholic Church,[71] which claimed that many of the Commission members were former members of extreme leftists movements and that the final report wrongfully portrayed Shining Path and the MRTA as "political parties" rather than as terrorist organizations,[72] even though, for example, Shining Path has been clearly designated as a terrorist organization by the United States, the European Union, and Canada.

A 2019 study disputed the casualty figures from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, estimating instead "a total of 48,000 killings, substantially lower than the TRC estimate" and concluding that "the Peruvian State accounts for a significantly larger share than the Shining Path."[26][73] The TRC later came out to respond to these statements.[32]

Reemergence in the 21st century (2002–present)

[edit]

Since 2002, there have been a number of incidents relating to internal conflict within Peru. On 20 March 2002, a car bomb exploded at "El Polo", a mall in a wealthy district of Lima near the U.S. embassy.[74] On 9 June 2003, a Shining Path group attacked a camp in Ayacucho, and took 68 employees of the Argentine company Techint and three police guards hostage. The hostages worked at the Camisea gas pipeline project that takes natural gas from Cuzco to Lima.[75] According to sources from Peru's Interior Ministry, the hostage-takers asked for a sizable ransom to free the hostages. Two days later, after a rapid military response, the hostage-takers abandoned the hostages. According to some sources, the company paid the ransom.[76]

In 2015, the U.S. Treasury Department declared the Shining Path a narco-terrorist organization engaged in the taxing of production, processing, and transport, of cocaine. The allegations of Shining Path drug trafficking had been made by the Peruvian government prior to the U.S. decree. This decree froze all Shining Path financial assets in the United States. U.S. Treasury official John Smith stated that the decree would help "the government of Peru's efforts to actively combat the group".[5]

Timeline

[edit]
  • 13 October 2006 – Abimael Guzmán, main leader and founder of Shining Path was sentenced to life in prison for terrorism charges.[77]
  • 22 May 2007 – Peruvian police arrested 2 Shining Path members in the town of Churcampa, Huancavelica province.[78]
  • 27 May 2007 – the 27th anniversary of the Shining Path's first attack against the Peruvian state, a homemade bomb in a backpack was set off in a market in the southern Peruvian city of Juliaca, killing six and wounding 48. Because of the timing of the attack, the Shining Path is suspected by the Peruvian authorities of holding responsibility.[79]
  • 20 September 2007 – Peruvian police arrested 3 Shining Path insurgents in the city of Huancayo, Junín province.[78]
  • 25 March 2008 – Shining Path rebels killed a police officer and wounded 11, while they were performing patrol duty.[80]
  • 15 October 2008 – Shining Path insurgents attacked an army patrol, killing 2 and wounding 5.[citation needed]
  • 20 October 2008 – a group of 30 to 50 Shining Path insurgents entered a camp set up by the mining company Doe Run. After delivering a short Maoist propaganda speech, before leaving, the militants stole communications equipment and food.[citation needed]
  • October 2008 – In Huancavelica province, the Shining Path engaged military and civil convoy with explosives and firearms, demonstrating their continued ability to strike and inflict casualties on targets. The clash resulted in the death of 12 soldiers and two to seven civilians.[81][82]
  • 9 April 2009 – Shining Path militants ambushed and killed 13 Peruvian soldiers in the Apurímac and Ene river valleys in Ayacucho.[83]
  • 26 August 2009 – Two soldiers were killed in two separate incidents outside San Antonio de Carrizales, in the Huancayo Province.[citation needed]
  • 31 August 2009 – Three soldiers were wounded in an encounter with Shinign Path members, in the San Antonio de Carrizales, in the Huancayo Province.[citation needed]
  • 2 September 2009 – Shining Path militants shot down a Peruvian Air Force Mi-17 helicopter, later killing the two pilots with small arms fire.[citation needed]
  • 12 February 2012 – Shining Path leader Comrade Artemio was captured by a combined force of the Peruvian Army and the Police. President Ollanta Humala said that he would now step up the fight against the other remaining band of Shining Path rebels in the Ene-Apurímac valley.[84]
  • 27 April 2012 – Shining Path militants killed 3 soldiers and wounded 2 others in the aftermath of an ambush.[85]
  • 9 May 2012 – A Peruvian Police Mil Mi-17 helicopter crashed after a Shining Path sniper killed a police helicopter pilot during a hostage rescue operation in the Peruvian Amazon, 4 soldiers were also wounded in the crash. The operation started when Shining Path took up to 40 hostages, demanding a $10 million ransom, 1500 soldiers were deployed into the abduction area in order to participate in the operation[86]
