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Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State

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Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State
Part of Syrian civil war War in Iraq (2013–2017) Sinai insurgency Terrorism in Egypt
Location Iraq
 Egypt
 Syria
 Libya
 Nigeria
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Mozambique
DateOngoing
TargetChristians (mostly Assyrians, Arab Christians, Armenians, Copts, Citadel Christians, and other groups)
Attack type
Genocidal massacre, religious persecution, ethnic cleansing, human trafficking and forced conversions to Sunni Islam.
Perpetrators Islamic State
DefendersChristian militias in Iraq and Syria
 Iraqi Armed Forces
 Peshmerga
 CJTF–OIR
 Syrian Armed Forces
 Egyptian Armed Forces
 Libyan National Army

The persecution of Christians by the Islamic State involves the systematic mass murder[1][2][3] of Christian minorities, within the regions of Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Libya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique and Nigeria controlled by the Islamic extremist group Islamic State. Persecution of Christian minorities climaxed following the Syrian civil war and later by its spillover but has since intensified further.[4][5][6] Christians have been subjected to massacres, forced conversions, rape, sexual slavery, and the systematic destruction of their historical sites, churches and other places of worship.

According to US diplomat Alberto M. Fernandez, "While the majority of the victims of the conflict which is raging in Syria and Iraq have been Muslims, Christians have borne a heavy burden given their small numbers."[7]

The depopulation of Christians from the Middle East by the Islamic State as well as other organisations and governments has been formally recognised as an ongoing genocide by the United States, European Union, and United Kingdom. Christians remain the most persecuted religious group in the Middle East, and Christians in Iraq are “close to extinction”.[8][9][10] According to estimates by the US State Department, the number of Christians in Iraq has fallen from 1.2 million 2011 to 120,000 in 2024, and the number in Syria from 1.5 million to 300,000, falls driven by persecution by Islamic terrorists.[6]

Timeline

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The mass flight and expulsion of ethnic Assyrians from Iraq and Syria is a process which was initiated during the start of the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the US and the Multi-National Force and later it was initiated during the start of the Syrian civil war and the spillover. Leaders of Iraq's Assyrian community estimate that over two-thirds of the Iraqi Assyrian population may have fled the country or been internally displaced during the U.S.-led invasion which lasted from 2003 until 2011. Reports suggest that whole neighborhoods of Assyrians have cleared out in the cities of Baghdad and Basra, and that Sunni insurgent groups and militias have threatened Assyrian Christians.[11] Following the campaign of the Islamic State in northern Iraq in August 2014, one quarter of the remaining Assyrians fled the jihadists, finding refuge in neighboring countries.[12]

Northern Iraq (2014)

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Main articles: Fall of Mosul, Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014), and Assyrians in Iraq

After the fall of Mosul, ISIL demanded that Assyrian Christians living in the city convert to Islam, pay jizyah, or face execution, by July 19, 2014.[13][14][15][16] ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi further noted that Christians who do not agree to follow those terms must "leave the borders of the Islamic Caliphate" within a specified deadline.[16] This resulted in a complete Assyrian Christian exodus from Mosul, marking the end of 1,800 years of continuous Christian presence.[17] A church mass was not held in Mosul for the first time in nearly 2 millennia.[18]

In October 2014, a release put out by the Assyrian International News Agency stated that 200,000 Assyrians had been driven from their homes by the violence and become displaced.[19]

ISIL has already set similar rules for Christians living in other cities and towns, including its de facto capital Raqqa.[20][21]

ISIL had also been seen marking Christian homes with the letter nūn for Nassarah ("Cultural Christian").[22][23] Several religious buildings were seized and subsequently demolished, most notably Mar Behnam Monastery.[24]

By August 7, ISIL captured the primarily Assyrian towns of Qaraqosh, Tel Keppe, Bartella, and Karamlish, prompting the residents to flee.[25] More than 100,000 Iraqi Christians were forced to flee their homes and leave all their property behind after ISIL invaded Qaraqosh and surrounding towns in the Nineveh Plains Province of Iraq.[26]

Libya (2015)

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Main articles: 2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya and Copts in Libya

On February 12, 2015, the ISIL released a report in their online magazine Dabiq showing photos of 21 Egyptian Copts migrant workers that they had kidnapped in the city of Sirte, Libya, and whom they threatened to kill to "avenge the [alleged] kidnapping of Muslim women by the Egyptian Coptic Church".[27] The men, who came from different villages in Egypt, 13 of them from Al-Our, Minya Governorate,[28] were kidnapped in Sirte in two separate attacks on December 27, 2014, and in January 2015.[29]

Syria (2015)

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Main article: Assyrians in Syria

