Pelmatozoa
Pelmatozoa was once a clade of Phylum Echinodermata. It included stalked and sedentary echinoderms. The main class of Pelmatozoa were the Crinoidea which includes sea lily and feather star.
Pelmetazoa is no longer a classification of Echinodermata.[1]
| Pelmetazoa Temporal range: Middle Cambrian – Recent
| |
|---|---|
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Clade: | Ambulacraria |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Groups included | |
Pelmatozoa s.l. (sensu lato) or Crinozoa s.l., were in some systems a large taxon, sometimes considered a subphylum of echinoderms.
The majority of Pelmatozoa s.l. consisted of the extinct taxon Blastozoa.
Pelmatozoa s.s. (sensu stricto) sometimes only include Crinoidea.
Characteristics
[edit]The body of these ancient Echinodermates is anchored to the bottom through a stem analogous to the epistome of Phoronidea. They're sessile, only rarely capable of movement. Fossils date back at least to Cambrium so they've been on Earth for over 500 million years.
In the past, they were a numerous group of marine fauna and many groups belong to lead fossils, however today only one smaller class remains extant.
System (Phylogeny)
[edit]Pelmatozoa s.l. = Crinozoa s.l.:
- incertae sedis:
- class †Parablastoidea - single order †Parablastida - sole family †Astroblastocystidae[2] (older name: Blastocystidae)
- [order] †Echmatocrinida - single genus †Echmatocrinus - sometimes classified as a basal pelmatozoan within or next to Crinoidea, or into holotúrií or outside the Echinoderms into the Octocoralia[3]
- subphylum †Blastozoa
- class †Lepidocystoidea/order †Imbricata - traditionally within the Eocrinoidea
- class †Eocrinoidea
- order †Gogiida
- order †Trachelocrinida
- order †Simonkovicrinida - single genus †Simonkovicrinus
- order †Ascocystitida
- class †Paracrinoidea - traditionally within the Crinozoa (or less commonly within the Blastozoa as a sister group to Blastoidea); modernly perhaps related to Glyptosphaeritida
- family †Springerocystidae
- family †Heckeritidae
- order †Comarocystitida
- order †Platycystitida
- †Cystoidea[4] (Cystoidea/Hydrophoridea) - today considered a paraphyletic taxon; rarely also Cystoidea s.l. also consists of Eocrinoidea (including Lepidocystoidea) and in the widest sense the entirety of Blastozoa
- family [order] †Diploporita/Diploporida
- order †Asteroblastida - presently belongs more likely next to Crinoidea
- order †Glyptosphaeritida/Protocrinitida
- order †Sphaeronitida s.l.
- †Sphaeronitida s.s.
- †Aristocystitida
- family †Cambrocrinidae s.l. - alternatively considered within the Glyptocystitida
- family †Cambrocrinidae s.s. - formerly within the Ascocystitida
- family †Ridersiidae
- genus †Sanducystis
- family [order] †Rhombifera/Dichoporita s.l.
- †Dichoporita s.s.
- order †Glyptocystitida/Glyptocystitoida - including the taxon †Pleurocystitida (which includes a former order †Hillocystida) and family †Macrocystellidae (formerly put within the Ascocystitida or as a sister taxon to Glyptocystitida)
- order †Hemicosmitida
- †Fistuliporita (or Fistuliporida) s.l.
- order †Polycosmitida
- order †Caryocystitida/Fistuliporita (or Fistuliporida) s.s.
- †Dichoporita s.s.
- family [order] †Diploporita/Diploporida
- [class] †Blastoidea s.l. - evolutionarily belongs into Cystoidea
- class †Coronoidea/order †Coronata - this taxon formerly had an inconclusive position
- family †Lysocystitidae - formerly put within Eocrinoidea
- class †Blastoidea s.s.
- genus †Macurdablastus
- superorder †Spiraculata
- order †Pentremitida
- order †Troosticrinida
- order †Granatocrinida - alternatively placed as a part of the order Troosticrinida
- order †Nucleocrinida
- order †Fissiculata
- subphylum Crinozoa or s.s. Pelmatozoa s.s. today consists of only one class, but traditionally consisted of also another taxon - Paracrinoidea
Formerly even Carpoidea/Homalozoa belonged to Pelmatozoa.
Sources for this chapter: [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]
References
[edit]- ^ Fell, Howard B. "Pelmatozoa". AccessScience, McGraw Hill Education. doi:10.1036/1097-8542.495400. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
Formerly treated as a formal unit of classification with the rank of subphylum, pelmatozoans are now realized to be a heterogeneous assemblage of forms with similar habits but dissimilar ancestry...