  • May 2012 – It was reported that since 2008, 71 security forces personnel had been killed and 59 wounded by Shining Path ambushes in the VRAE region.[87]
  • 11 August 2013 – The Peruvian army killed three Shining Path rebels, including senior commander Comrade Alipio.[88]
  • 8 November 2013 – Peruvian Army General Cesar Diaz was removed from the position of Chief of the Joint Command of Special Operations and the Intelligence Command in the VRAEM. The decision came in the aftermath of the 16 October 2003, aerial bombing of Mazangaro which killed one civilian and injured 4 others.[89]
  • February 2014 – The Shining Path were reported to have attacked a Transportadora de Gas del Peru natural gas work camp in Peru's Cusco region.[90]
  • 10 April 2014 – Peruvian authorities arrested 24 people on charges of Shining Path affiliation.[91]
  • 18 June 2014 – Security forces killed 3 and injured 1 Shining Path insurgents during an apartment raid in the Echarate region.[citation needed]
  • 5 October 2014 – 2 policemen were killed and at least 5 injured when they were attacked by Shining Path militants in the VRAEM region.[92]
  • 14 October 2014 – One soldier was killed and 4 injured in the aftermath of an ambush conducted between Chalhuamayo and the town of San Francisco, VRAEM. A civilian was also injured in the attack.[92]
  • 17 December 2014 – The garrison of the Llochegua army base, in Huanta province, successfully repelled a Shining Path attack, one soldier was wounded following the skirmish.[93]
  • 9 April 2016 – Two soldiers and one civilian were killed, and 6 other soldiers were injured when militants believed to be part of the Shining Path group, hidden in the jungles of the Junin Region attacked a truck carrying soldiers to protect voting stations in Lima, as Presidential Elections were to be held the following day.
  • 2 August 2016 – The Joint Command of the Armed Forces reported that yesterday at 11 pm suspected militants attacked a military base in the Mazamari district, in the Valley of the Apurimac River, Ene, and Mantaro (abbreviated commonly VRAEM), leaving the balance of a wounded soldier.[94]
  • 27 September 2016 – At least three people, one soldier, and two civilians were injured in a shooting, there is a detainee in Huancavelica.[95]
  • 13 December 2016 – A policeman died during an operation in the town of Apachita in VRAEM region.[96]
  • 14 December 2016 – Two policemen (another was seriously injured) and four individuals died after a clash in the VRAEM region, known for hosting remnants of Shining Path and the high traffic of drugs.[97]
  • 12 March 2017 – Militants of Shining Path attacked a helicopter of the armed forces of Peru, the latter responded to the attack leaving as balance several wounded attackers.[98]
  • 18 March 2017 – Three policemen were killed and another injured during an ambush in Ayacucho region.[99]
  • 31 May 2017 – According to Channel N, it would be an attack in which two members of the National Police of Peru were shot dead in the VRAEM region.[100]
  • 21 July 2017 – Llochegua Clashes: An armed confrontation and attempted rescue rescued 10 policemen and a prosecutor injured in Llochegua, in the department of Ayacucho. A leader of a local armed group was arrested in the operation[101]
  • 1 August 2017 – One soldier died and seven other rebels were wounded in an ambush in a clash between the army and remnants of Shining Path.[102] In other incident in the same district at least one soldier was killed and other three were wounded.[103]
  • 6 September 2017 – At least three police were shot dead by suspected militants at approximately 6 p.m. in the province of Churcampa, Huancavelica region.[104][105]
  • 22 September 2017 – A military patrol and a group of Shining Path remnants clashed in a sector of the VRAEM in Ayacucho without causing injuries, reported the Joint Command of the Armed Forces.[106] A policeman was killed and four injured. A guide was also injured and one went missing near the 116th kilometer of the Inter-Oceanic road, 15 minutes by motorcycle, in the section of Puerto Maldonado – Mazuko, Madre de Dios.[107]
  • 7 June 2018 – Four policemen were killed in an ambush by fighters in the Anco district of Churcampa province in the Huancavelica region of Peru.[108]
  • 9 June 2018 – Víctor Quispe Palomino, nom de guerre "Comrade José", releases a statement declaring himself the leader of Shining Path. He announces the restructuring of the group as the Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP), as well as its intention to carry out more attacks.[109]
  • 11 June 2018 – A group of fighters attacked a military base in the town of Mazángaro in the province of Satipo in Peru. Six soldiers were injured in the shooting.[110]
