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Outline of war

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to war:

War – organised and often prolonged armed conflict that is carried out by states or non-state actors – is characterised by extreme violence, social disruption, and economic destruction.[1][2] War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence or intervention.[1][3] Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general.[4]

Types of war

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Types of warfare

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Warfare by objective

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Warfare by strategic doctrine

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Warfare by terrain

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Warfare by equipment or weapon type

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Further information: Lists of weapons

Warfare by era

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Warfare by stages

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Main article: Generations of warfare

Other

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History of war

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Locations of ongoing conflicts worldwide, Update: November 2024
  Major wars, 10,000+ deaths in current or past year
  Wars, 1,000–9,999 deaths in current or past year
  Minor conflicts, 100–999 deaths in current or past year
  Skirmishes and clashes, fewer than 100 deaths.
See also: Category:Lists of wars by date
Main article: History of war

Warfare by era

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See: Warfare by era

Wars

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Wars by death toll

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Wars by date

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Wars by region

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See also: Category:Lists of wars by region

Wars by type of conflict

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See also: Category:Warfare by type

Battles

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Military theory

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Military organization

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Main article: Military organization

Operational level of war

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Main article: Operational level of war
Military operations
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Types of military operations
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Types of military operations, by scope:

  • Theater – operation over a large, often continental area of operation and represents a strategic national commitment to the conflict such as Operation Barbarossa, with general goals that encompass areas of consideration outside of the military such as the economic and political impacts.
  • Campaign – subset of the theatre operation, or a more limited geographic and operational strategic commitment such as Battle of Britain, and need not represent total national commitment to a conflict, or have broader goals outside of the military impacts.
  • Battle – subset of a campaign that will have specific military goals and geographic objectives, as well as clearly defined use of forces such as the Battle of Gallipoli, which operationally was a combined arms operation originally known as the "Dardanelles landings" as part of the Dardanelles Campaign, where about 480,000 Allied troops took part.
  • Engagement – tactical combat event of contest for specific area or objective by actions of distinct units. For example, the Battle of Kursk, also known from its German designation as Operation Citadel, included many separate engagements, several of which were combined into the Battle of Prokhorovka. The "Battle of Kursk" in addition to describing the initial German offensive operation (or simply an offensive), also included two Soviet counter-offensive operations Operation Kutuzov and Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev.
  • Strike – single attack, upon a specified target. This often forms part of a broader engagement. Strikes have an explicit goal, such as, rendering facilities inoperable (e.g. airports), to assassinating enemy leaders, or to limit supply to enemy troops.

Military strategy

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Main article: Military strategy

Grand strategy

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Main article: Grand strategy

Military tactics

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Main article: Military tactics

Politics of war

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  • Casus belli – Latin expression meaning the justification for acts of war. In theory, present international law allows only three situations as legal cause to go to war: out of self-defense, defense of an ally under a mutual defense pact, or sanctioned by the UN.
  • Declaration of war
  • Surrender
    • Capitulation an agreement in time of war for the surrender to a hostile armed force of a particular body of troops, a town or a territory.
    • Strategic surrender – surrender to avoid a last, chaotic round of fighting that would have the characteristics of a rout, allowing the victor to obtain his objective without paying the costs of a last battle.
    • Unconditional surrender – surrender without conditions, except for those provided by international law.
  • Victory
    • Debellatio – when a war ends because of the complete destruction of a belligerent state.
    • No quarter – when a victor shows no clemency or mercy and refuses to spare the life of the vanquished when they surrender at discretion. Under the laws of war "... it is especially forbidden ... to declare that no quarter will be given".
    • Pyrrhic victory – victory with such a devastating cost that it carries the implication that another such victory will ultimately lead to defeat.
  • War effort
  • War economy

Philosophy of war

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See also: Political philosophy

Philosophy of war – examines war beyond the typical questions of weaponry and strategy, inquiring into such things as the meaning and etiology of war, the relationship between war and human nature, and the ethics of war.