On 23 February 2015, in response to a major Kurdish offensive in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, ISIL abducted 150 Assyrians from villages near Tell Tamer in northeastern Syria, after launching a large offensive in the region.[30][31]

According to US diplomat Alberto M. Fernandez, of the 232 of the Assyrians kidnapped in the ISIL attack on the Assyrian Christian farming villages on the banks of the Khabur River in Northeast Syria, 51 were children and 84 were women. "Most of them remain in captivity, with one account claiming that ISIS is demanding $22 million (or roughly $100,000 per person) for their release."[7]

On 8 October 2015, ISIL released a video showing three of the Assyrian men kidnapped in Khabur being murdered. It was reported that 202 of the 253 kidnapped Assyrians were still in captivity, each one with a demanded ransom of $100,000.[32]

Egypt (2018)

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Main articles: Terrorism in Egypt and Sinai insurgency

On 2 November 2018, Islamic State gunmen killed at least seven Coptic Christian pilgrims in Egypt on Friday and wounded at least 16 in an attack.[33] In April 2021, Islamic State gunmen executed a Christian businessman who was kidnapped in Egypt's Sinai.[34]

Reactions

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Demonstration in Sydney urging Australia to help save Iraqi Christians

On 2 and 3 August 2014, thousands of Assyrians of the diaspora protested the persecution of their fellow Assyrians within Iraq and Syria, demanding a United Nations-led creation of a safe haven for minorities in the Nineveh Plains.[35][36]

In October 2014, Kurdish-Danish human rights activist Widad Akrawi dedicated her 2014 International Pfeffer Peace Award "to all victims of persecution, particularly the Yazidis, the Christians, and all residents of the Kobanê region."[37]

The same month, David Greene, a radio journalist at NPR, stated that around 1,000 Christians had been killed "in areas where Islamic State fighters are targeting religious minorities", without specifying a source.[38]

Recognition as genocide

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Chaldean Catholic priest Douglas Al-Bazi, who was tortured by the Islamic State, has urged the US to recognise the killings as genocide.[39]

On February 3, 2016, European Parliament unanimously voted to recognize the persecution of religious minorities, including Christians, by the Islamic State as genocide.[40][41][42] Lars Adaktusson, a Swedish member of the European Parliament, said of the vote: "It gives the victims of the atrocities a chance to get their human dignity restored. It's also a historical confirmation that the European Parliament recognized what is going on and that they are suffering from the most despicable crime in the world, namely genocide."[43]

The United States House of Representatives followed suit on March 15, 2016, declaring that these atrocities against minorities were genocide.[44] Already in December 2015, at a town hall event, the 67th United States Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, called the systematic persecution a genocide.[45]

On April 20, 2016, the British Parliament unanimously voted to denounce the actions against minorities as genocide.[46]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Rodriguez, Meredith (August 8, 2014). "Chicago-area Assyrians march against ISIL, others protest airstrikes". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  2. ^ Bowcott, Owen; Jones, Sam (August 8, 2014). "Isis persecution of Iraqi Christians has become genocide, says religious leaders". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  3. ^ McQuade, Romsin (July 30, 2014). "Iraq's persecuted Assyrian Christians are in limbo". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  4. ^ "Syria: Opposition Abuses During Ground Offensive". Human Rights Watch. 2013-11-19. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  5. ^ Levs, Josh (August 7, 2014). "Will anyone stop ISIS?". CNN. Archived from the original on August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  6. ^ a b Kino, Nuri (2024-01-30). "Don't Forget About the Persecuted Christians of Iraq and Syria". Newsweek. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  7. ^ a b Fernandez, Alberto M. (June 16, 2015). "The "Sayfo" Continues Responding to Global Christian Persecution". Berkeley Center Cornerstone. Georgetown University Religious Freedom Project. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  8. ^ "Christian persecution 'at near genocide levels'". BBC News. 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  9. ^ "Worsening Conditions for Christians in the Middle East". International Christian Concern. 2022-11-30. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  10. ^ "Iraq's Christians 'close to extinction'". BBC News. 2019-05-23. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  11. ^ "Population 'under attack'". Radio Free Europe. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  12. ^ "BBC News - Iraq Christians flee as Islamic State takes Qaraqosh". BBC News. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  13. ^ "BBC News - Iraqi Christians flee after Isis issue Mosul ultimatum". BBC News. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  14. ^ van Tets, Fernande (7 August 2014). "Isis takes Iraq's largest Christian town as residents told – 'leave, convert or die'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  15. ^ Jadallah, Ahmed (18 July 2014). "Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  16. ^ a b "Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians". Reuters. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2017. It said that Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, whom the group has now named Caliph Ibrahim, had set a Saturday deadline for Christians who did not want to stay and live under those terms to "leave the borders of the Islamic Caliphate". "After this date, there is nothing between us and them but the sword," it said.
  17. ^ "For the first time in 1,800 years, no Masses said in Mosul". Catholicworldreport.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  18. ^ "Iraqi Christian church burnings confirmed by EU delegation". Iraq news, the latest Iraq news. 16 June 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  19. ^ "Increasing Calls for Military Intervention to Save Assyrians and Yazidis". Aina.org. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  20. ^ Abedine, Saad; Mullen, Jethro (28 February 2014). "Islamists in Syrian city offer Christians safety – at a heavy price". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  21. ^ Hubbard, Ben (23 July 2014). "Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  22. ^ "Iraqi Christians flee after Isis issue Mosul ultimatum". BBC News. August 7, 2014. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  23. ^ Loveluck, Louisa (August 7, 2014). "Christians flee Iraq's Mosul after Islamists tell them: convert, pay or die". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  24. ^ "Isis militants 'seize Iraq monastery and expel monks'". BBC News. August 7, 2014. Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  25. ^ "UN Security Council condemns attacks by Iraqi jihadists". BBC News. August 7, 2014. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  26. ^ "BBC News - Iraq Christians flee as Islamic State takes Qaraqosh". BBC News. 7 August 2014. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  27. ^ El-Gundy, Zeinab (12 February 2015). "Islamic State publishes report on Coptic Egyptian workers kidnapped in Libya". Al-Ahram. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  28. ^ "Thousands mourn Egyptian victims of Islamic State in disbelief". Reuters. 16 Feb 2015. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 26 Feb 2015.
  29. ^ "ISIL video shows Christian Egyptians beheaded in Libya". Al Jazeera. 16 Feb 2015. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 16 Feb 2015.
  30. ^ Al-Khalidi, Suleiman; Holmes, Oliver (23 February 2015). Heneghan, Tom (ed.). "Islamic State in Syria abducts at least 150 Christians". Reuters. Retrieved 23 February 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  31. ^ "Islamic State 'abducts dozens of Christians in Syria'". BBC. 23 February 2015. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  32. ^ "Isis appears to have killed three Christian hostages in Syria". The Guardian. 8 October 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  33. ^ Walsh, Declan; Ezz, Mohamed (2018-11-02). "ISIS Says It Was Behind Deadly Attack on Christians in Egypt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-05-28. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  34. ^ Casper, Jayson (19 April 2021). "ISIS Executes Christian Businessman Kidnapped in Egypt's Sinai". Christianity Today. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  35. ^ "Thousands rally against 'silent genocide'". 2 August 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  36. ^ "Assyrians Demonstrate Worldwide Against ISIS Persecution". Aina.org. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  37. ^ Kelly, Linda (22 October 2014). "Dr. Widad Akrawi Receives the Pfeffer Peace Award". Fellowship of Reconciliation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  38. ^ "As Christians Flee, Governments Pressured to Declare ISIS Guilty Of Genocide". NPR. 24 December 2015. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018. At least a thousand Christians have been killed. Hundreds of thousands have fled.
  39. ^ Simov, Stoyan (15 March 2016). "Iraqi Priest Who Terrorists Smashed Face With Hammer: US Must Recognize Christian Genocide". Christian Post. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  40. ^ Moore, Jack (February 4, 2016). "European Parliament Recognizes ISIS Killing of Religious Minorities as Genocide". Newsweek. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  41. ^ JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION Archived 2017-10-12 at the Wayback Machine, European Parliament
  42. ^ MEP's call for urgent action to protect religious minorities against ISIS Archived 2017-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, European Parliament
  43. ^ Kaplan, Michael (February 4, 2016). "ISIS Genocide Against Christians, Yazidis? European Parliament Recognizes Islamic State Targeting Religious Minorities". International Business Times. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016. The European Parliament characterized the persecution as "genocide" Thursday.
  44. ^ Bruton, F. Brinley (March 17, 2016). "Kerry: ISIS Is Committing Genocide Against Yazidis, Christians and Shiite Muslims". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
  45. ^ Thomas, George (2 February 2016). "'It's Genocide,' Europe Says of Christian Slaughter by ISIS". Christian Broadcasting Network. "I'm sure now we have enough evidence that what is happening is genocide, deliberately aimed at destroying, not only the lives but wiping out the existence of Christians, Yazidis, and other religious minorities in the Middle East in territory controlled by ISIS," she said.
  46. ^ "Isis is committing genocide against Yazidis and Christians, British MP's unanimously declare". Independent.co.uk. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
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