  • 21 December 2020 – One Navy servicemen is killed and 3 others are wounded by Shining Path fire while they were patrolling on 3 River Hovercraft at the River Ene in Junín.[111]
  • 23 May 2021 – San Miguel del Ene attack: remnants of the Shining Path massacre civilians in San Miguel del Ene locality in Vizcatán del Ene district in VRAEM region. Various sources claim that the death toll of the attack is between 16 and 18 residents.[112]
  • 11 February 2023 – Seven police officers are killed, and another is injured when their vehicle is ambushed in VRAEM region, in a suspected attack by remnants of Shining Path.[113]
  • 13 March 2023 – One soldier is killed in a clash with remnants of the Shining Path in an area known as Quebrada Eloy, in the district of Vizcatán del Ene, Junin region.[114]
  • 4 September 2023 – At least six people are killed, including 4 soldiers and 2 militants, in a clash between Peruvian Armed Forces and Shining Path remnants in the VRAEM region.[115]
  • 25 September 2023 – Terrorists execute a nurse who they accused of spying for Peruvian Armed Forces. The nurse was kidnapped some time before in San Juan Mantaro sector, Vizcatán del Ene district.[116]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Until 2018, the MPCP was unofficially referred to as the Remanentes de Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path remnants) or the Sendero Luminoso en el VRAEM (Shining Path in the VRAEM); the Peruvian government continues to refer to the MPCP as the direct successor to the Shining Path.[11]
  2. ^ After Chairman Gonzalo's capture in 1992, Comrade Feliciano assumed command of Shining Path until his capture in 14 July 1999, then Shining Path dissolved and retreated to VRAEM Valley.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Perú y Colombia amplían cooperación en lucha contra terrorismo y narcotráfico". El Espectador. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  2. ^ "Peru orders weapons from North Korea". UPI. 23 March 1988. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  3. ^ Ellis, Evan (20 July 2022). "Russia in the Western Hemisphere: Assessing Putin's Malign Influence in Latin America and the Caribbean". CSIS. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  4. ^ "Mirada al pasado: Perú y España, lazos contra el terrorismo". Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  5. ^ a b "US designates Peru's Shining Path 'drug traffickers'". BBC News. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  6. ^ "Autoridades de Perú capturan a 71 supuestos integrantes de Sendero Luminoso". CNN (in Spanish). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  7. ^ "Why are Hezbollah militias involved in Peru's violence?". Al Arabiya English. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  8. ^ Rempel, William; Frantz, Douglas (30 September 1991). "BCCI's Arms Transactions for Arab Terrorist Revealed". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  9. ^ Maske, Mahesh. "Maovichar", in Studies in Nepali History and Society, Vol. 7, No. 2 (December 2002), p. 275.
  10. ^ Tisdall, Simon (23 August 2011). "Gaddafi: a vicious, sinister despot driven out on tidal wave of hatred". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  11. ^ "Sendero Luminoso sufre deserciones por estrategia militar y policial en el Vraem". gob.pe. Gobierno del Perú. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  12. ^ "La peligrosa red de Sendero Luminoso en Perú y el exterior". La Razón (in Spanish). 20 April 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  13. ^ "Durmiendo con el enemigo | EL MONTONERO". EL MONTONERO | Primer Portal de opinión del país (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  14. ^ ""PERÚ EN LA MIRA DE HEZBOLÁ"". El primer periódico digital del Perú (in Spanish). 18 June 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  15. ^ "MRTA reivindica 13 atentados contra bancos y comisarías". LUM. 12 October 1986. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  16. ^ "Ex guerrilleros del FMLN vinculados al MRTA". LUM (in Spanish). 17 January 1997. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  17. ^ "Movimientos terroristas: Sendero Luminoso y MRTA" (PDF). Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  18. ^ a b c d "Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement: Growing threat to US interests in Peru" (PDF). CIA.gov. 28 March 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  19. ^ "Shining Path Rebel Leader Is Captured in Peru". The Washington Post. 15 July 1999. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  20. ^ a b Rochlin, James F. Vanguard Revolutionaries in Latin America: Peru, Colombia, Mexico. pp. 71–72. Lynne Rienner Publishers: Boulder and London, 2003. (ISBN 1-58826-106-9).
  21. ^ "Americas | Profile: Peru's Shining Path". BBC News. 5 November 2004. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  22. ^ Perú denunciará a Sendero Luminoso ante la ONU y la OEA por utilizar niños Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. 30 May 2009. La República. Accessed 13 October 2009.
  23. ^ "Hot Issue — On The Rebound: Shining Path Factions Vie for Control of Upper Huallaga Valley". The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  24. ^ "Final Report". Press Release. Truth and reconciliation commission.
  25. ^ "Gráfico: ¿qué fue la CVR y qué dijo su informe final?". RPP. 26 August 2016.
  26. ^ a b Rendon, Silvio (1 January 2019). "Capturing correctly: A reanalysis of the indirect capture–recapture methods in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission". Research & Politics. 6 (1): 2053168018820375. doi:10.1177/2053168018820375. ISSN 2053-1680.
  27. ^ a b Fabre, Cécile (27 September 2012), "Civil wars", Cosmopolitan War, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 130–165, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567164.003.0005, retrieved 18 September 2024
  28. ^ Starn, Orin (30 April 2019). The Shining Path: Love, Madness, and Revolution in the Andes 1st Edition. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393292817.
  29. ^ a b "CVR. Tomo VIII. Chapter 2. "El impacto diferenciado de la violencia" "2.1 VIOLENCIA Y DESIGUALDAD RACIAL Y ÉTNICA"" (PDF). pp. 131–132. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  30. ^ a b Human Rights Watch. 28 August 2003. "Peru – Prosecutions Should Follow Truth Commission Report" Archived 29 June 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
  31. ^ a b c d e Mauceri, Philip (Winter 1995). "State reform, coalitions, and the neoliberal 'autogolpe' in Peru". Latin American Research Review. 30 (1): 7–37. doi:10.1017/S0023879100017155. S2CID 252749746.
  32. ^ a b Manrique-Vallier, Daniel; Ball, Patrick (January 2019). "Reality and risk: A refutation of S. Rendón's analysis of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission's conflict mortality study". Research & Politics. 6 (1): 205316801983562. doi:10.1177/2053168019835628. ISSN 2053-1680.
  33. ^ a b Werlich, David P. (January 1987). "Debt, Democracy and Terrorism in Peru". Current History. 86 (516): 29–32, 36–37. doi:10.1525/curh.1987.86.516.29. S2CID 249689936.
  34. ^ a b Pichari (28 September 2021). "Peru's Ashaninka indigenous people remember the cruelty of war in the Amazon". France 24. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  35. ^ "Las guerrillas del MIR". lineadetiempo.iep.org.pe. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  36. ^ Kruijt, Dirk (2014). "Review of Lucha revolucionaria. Perú, 1958–1967". Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe / European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. JSTOR 23972458. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  37. ^ Brands, Hal (14 September 2010). "The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 21 (3): 471–490. doi:10.1080/09592296.2010.508418. ISSN 0959-2296. S2CID 154119414.
  38. ^ Hofmann, Paul (30 August 1975). "President of Peru Ousted In Coup Led by the Military". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  39. ^ "Francisco Morales-Bermúdez Cerruti Facts". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  40. ^ Onis, Juan de (29 July 1977). "Peru's Military Regime Pledges Civilian Rule in 1980". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  41. ^ a b "13. Peru (1912–present)". uca.edu. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  42. ^ "Shining Path | Peruvian revolutionary organization". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  43. ^ Streissguth, Thomas (5 November 2009). "Abimael Guzman and the Shining Path" (PDF). Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  44. ^ Luis Rossell, Rupay: historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008
  45. ^ The Shining Path: A History of the Millenarian War in Peru. p. 17. Gorriti, Gustavo trans. Robin Kirk, The University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill and London, 1999 (ISBN 0-8078-4676-7).
  46. ^ "Relato visual del conflicto armado interno en el Perú, 1980–2000". Yuyanapaq. Para recordar. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  47. ^ Jonathan R. White. Terrorism and Homeland Security, p240.
  48. ^ Género y conflicto armado en el Perú, Sous la direction d'Anouk Guiné et de Maritza Felices-Luna
  49. ^ La Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. Final Report. "General Conclusions." Available online. Accessed 3 February 2007.
  50. ^ a b c Werlich, David P. (January 1987). "Debt, Democracy and Terrorism in Peru". Current History. 86 (516): 29–32, 36–37. doi:10.1525/curh.1987.86.516.29. S2CID 249689936.
  51. ^ BBC News. "Peruvians seek relatives in mass grave." 12 June 2008. Available online. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
  52. ^ Palmer, David Scott (2007). The revolutionary terrorism of Peru's Shining Path. In Martha Crenshaw, Ed. Terrorism in Context. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
  53. ^ a b La Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. "La Masacre de Lucanamarca (1983)." 28 August 2003. Available online in Spanish Accessed 1 February 2006.
  54. ^ Amnesty International. "Peru: Human rights in a time of impunity." February 2006. Available online Archived 21 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
  55. ^ La Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. "Ataque del PCP-SL a la Localidad de Marcas (1985)." Available online in Spanish Accessed 1 February 2006.
  56. ^ La Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. "Press Release 170." Available online Accessed 1 February 2006.
  57. ^ Mauceri, Philip (Winter 1995). "State reform, coalitions, and the neoliberal 'autogolpe' in Peru". Latin American Research Review. 30 (1): 7–37. doi:10.1017/S0023879100017155. S2CID 252749746.
  58. ^ "Government Declares State of Emergency with Curfew in Lima". AP News. 7 February 1986. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  59. ^ "Peru court sentences coup backers". BBC. 27 November 2007.
  60. ^ "Peru: 27 years since the self-coup of 1992". Andina Press. 4 June 2019.
  61. ^ Rochlin, James F. Vanguard Revolutionaries in Latin America: Peru, Colombia, Mexico. p. 71. Lynne Rienner Publishers: Boulder and London, 2003. (ISBN 1-58826-106-9).
  62. ^ a b "United States Department of State" (PDF).
  63. ^ "INVESTIGACIÓN | Sendero atacó helicóptero en el que viajaba general EP". agenciaperu.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  64. ^ Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). Financial Times World Desk Reference. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 462–465. ISBN 9780789488053.
  65. ^ a b Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. Annex 2 Page 17. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  66. ^ Agencia Perú – Reactions to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Archived 24 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  67. ^ "Frecuencia Latina – Xavier Barrón". Frecuencialatina.com.pe. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  68. ^ "BBC Mundo – Fujimori: "Sería ingenuo participar en este circo que la Comisión de la Verdad está montando"". News.bbc.co.uk. 10 September 2002. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  69. ^ Agencia Perú – Alan García: "Cifras obedecen a un juego de probabilidades" Archived 10 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  70. ^ Agencia Perú – Former President Valentín Paniagua: Shining Path and Political Parties are not the same Archived 24 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  71. ^ Agencia Perú – Cipriani: "No acepto informe de la CVR por no ser la verdad" Archived 10 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  72. ^ Agencia Perú – Macher: Shining Path is a political party Archived 24 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  73. ^ Rendon, Silvio (1 April 2019). "A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball". Research & Politics. 6 (2): 2053168019840972. doi:10.1177/2053168019840972. ISSN 2053-1680.
  74. ^ Copesa. "La Cuarta: 7 muertos por coche-bomba en Lima [21/03/2002]". Lacuarta.cl. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  75. ^ The New York Times. "Pipeline Workers Kidnapped." 10 June 2003. nytimes.com. Retrieved 18 September 2006.
