Niobium carbide

Niobium carbide
Identifiers
CAS Number	NbC: 12069-94-2 ; Nb2C: 12011-99-3;
ChemSpider	NbC: 3276293 has wrong formula;
ECHA InfoCard	100.031.913
EC Number	NbC: 235-117-8;
PubChem CID	NbC: 159431 has wrong formula; Nb2C: 165961 has wrong formula;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	NbC: DTXSID00893838 ;
Properties
Chemical formula	NbC
Molar mass	104.917 g/mol
Density	7.820 g/cm3
Melting point	3,608 °C (6,526 °F; 3,881 K)
Structure
Crystal structure	Cubic(Rock salt structure, Fm3m,cF8)
Related compounds
Related Refractory ceramic materials	zirconium nitride, tantalum carbide, zirconium carbide
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Niobium carbide (Nb C and Nb₂C) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools. It is usually processed by sintering and is a frequent additive as grain growth inhibitor in cemented carbides. It has the appearance of a brown-gray metallic powder with purple lustre. It is highly corrosion resistant.

Synthesis

Niobium carbide can be produced by the heating of niobium oxide in a vacuum at 1800 °C and adding coke.

Properties and uses

Niobium carbide has a Young's modulus of approximately 452 GPa, and a shear modulus of 182 GPa.^[1] It has a Poisson's ratio of 0.227.^[1]

Niobium carbide is a frequent intentional product in microalloyed steels due to its extremely low solubility product in austenite, the lowest of all the refractory metal carbides. This means that micrometre-sized precipitates of NbC are virtually insoluble in steels at all processing temperatures and their location at grain boundaries helps prevent excessive grain growth in these steels. This is of enormous benefit, and the cornerstone of microalloyed steels, because it is their uniform, very fine grain size that ensures both toughness and strength. The only commonly occurring compound with a lower solubility and hence, greater potential for restricting the grain growth of steels is titanium nitride.

Depending on grain size, niobium carbide may burn at 200-800 °C in air. A layer of niobium carbide can be created by chemical vapor deposition. Zirconium carbide and niobium carbide can be used as refractory coatings in nuclear reactors.

Natural occurrence

Niobocarbide - the naturally occurring form of niobium carbide - shall be regarded as an extremely rare mineral.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b Brenton, R.F; Saunders, C.R; Kempter, C.P (1969). "Elastic properties and thermal expansion of niobium mono-carbide to high temperatures". Journal of the Less Common Metals. 19 (3): 273–278. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(69)90103-9.
^ Mindat, http://www.mindat.org/min-7196.html

[LCM-1] Brenton, R.F; Saunders, C.R; Kempter, C.P (1969). "Elastic properties and thermal expansion of niobium mono-carbide to high temperatures". Journal of the Less Common Metals. 19 (3): 273–278. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(69)90103-9.

[2] Mindat, http://www.mindat.org/min-7196.html

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