  • Militarism – belief that war is not inherently bad but can be a beneficial aspect of society.
  • Realism – its core proposition is a skepticism as to whether moral concepts such as justice can be applied to the conduct of international affairs. Proponents of realism believe that moral concepts should never prescribe, nor circumscribe, a state's behaviour. Instead, a state should place an emphasis on state security and self-interest. One form of realism – descriptive realism – proposes that states cannot act morally, while another form – prescriptive realism – argues that the motivating factor for a state is self-interest. Just wars that violate Just Wars principles effectively constitute a branch of realism.
  • Revolution and Civil War – Just War Theory states that a just war must have just authority. To the extent that this is interpreted as a legitimate government, this leaves little room for revolutionary war or civil war, in which an illegitimate entity may declare war for reasons that fit the remaining criteria of Just War Theory. This is less of a problem if the "just authority" is widely interpreted as "the will of the people" or similar. Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions side-steps this issue by stating that if one of the parties to a civil war is a High Contracting Party (in practice, the state recognised by the international community,) both Parties to the conflict are bound "as a minimum, the following [humanitarian] provisions." Article 4 of the Third Geneva Convention also makes clear that the treatment of prisoners of war is binding on both parties even when captured soldiers have an "allegiance to a government or an authority not recognized by the Detaining Power."
  • Consequentialism – moral theory most frequently summarized in the words "the end justifies the means," which tends to support the just war theory (unless the just war causes less beneficial means to become necessary, which further requires worst actions for self-defense with bad consequences).
  • Pacifism – belief that war of any kind is morally unacceptable or pragmatically not worth the cost. Pacifists extend humanitarian concern not just to enemy civilians but also to combatants, especially conscripts. For example, Ben Salmon believed all war to be unjust. He was sentenced to death during World War I (later commuted to 25 years hard labor) for desertion and spreading propaganda.[5]
  • Right of self-defence – maintains (based on rational self-interest) that the use of retaliatory force is justified against repressive nations that break the zero aggression principle. In addition, if a free country is itself subject to foreign aggression, it is morally imperative for that nation to defend itself and its citizens by whatever means necessary. Thus, any means to achieve a swift and complete victory over the enemy is imperative. This view is prominently held by Objectivists.[6]

Laws of war

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Prisoners of war

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Main article: Prisoner of war

Effects of war

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Main article: Effects of war

War and culture

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War publications

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War films

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Persons influential in war

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Inventors of Military Technology

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During the Classical Period

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Listed by date of approximate lifetime

Ancient Egypt

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Ancient Near East

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Ancient Greece

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Ancient India

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Ancient China and its enemies

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Ancient Rome and its enemies

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Late Antiquity

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During the Post-classical Period

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Early Middle Ages

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High Middle Ages

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Islamic Golden Age

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Medieval India

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Medieval China

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Medieval Southeast Asia

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Mongol Conquests

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Hundred Years War

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During the Early Modern Period

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Japanese Wars

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Islamic Empires

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European Colonization of the Americas

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Early Modern Europe

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Chinese Qing dynasty

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American Revolutionary War

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Napoleonic Wars

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Modern Period

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American Civil War

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During World War I

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During World War II

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This is divided between political Leaders, field commanders and other influential people

Political Leaders
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Commanders
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Others
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See also

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War

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Wars

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References

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  1. ^ a b "American Heritage Dictionary: War". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
  2. ^ "Merriam Webster's Dictionary: War". Merriam-Webster. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
  3. ^ "War". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2017.
  4. ^ "Warfare". Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  5. ^ Staff of the Catholic Peace Fellowship (2007). "The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon". Sign of Peace. 6.1 (Spring 2007).
  6. ^ "'Just War Theory'" vs. American Self-Defence Archived 2012-12-09 at archive.today, by Yaron Brook and Alex Epstein
  • Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod: Encyclopedia of Wars. Facts On File, Inc., 2005, ISBN 0-8160-2851-6. (With about 1,800 wars, this is probably the most complete overview in English language).
  • R. Ernest Dupuy, Trevor N. Dupuy: The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History. From 3500 B.C. to the Present. 4th Edition, HarperCollins Publishers, 1993, ISBN 978-0062700568. (With about 1,300 wars this is probably the second most complete overview in English language, with the added value to summarize about 4,500 battles).
  • Vittorio Ferretti: Weltchronik der Kriege und Demozide - Ein Abriss der Ursachen, Abläufe und Folgen von über 5.000 gewalttätig ausgetragenen Konflikten bis zum Jahr 2000. Amazon, 2014, ISBN 978-3000403538. (With over 5,000 conflicts, this German book is by far the most complete overview published in any language until now. Its added value is to include democides into its scope).
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