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Pasteuria

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Pasteuria
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacillota
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Bacillales
Family:
Pasteuriaceae
Genus:
Pasteuria

Metchnikoff 1888
Type species
Pasteuria ramosa
Metchnikoff 1888
Species
  • "Ca P. aldrichii"
  • "P. goettingianae"
  • "P. hartismeri"
  • P. nishizawae
  • P. penetrans
  • P. ramosa
  • P. thornei
  • "Ca P. usgae"

Pasteuria is a genus of mycelial and endospore-forming, nonmotile gram-positive bacteria that are obligate parasites of some nematodes and crustaceans.[1] The genus of Pasteuria was previously classified within the family Alicyclobacillaceae,[2] but has since been moved to the family Pasteuriaceae.[3]

Steps of infection

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Animals that are susceptible to Pasteuria become infected when they are exposed to endospores in soil or water. Therefore, Pasteuria are transmitted horizontally between hosts and when an infected host dies, it releases spores to the soil or sediment. The likelihood of infections is related to the endospore density in the environment[4] and can be affected by temperature.[5] However, the ability of an endospore to attach to and infect a host is highly specific and following contact with a compatible host, the Pasteuria endospores are activated, penetrate the host's cuticle, proliferate within the host thereby restricting it from reproducing and ultimately the host dies.[6] In water fleas, the ability of the endospore to successfully attach during the infection process is related to the genotype of the host and the parasite.[7] However, in phytonematodes there was no direct relationship between cuticle heterogeneity as exhibited by endospore attachment and the phylogeny of the nematode.[8] Furthermore, in phytonematodes the cues which initiate germination differ between different endospore isolates. For example, in Pasteuria penetrans that infects root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) endospore germination usually occurs sometime between the nematode entering the root, setting up the feeding site and the first molt as currently there are no reports of second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne spp. containing either developmental stages or endospores of P. penetrans. However, developmental stages and endospores of a field population of Pasteuria have been observed in J2s of Heterodera avenae[9]. An infected root-knot female can contain up to two million endpsores,[4] while an infected J2 of H. avenae will contain less than a thousand endospores[9]. Interestingly, endopores that do not infect water fleas and pass through a resistant host can still remain viable and infectious.[10] This suggests that different species or strains of the bacterium have evolved different life-cycle strategies.

Effects of parasite

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The life-cycles of the bacteria that infect cladoceran parasites and phytonematodes have been shown to be similar in that during infection they both exhibit morphological stages that are in common with the original description by Metchinkoff.[11] Following infection with Pasteuria, the parasite interferes with the reproduction of their female hosts. Hosts can live with the parasite for a prolonged period of time after infection.[12] In Daphnia, P. ramosa induces gigantism.[13] P. penetrans parasitized females of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica, on the other hand, were smaller than healthy individuals,[5] although there is a direct relationship between the numbers of endospores produced by an individual female and its volume.[4]

Potential as biocontrol

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Due to the effect of Pasteuria on reproduction, especially on nematode pests of important crops, there is an interest to develop Pasteuria as a biological control agent.[14] In 2012, Syngenta acquired a company named Pateuria Bioscience to commercialize Pasteuria as a biological control.[15] In 2013, Syngenta launched CLARIVA™ pn, which has the active ingredient of Pasteuria nishizawae to combat the soybean cyst nematode.[16] The effectiveness of Pasteuria as a biocontrol may depend on the biotypes of the nematode host that are present since they can vary in their susceptibility to Pasteuria.[17]

Species of Pasteuria and their hosts

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Currently, four species of Pasteuria and two candidate species are described, all of which are obligate parasites with specific hosts. The described species and their hosts include:

Candidate species and their hosts include:

  • P. aldrichii Giblin-Davis et al. 2011: parasite of bacterivorous nematodes in the genus Bursilla spp.[21]
  • P. usage Giblin-Davis et al. 2003: parasite of the sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus[21]

Additional species of Pasteuria have been named but are yet to be formally described, including:

  • "P. hartismeri" Atibalentja et al. 2002b
  • "P. goettingianae" Bishop et al. 2007.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Stackebrandt, Erko (2014). "The Family Pasteuriaceae". In Rosenberg, Eugene; DeLong, Edward F.; Lory, Stephen; Stackebrandt, Erko; Thompson, Fabiano (eds.). The Prokaryotes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 281–284. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30120-9_347. ISBN 9783642301193.
  2. ^ Preston, J. F.; Dickson, D. W.; Maruniak, J. E.; Nong, G.; Brito, J. A.; Schmidt, L. M.; Giblin-Davis, R. M. (2003). "Pasteuria spp.: Systematics and Phylogeny of These Bacterial Parasites of Phytopathogenic Nematodes". Journal of Nematology. 35 (2): 198–207. ISSN 0022-300X. PMC 2620627. PMID 19265995.
  3. ^ Vos, P; Garrity, G; Jones, D; Krieg, N.R.; Ludwig, W; Rainey, F.A.; Schleifer, K.-H.; Whitman, W.B. (2009). "The Firmicutes". Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology - Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68489-5. ISBN 978-0-387-95041-9.
  4. ^ a b c Davies, K. G.; Kerry, B. R.; Flynn, C. A. (1988). "Observations on the pathogenicity of Pasteuria penetrans, a parasite of root-knot nematodes". Annals of Applied Biology. 112: 491–501.
  5. ^ a b Hatz, B.; Dickson, D. W. (1992). "Effect of Temperature on Attachment, Development, and Interactions of Pasteuria penetrans on Meloidogyne incognita". Journal of Nematology. 24 (4): 512–521. ISSN 0022-300X. PMC 2619314. PMID 19283029.
  6. ^ Duneau, David; Luijckx, Pepijn; Ben-Ami, Frida; Laforsch, Christian; Ebert, Dieter (2011). "Resolving the infection process reveals striking differences in the contribution of environment, genetics and phylogeny to host-parasite interactions". BMC Biology. 9 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-9-11. PMC 3052238. PMID 21342515.
  7. ^ Luijckx, Pepijn; Duneau, David; Andras, Jason P.; Ebert, Dieter (2014). "Cross-Species Infection Trials Reveal Cryptic Parasite Varieties and a Putative Polymorphism Shared Among Host Species". Evolution. 68 (2): 577–586. doi:10.1111/evo.12289. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 24116675. S2CID 6083589.
  8. ^ Davies, K.G.; Fargette, M.; Balla, G.; Daudi, A.; Duponnois, R.; Gowen, S.R.; Mateille, T.; Phillips, M.S.; Sawadogo, A.; Trivino, C.; Vouyoukalou, E.; Trudgill, D.L. (2001). "Cuticle heterogeneity as exhibited by Pasteuria spore attachment is not linked to the phylogeny of parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)". Parasitology. 122: 111–120. doi:10.1017/s0031182000006958.
  9. ^ a b Davies, K G; Flynn, C A; Laird, V; Kerry, B R. "The life-cycle, population dynamics and host specificity of a parasite of Heterodera avenae, similar to Pasteuria penetrans". Revue de Nématologie. 13: 303–309.
  10. ^ King, Kayla C; Auld, Stuart K J R; Wilson, Philip J; James, Janna; Little, Tom J (2013). "The bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa is not killed if it fails to infect: implications for coevolution". Ecology and Evolution. 3 (2): 197–203. doi:10.1002/ece3.438. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 3586630. PMID 23467806.
  11. ^ Sayre, R M; Gherna, R L; Wergin, W P (1983). "Morphological and taxonomic reevaluation of Pasteuria ramosa Metchnikoff 1888 and "Bacillus penetrans" Mankau 1975". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (33): 636–649.
  12. ^ Ebert, D. (2005). Ecology, epidemiology and evolution of parasitism in Daphnia. National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda (MD). ISBN 978-1-932811-06-3.
  13. ^ Cressler, Clayton E.; Nelson, William A.; Day, Troy; McCauley, Edward (2014). "Starvation reveals the cause of infection-induced castration and gigantism". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1792): 20141087. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1087. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4150321. PMID 25143034.
  14. ^ Davies, K. G.; Rowe, J. A.; Williamson, V. M. (2008). "Inter- and intra-specific cuticle variation between amphimictic and parthenogenetic species of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) as revealed by a bacterial parasite (Pasteuria penetrans)". International Journal for Parasitology. 38 (7): 851–859. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.11.007. PMID 18171577.
  15. ^ "Syngenta to acquire Pasteuria Bioscience". www.syngenta.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  16. ^ "CLARIVA". www.syngenta.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  17. ^ Tzortzakakis, E. A.; De. R. Channer, A. G.; Gowen, S. R.; Ahmed, R. (1997). "Studies on the potential use of Pasteuria penetrans as a biocontrol agent of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)". Plant Pathology. 46 (1): 44–55. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-211.x. ISSN 1365-3059.
  18. ^ Sayre, R. M; Wergin, W. P; Schmidt, J. M; Starr, M. P (1991). "Pasteuria nishizawae sp. nov., a mycelial and endospore-forming bacterium parasitic on cyst nematodes of genera Heterodera and Globodera". Research in Microbiology. 142 (5): 551–564. doi:10.1016/0923-2508(91)90188-G. PMID 1947427.
  19. ^ a b Starr, M. P.; Sayre, R. M. (1988). "Pasteuria thornei sp. nov. and Pasteuria penetrans sensu stricto emend., mycelial and endospore-forming bacteria parasitic, respectively, on plant-parasitic nematodes of the genera Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne". Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Microbiologie. 139 (1): 11–31. doi:10.1016/0769-2609(88)90094-4. PMID 3382544.
  20. ^ Metchnikoff, M.E. (1888). "Pasteuria ramosa un représentant des bactéries à division longitudinale". Ann. Inst. Pasteur: 165–170.
  21. ^ a b Giblin-Davis, R. M.; Nong, G.; Preston, J. F.; Williams, D. S.; Center, B. J.; Brito, J. A.; Dickson, D. W. (2011). "'Candidatus Pasteuria aldrichii', an obligate endoparasite of the bacterivorous nematode Bursilla". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61 (9): 2073–2080. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.021287-0. PMID 20870891.
  22. ^ Bishop, Alistair H.; Gowen, Simon R.; Pembroke, Barbara; Trotter, James R. (2007). "Morphological and molecular characteristics of a new species of Pasteuria parasitic on Meloidogyne ardenensis". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 96 (1): 28–33. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2007.02.008. PMID 17399736.
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