  76. ^ "Gas Workers Kidnapped, Freed". Archived from the original on 15 May 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
  77. ^ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 October 2006. Shining Path militant leaders given life sentences in Peru. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
  78. ^ a b "Shining Path Rebels and the War on Drugs". 27 November 2007. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  79. ^ "Blast kills six in southern Peru". BBC News. 20 May 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  80. ^ "The Rise and Fall of Shining Path". 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  81. ^ "BBC NEWS – Americas – Peru rebels launch deadly ambush". News.bbc.co.uk. 10 October 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  82. ^ "Peru says 14 killed in Shining Path attack". Archived from the original on 15 October 2008.
  83. ^ BBC Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  84. ^ "BBC News – Peru Shining Path leader Comrade Artemio captured". BBC News. Bbc.co.uk. 13 February 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  85. ^ "Peru rebels kill 3 security forces, injure 2 on army search". Reuters. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  86. ^ "Día negro para las fuerzas armadas y policiales en Satipo" (in Spanish). 9 May 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  87. ^ "Sendero mató a 71 militares y policías en el VRAE desde 2008, informan". Rpp.com. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  88. ^ "Peru captures Sendero Luminoso's No. 2 man: 'Comrade Alipio'". UPI. 12 August 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  89. ^ "Peru Removes Top Commander from VRAEM Region". 8 November 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  90. ^ "Peruvian Times – News from Peru – Shining Path Attacks Natural Gas Pipeline Camp". Peruviantimes.com. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  91. ^ "Peru Shining Path arrests: 24 seized". BBC. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  92. ^ a b "One Soldier Killed, Four Injured in Attack on Military in VRAEM". Peruvian Times. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  93. ^ "Peruvian Army Cracks Down on Shining Path in the VRAEM". 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  94. ^ "Vraem: soldado resultó herido en ataque a base militar". El Comercio. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  95. ^ Redacción (27 September 2016). "Tres heridos dejó operativo militar en el Vraem". Rpp.pe. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  96. ^ "Vraem: Policía murió durante operativo antidrogas".
  97. ^ "Vraem: Cuatro narcos murieron tras enfrentamiento con Policía". El Comercio. 15 December 2016.
  98. ^ "Helicóptero de las FFAA fue atacado por Sendero". 18 March 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  99. ^ "Tres policías peruanos mueren en una emboscada de narcoterroristas". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). 19 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  100. ^ "Dos policías mueren tras emboscada narcoterrorista en el Vraem [VIDEO]". 31 May 2017.
  101. ^ "Vraem: Ataque narcoterrorista contra patrulla de policías | Actualidad". ATV.pe. 21 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  102. ^ "Una emboscada terrorista en el Vraem deja un efectivo fallecido". 1 August 2017.
  103. ^ "Nuevo enfrentamiento en el Vraem dejó un muerto y tres heridos". 1 August 2017.
  104. ^ Elcomercio.pe, Redacción (7 September 2017). "Huancavelica: al menos tres policías murieron baleados en emboscada terrorista". El Comercio (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  105. ^ "Vraem: Atentado narcoterrorista deja al menos tres policías muertos (FOTOS)". Diario Correo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  106. ^ "Reportan enfrentamiento entre militares y senderistas en el Vraem". ATV (in Spanish). 21 July 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  107. ^ "Madre de Dios: un policía muerto dejó emboscada en carretera Interoceánica". El Comercio (in Spanish). 23 September 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  108. ^ "Terroristas asesinan a cuatro policías en Huancavelica". El Comercio (in Spanish). 8 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  109. ^ "Terrorista "José" amenaza con más ataques a las fuerzas del orden". La República. 2 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  110. ^ "Vraem: terroristas atacan base militar de Mazángaro". El Comercio (in Spanish). 11 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  111. ^ "Perú: emboscada a militares deja un muerto y tres heridos en VRAEM". Deutsche Welle (in Spanish). 21 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  112. ^ "Afirman que Sendero Luminoso asesinó a 14 personas en Perú". 25 May 2021.
  113. ^ "Mueren siete policías en una emboscada en una zona cocalera de Perú". infobae (in European Spanish). 11 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  114. ^ "Un soldado murió en un enfrentamiento con remanentes senderistas en el VRAEM". 14 March 2023.
  115. ^ "Six killed in Peru in clash between military and Shining Path rebel group". Aljazeera. 4 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  116. ^ "Junín: Confirman muerte de enfermero secuestrado en el VRAEM". El Comercio (in Spanish). 25 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terrorism in Peru.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980–2000&oldid=1258352388"