- ^ Sałamatin, Rusłan & Kaczmarek, Adam. (2022). Astroblastocystis nom. nov. - a new replacement name for Blastocystis Jaekel, 1918 (Echinodermata, Parablastoidea). Annals of Parasitology. 68. 195-196. 10.17420/ap6801.425.
- ^ Mark A.S. McMenamin (2016). Dynamic Paleontology (Using Quantification and Other Tools to Decipher the History of Life). Springer. p. 10. ISBN 978-3-319-22777-1.
- ^ In: Šaling, S. Veľký slovník cudzích slov. 2000. S. 226
- ^ Topper, Timothy P.; Guo, Junfeng; Clausen, Sébastien; Skovsted, Christian B.; Zhang, Zhifei (2019-03-25). "A stem group echinoderm from the basal Cambrian of China and the origins of Ambulacraria". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1366.
- ^ Zamora, S., Wright, D.F., Mooi, R. et al. Re-evaluating the phylogenetic position of the enigmatic early Cambrian deuterostome Yanjiahella. Nat Commun 11, 1286 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14920-x
- ^ Zamora, S., Sumrall, C. D., Zhu, X.-J., & LeFebvre, B. (2016). A new stemmed echinoderm from the Furongian of China and the origin of Glyptocystitida (Blastozoa, Echinodermata). Geological Magazine, 154(03), 465–475. doi:10.1017/s001675681600011x
- ^ Echinodermata [1]
- ^ Paul, C.R.C. 2021. New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66 (1): 41–62. [2]
- ^ Jennifer E. Bauer, Sarah L. Sheffield, Johnny A. Waters, and Colin D. Sumrall. Echinoderm model systems, homology, and phylogenetic inference: Comment and reply to Paul (2021). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 67 (2), 2022: 465-468 [3]
- ^ Guensburg, T., Sprinkle, J., Mooi, R., Lefebvre, B., David, B., Roux, M., & Derstler, K. (2020). Athenacrinus n. gen. and other early echinoderm taxa inform crinoid origin and arm evolution. Journal of Paleontology, 94(2), 311-333. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.87 (najmä Fig. 13)
- ^ Dzik, J. & Orlowski, S. 1993. The Late Cambrian eocrinoid Cambrocrinus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 38, 1 /2, 2 1-34 [4]
- ^ Aaron W. Hunter, Javier Ortega-Hernández. A primitive starfish ancestor from the Early Ordovician of Morocco reveals the origin of crown group Echinodermata bioRxiv 216101 [5]
- ^ Paturi, Felix R.; Strauch, Friedrich; Herholz, Michael (c. 1996). Kronika Zeme (2 ed.). Bratislava: Fortuna Print. pp. 77, 531. ISBN 80-7153-114-6.
- ^ "GEOL 331/BSCI 333 Principles of Paleontology - Fall Semester 2022-Deuterostomia II: Crown group echinoderms". geol.umd.edu. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ Brands, S.J. (ed.), 2022. Pelmatozoa. In Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon, 4 Aug 2022. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. [6]. Access date: 14 Feb. 2023
- ^ "Les Crinoïdes". fossile.fr. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "Fossiilid.info". fossiilid.info. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "The Paleobiology Database". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ Sepkoski, J. J. A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Families. 2nd edition. 1992. S. 84 a nasl. [7]
- ^ Sepkoski, J. J. Jr.. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560. 2002 [8] 269 a nasl.
- ^ M.Alan Kazlev. "Echinodermata". palaeos.com. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ Sheffield, S. L., & Sumrall, C. D. (2019). The phylogeny of the Diploporita: a polyphyletic assemblage of blastozoan echinoderms. Journal of Paleontology, 1–13. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.2
- ^ SHEFFIELD, S. L. The Homology and Phylogeny of the Diploporita (Blastozoa: Echinodermata). PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2017. [9] (najmä S. 90 a 150)
- ^ Tirjaková, E. et al. Systém eukaryotických jednobunkovcov a živočíchov. Prírodovedecká fakulta UK Bratislava. 2015
- ^ "Variety of Life". taxondiversity.fieldofscience.com. Retrieved 12 February 2023. (vrátane podstránok)
- ^ Benton, Michael J.; Harper, David A. T. (2020). Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record. John Wiley & Sons. p. 447. ISBN 978-1-119-27285-4.
