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Artemis II

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Artemis II
Names
  • Artemis 2
  • Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2)
Mission typeCrewed lunar flyby
OperatorNASA
Mission duration10 days (planned)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftOrion CM-003
Crew
Crew size4
Members
Start of mission
Launch dateSeptember 2025 (planned)[1]
RocketSpace Launch System Block 1
Launch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39B[2]
End of mission
Recovered byU.S. Navy (San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock)
Landing sitePacific Ocean (planned)
Flyby of Moon
Distance6,400 mi (10,300 km) (planned)[3]

Official crew portrait, clockwise from left: Koch, Glover, Hansen and Wiseman

Artemis II is a scheduled mission of the NASA-led Artemis program. It will use the second launch of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and include the first crewed mission of the Orion spacecraft. The mission is scheduled for no earlier than September 2025.[1] Four astronauts will perform a flyby of the Moon and return to Earth, becoming the first crew to travel beyond low Earth orbit since Apollo 17 in 1972. Artemis II will be the first crewed launch from Launch Complex 39B of the Kennedy Space Center since STS-116 in 2006.

The launch was originally designated Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) when the mission was intended to collect samples from a captured asteroid in lunar orbit by the now-cancelled robotic Asteroid Redirect Mission;[4] it was renamed after the introduction of the Artemis program.

History

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See also: Asteroid Redirect Mission

Mission planning and launcher selection (2017–2021)

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In 2017, Exploration Mission-2 was a projected single-launch mission of a Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B rocket with an Exploration Upper Stage, lunar Block 1 Orion spacecraft, and a payload insertion of 50.7 tonnes (55.9 short tons; 112,000 lb). The plan was to rendezvous with an asteroid previously placed in lunar orbit by the robotic Asteroid Redirect Mission and have astronauts perform space-walks and gather samples.[5] After the cancellation in April 2017[6] of the Asteroid Redirect Mission, an 8-day mission was proposed with a crew of four astronauts, sent on a free-return trajectory around the Moon.[7] Another proposal suggested in 2017 was to take four astronauts aboard Orion on an 8-to-21–day trip around the Moon to deliver the first element of the Deep Space Gateway.[8] In March 2018, it was decided to launch the first Gateway module on a commercial launch vehicle[9] because of delays in building the Mobile Launcher needed to hold the more powerful Exploration Upper Stage.[10] The launcher was selected to be the SpaceX Falcon Heavy.[11]

MPCV Stage Adapter for CubeSat spring-loaded dispensers

NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI) sought proposals in 2019 from U.S. institutions and U.S. companies to fly their CubeSat missions as secondary payloads aboard the SLS on the Artemis II mission.[12][13] NASA would accept proposals for both 6-unit (12 kg, 26 lb) and 12-unit (20 kg, 44 lb) CubeSats.[14] As with the Artemis I mission, the CubeSats flying on Artemis II were to be mounted on the inside of the stage adapter ring between the SLS upper stage and the Orion spacecraft, and will be deployed after Orion separates.[14] Selections were initially planned to be made by February 2020,[12] but in October 2021, NASA dropped all secondary payloads from the mission.[15]

Hardware development, testing and integration (2021–present)

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Artist's rendition of the Orion spacecraft in lunar orbit

On February 11, 2023, NASA flipped the engine section for the Artemis II core to horizontal, the final major milestone before mating the section to the rest of the vehicle. On March 20, the engine section was mated with the Artemis II core stage in Building 103 at the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans. NASA expected the core stage, complete with engines, to be delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in summer 2023.[16] In May, the delivery date was moved to late fall 2023.[17][18] The RS-25 engines with serial numbers E2047, E2059, E2062, and E2063 were installed on the core stage in New Orleans by September 25, 2023.[19][20] Finally in June 2024, NASA announced the planned delivery of the fully outfitted core stage to KSC in July 2024, which was successfully carried out from the 16th to the 25th.[21][22][23] The adapters needed for integration of the full vehicle also reached substantial completion in June 2024, and arrived at Kennedy Space Center in September 2024.[24][25]

The Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage being loaded into the Pegasus barge at Michoud Assembly Facility, July 16, 2024

The crew was announced on April 3, 2023, as stated by NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, in his "State of NASA" speech reacting to President Joe Biden's FY2024 budget proposal.[26] The announcement occurred at a NASA facility at Ellington Field outside Houston.[27] They appeared later that day at nearby NRG Stadium for the 2023 March Madness championship game.[28]

NASA had expected rocket stacking operations to begin in September 2024, but as of October, no work had begun as the agency continued to investigate the considerable damage to the ablative heat shield seen during the Artemis I reentry.[29]

Launch date

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During preliminary reviews in 2011, the launch date was placed somewhere between 2019 and 2021, but afterwards the launch date was delayed to 2023.[30][31] As of September 2024, the mission is expected to launch no earlier than September 2025.[1] However, in October 2024, the NASA Office of Inspector General determined that the Exploration Ground Systems team had already used up their time reserved for resolving any unforeseen issues, leading the office to determine that the September 2025 launch date will likely be delayed.[29]

Crew

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The prime crew of Artemis II during a dress rehearsal in September 2023
Prime crew
Position Astronaut
Commander United States Reid Wiseman, NASA
Second spaceflight
Pilot United States Victor Glover, NASA
Second spaceflight
Flight Engineer United States Christina Koch, NASA
Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist Canada Jeremy Hansen, CSA
First spaceflight
Backup crew
Position Astronaut
Commander / Pilot / Flight Engineer United States Andre Douglas, NASA
First spaceflight
Mission Specialist Canada Jenni Gibbons, CSA
First spaceflight

Artemis II is to be crewed by four astronauts: Commander Reid Wiseman, Pilot Victor J. Glover, Mission Specialist Christina Koch, and Mission Specialist Jeremy Hansen.[32] On November 22, 2023, Jenni Gibbons was announced to be Hansen's backup; she will join the mission if Hansen is unable to.[33][34] On July 3, 2024, Andre Douglas was announced to be the backup for the three NASA astronauts.[35][36]

Glover, Koch, and Hansen are to be the first person of color, woman, and non-American to go beyond low Earth orbit respectively.[32] Hansen and Gibbons are Canadian and have been assigned by the Canadian Space Agency;[32] a 2020 treaty between the United States and Canada led to their involvement.[37]

Mission

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Orion spacecraft outfitted interior, 2021

The Artemis II mission plan is to send four astronauts in the first crewed Orion MPCV spacecraft into a lunar flyby for a maximum of 21 days using the Block 1 variant of the Space Launch System. The mission profile is a multi-trans-lunar injection (MTLI), or multiple departure burns, and includes a free-return trajectory from the Moon. The Orion spacecraft will be sent to a high Earth orbit with a period of roughly 24 hours. During this time the crew will perform various checkouts of the spacecraft's life support systems as well as an in-space rendezvous and proximity operations demonstration using the spent Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS) as a target. When Orion reaches perigee once again, it will fire its main engine to complete the TLI maneuver, which will send it to a lunar free-return trajectory, before returning to Earth.[3][38]

Optical communications

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O2O optical communications modules on the Orion spacecraft

Artemis II will test and demonstrate optical communications to and from Earth using the Orion Artemis II Optical Communications System (O2O).[39] The O2O hardware will be integrated into the Orion spacecraft and includes an optical module (a 4-inch [100 mm] telescope and two gimbals), modem and control electronics.[39] O2O will communicate with ground stations in California and New Mexico.[39] The test device will send data to Earth with a downlink rate of up to 260 megabits per second.[40]

Trajectory overview

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Artemis II's trajectory can be divided into several key phases:[41]

Launch

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  • Vehicle: Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1
  • Launch Site: Kennedy Space Center, Launch Complex 39B
  • Duration: Approximately 8 minutes to reach initial orbit
  • Trajectory: The SLS will launch Orion into a low Earth orbit (LEO) for a very short period of time, then fire again to place Orion in a highly-eccentric orbit with a period of about 24 hours.

Earth orbit and systems checkout

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  • Orbit: Highly-eccentric orbit with an apogee above that of typical communications satellites
  • Duration: About 24 hours
  • Activities: The crew will perform checks on the Orion spacecraft’s systems, ensuring all are functioning correctly before proceeding with the mission. They will also demonstrate proximity operations with the upper stage of their launch vehicle.

Translunar injection

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  • Maneuver: After the systems checkout, the Orion spacecraft will perform a TLI burn using its Service Module, propelling it out of Earth orbit towards the Moon.
  • Trajectory: A precise burn to place Orion on a trajectory that will take it around the Moon.

Lunar flyby

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  • Altitude: Closest approach approximately 7,400 kilometers (4,600 mi) from the lunar surface.
  • Duration: Several days to travel to the Moon, fly around it, and begin the return trip.
  • Activities: The crew will continue to monitor and test Orion’s systems and gather data on deep space travel effects.

Return trajectory

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  • Maneuver: After the lunar flyby, Orion will use the Moon’s gravity to assist in its return to Earth, a maneuver known as a free-return trajectory.
  • Trajectory: A path that will naturally bring Orion back to Earth without the need for additional propulsion if systems fail.

Re-entry and splashdown

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  • Re-entry Phase: Orion will re-enter Earth's atmosphere.
  • Splashdown: In the Pacific Ocean, recovery teams will retrieve the spacecraft and crew.
  • Duration: The entire mission is expected to last about 10 days.

Similar missions

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In December 1968, the Apollo 8 mission, crewed by astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, and William Anders, flew their command and service module beyond low Earth orbit and completed ten orbits of the Moon. Similar to the planned Artemis II mission in that it was crewed and did not land, it differed by being placed into orbit.[42] Apollo 13 (1970) was the only Apollo mission, and only crewed spaceflight to date, that flew past the Moon by a free-return trajectory.

See also

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References

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  2. ^ Hill, Bill (March 2012). "Exploration Systems Development Status" (PDF). NASA Advisory Council. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2012. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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