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Monostegia

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Monostegia
Monostegia abdominalis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Suborder: Symphyta
Family: Tenthredinidae
Subfamily: Allantinae
Tribe: Empriini
Genus: Monostegia
O. G. Costa, 1859[1][2]
Species
  • Monostegia abdominalis
  • Monostegia analis
  • Monostegia cingula
  • Monostegia nigra
Adult Monostegia abdominalis

Monostegia is a genus of sawfly. The authority is based on the description by Achille Costa and Oronzio Costa,[3] although earlier work grants this to Fabricius 1798.,[4] though the most common species, M. abdominalis, bears the authority of Fabricius.

Description

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Adults: Head and thorax are black, with some yellow parts including mouthparts. Legs and abdomen mainly yellow, wings suffused with brown. Eggs: Smooth, white and oblong measuring 1 mm by 4 mm. Larvae: Caterpillar-like, growing from 2–4 mm to 16–21 mm. Pupae: Shorter and fatter measuring 8 mm in length, and become increasingly melanized.[5]

Taxonomy

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Species often include only M. abdominalis, but some authorities describe up to four species, including;[6][7][8]

Distribution

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Distribution is holarctic, from Europe to Asia Minor and the Caucasus in the south, through to Siberia.[10] Though it was only introduced to North America from Europe in the 1950s, where it naturalised,[4] its range continues to expand. In 1979 its distribution in North America was from Quebec to New Jersey, and west to Ontario[11] and Ohio,[12] but in 2016 it was also detected as far west as Washington in the United States[13] and from Alberta[9] to the Maritimes in Canada.

Economic importance

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Head of larva

Sawflies are folivore phytophages (plant eating). Monostegia's economic importance lies in the destructive habits of its caterpillar-like larvae, which feed on the leaves of plants of the family Primulaceae, principally Lysimachia (such as yellow loosestrife, (Lysimachia terrestris)), and Anagallis (pimpernel).[10] Original reports in North America involved Lysimachia nummularia as the host plant, but L. terrestris was identified in the 1960s.[4]

Life cycle

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Two (bivoltine) to three (multivoltine) generations per year occur, depending on the length of the summer season, with some larvae over wintering, otherwise the larvae mature in July, emerging from the soil as adults in August. Larvae that winter in the soil pupate in the spring to emerge in June.[4]

Adults are thelyotokous, females being produced from unfertilised eggs, and males are rare. The emerging female alights the underside of leaves at the top of the host plant, and contain 30–70 eggs, which they deposit over the space of about a week, and live for about a further week. the female penetrates the leaf with her ovipositor, depositing the eggs into the cavity, usually two at a time, moving from the distal leaf towards the stem, forming an egg cluster of between 6 and 16 eggs.[4]

The eggs are laid on the leaves of the host plant, and the immature larvae ( first instar) remain with the clusters of eggs for a day before dispersing and feeding on the underside of the leaves. One larva can consume a whole plant, migrating to a new plant after total defoliation. The mature larva (sixth instar) stops feeding and drops to the soil where it burrows and pupates.[4]

Larvae feeding on Lysimachia terrestris leaves
Leaves skeletonized by larvae

References

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  1. ^ FEB 2016.
  2. ^ Costa 1859.
  3. ^ Dyntaxa 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Price 1970.
  5. ^ Benson 1952.
  6. ^ FE 2015.
  7. ^ Smith 1979, Monostegia p. 103
  8. ^ Taeger et al 2006.
  9. ^ a b BugGuide 2016, Tiny yellow sawfly
  10. ^ a b Benson 1962.
  11. ^ BugGuide 2016, M. abdominalis
  12. ^ Smith 1979b.
  13. ^ Looney et al 2016.

Bibliography

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Websites

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monostegia.
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