- ^ Nardin, E., Lefebvre, B., Fatka, O., Nohejlová, M., Kašička, L., Šinágl, M., & Szabad, M. (2017). Evolutionary implications of a new transitional blastozoan echinoderm from the middle Cambrian of the Czech Republic. Journal of Paleontology, 91(4), 672-684. [10]
- ^ Florkin, Marcel (2012) [1969]. Chemical Zoology V3 (Echinnodermata, Nematoda, And Acanthocephala). Elsevier. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-323-14311-0.
- ^ Samuel, Ondrej (2000). Geologický slovník - zoopaleontológia. Bratislava: Štátny geologický ústav Dionýza Štúra. pp. 13–14. ISBN 80-88974-24-0.
- ^ Mooi, Rich. (2001). Not all written in stone: Interdisciplinary syntheses in echinoderm paleontology. Canadian Journal of Zoology-revue Canadienne De Zoologie 79. 1209-1231. 10.1139/cjz-79-7-1209. [11]
- ^ Breimer, A., and Ubaghs, G., 1974, A critical comment on the classification of the pelmatozoan echinoderms I. and II: Koninklijke Nederlandes Akademie van Wetenschappen, Proceedings, Ser. B, v. 77, no. 5, str. 398-417. [12] [13]
- ^ Souza-Lima, W. et al. Capítulo23 Eqinodermas. In: Cavalho, Ismar de Souza. Paleontologia. 2010 [14]
- ^ Regnéll, G. Non-Crinoid Pelmatozoa from the Paleozoic of Sweden. 1945 S. 14 [15]
- ^ Gekker, R. F., Orlov, J. A. Osnovy paleontologii....Tom 10. Moskva: Izdateľstvo Akademii nauk SSSR. 1964. S. 23 a nasl.
- ^ Mayr, Ernst (2015). Principles of Systematic Zoology. Scientific Publishers. p. 246. ISBN 978-93-88148-59-7.
- ^ Paskerova, G. G. Echinodermata (kurz) [16] (prístup 14. 2. 2023)
- ^ Echinoderm - Classification. In: "Encyclopædia Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ Blackwelder, R. E. Classification of the Animal kingdom. 1963 S. 60-62 [17]
- ^ Bulletins of American Paleontology. Paleontological Research Institution. 2011. pp. 7, 30. ISBN 978-0-87710-493-3.
- ^ Prothero, Donald R. (2013). Bringing Fossils to Life (An Introduction to Paleobiology). Columbia University Press. pp. 437–438. ISBN 978-0-231-15892-3.
- ^ Lefebre, B. et al. Ordovician echinoderms from the Tabas and Damghan regions, Iran: palaeobiogeographical implications. In: Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr., 2005, t. 176, n o 3, pp. 231-242. S. 236
- ^ Lehmann, Ulrich (2014). Paläontologisches Wörterbuch. Springer-Verlag. p. 271. ISBN 978-3-662-45606-4.
- ^ K.S.W Campbell; M.F. Day (2020) [1987]. Rates of Evolution. Routledge. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-1-00-005387-6.
- ^ T.W. Broadhead, J.A. Waters (eds.) , Echinoderms, notes for a short course. University of Tenn- essee Studies in Geology 3. 1980. S. 126 [18]
- ^ Guensburg, T., Sprinkle, J., Mooi, R., & Lefebvre, B. (2021). Evolutionary significance of the blastozoan Eumorphocystis and its pseudo-arms. Journal of Paleontology, 95(2), 327-343. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.84
- ^ Kammer TW, Sumrall CD, Zamora S, Ausich WI, Deline B. Oral region homologies in paleozoic crinoids and other plesiomorphic pentaradial echinoderms. PLoS One. 2013 Nov 11;8(11):e77989. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077989. PMID: 24244284; PMCID: PMC3823914.
- ^ Makhlouf, Yamouna & B., Lefebvre & Nardin, Elise & Nedjari, A. & Régnault, Serge & Ferhi, Mohamed. (2014). Stratigraphic and Palaeogeographical Distribution of the Ordovician Eocrinoid Ascocystites Barrande 1887 (Echinodermata, Blastozoa). 10.1007/978-3-319-04364-7_199.
- ^ A.W. Hunter; J.J. Álvaro; Lefebvre, B.; Roy, P. Van; Zamora, S. (2022). The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. Geological Society of London. p. 387. ISBN 978-1-78620-407-3.
| Authority control databases: National |
|---|
.svg){kind=small} | This echinoderm-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |