Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)

Ministry of War
(Ottoman Turkish: حربيه نظارتی ; Harbiye Nezâreti
Agency overview
Formed	1826
Superseding agency	Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Turkey;
Jurisdiction	Ottoman Empire
Headquarters	Constantinople

The Ministry of War (Ottoman Turkish: حربيه نظارتی; Turkish: Harbiye Nezareti, often shortened to Harbiye) was responsible for war affairs in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman land forces were subordinate to this ministry. Within the ministry there were offices for procurement, combat arms, peacetime military affairs, mobilization, and for promotions.

After the Auspicious Incident in 1826, a modern War Ministry was established within the Serasker's department. The Ministry of War was established in 1908 after the Young Turk Revolution.

The Ministry of War was responsible for carrying out the administrative acts of the army. The command mechanism, management and administration of the army were managed by the General Staff, under the Ministry of War.^[1] The Minister of War had to have the rank of pasha. The management of the Naval Forces was under the Ministry of Naval Affairs, which was established separately from the Ministry of War. After the start of the Turkish War of Independence, this ministry was replaced by the Ministry of National Defense. The War Ministry headquarters was located in the Fatih district of Istanbul and is currently used by Istanbul University.

List of War Ministers since 1908

No.	Minister of War	Took office	Left office	Time in office
1	Rüşdü, ÖmerÖmer Rüşdü Paşa [tr] (1843–1922)	23 July 1908	7 August 1908	15 days
2	Pasha, RexhepRexhep Pasha Mati (1842–1908)	7 August 1908	21 August 1908 †	14 days
3	Rıza, AliAli Rıza Pasha (1842–1908)	21 August 1908	28 April 1909	250 days
4	Hulusi, SalihSalih Hulusi Pasha (1864–1939)	28 April 1909	12 January 1910	259 days
5	Şevket, MahmudMahmud Şevket Pasha (1856–1913)	12 January 1910	29 July 1912	2 years, 199 days
6	Pasha, NazimNazim Pasha	29 July 1912	22 January 1913 †	177 days
(5)	Şevket, MahmudMahmud Şevket Pasha (1856–1913)	23 January 1913	11 June 1913	140 days
7	Izzet, AhmedAhmed Izzet Pasha (1864–1937)	18 June 1913	5 October 1913	109 days
8	Mahmud, ÇürüksuluÇürüksulu Mahmud Pasha (1864–1931)	5 October 1913	3 January 1914	90 days
9	Pasha, EnverEnver Pasha (1881–1922)	3 January 1914	4 October 1918	4 years, 274 days
(7)	Izzet, AhmedAhmed Izzet Pasha (1864–1937)	14 October 1918	11 November 1918	28 days
10	Abdullah, KölemenKölemen Abdullah Pasha (1846–1937)	11 November 1918	19 December 1918	38 days
11	Çobanlı, CevatCevat Çobanlı (1870–1938)	19 December 1918	13 January 1919	25 days
12	Yaver, ÖmerÖmer Yaver Paşa [tr] (1861–1931)	13 January 1919	24 February 1919	42 days
13	Ferid, AliAli Ferid Pasha	24 February 1919	4 March 1919	8 days
14	Ahmed, AbukAbuk Ahmed Paşa [tr] (1859–1923)	4 March 1919	2 April 1919	29 days
15	Şakir, MehmetMehmet Şakir Pasha [tr] (1855–1919)	2 April 1919	19 May 1919	47 days
16	Turgut, ShevketShevket Turgut Pasha (1857–1924)	19 May 1919	29 June 1919	41 days
(13)	Ferid, AliAli Ferid Pasha	29 May 1919	21 July 1919	22 days
17	Nazım, MustafaMustafa Nazım Pasha
18	Şefik, SüleymanSüleyman Şefik Pasha (1860–1946)	13 August 1919	2 October 1919	50 days
19	Mersinli, CemalCemal Mersinli (1860–1946)	12 October 1919	21 January 1920	101 days
(4)	Hulusi, SalihSalih Hulusi Pasha (1864–1939)	21 January 1920	3 February 1920	13 days
20	Çakmak, FevziFevzi Çakmak (1876–1950)	3 February 1920	5 April 1920	62 days
–	Ferid, DamatDamat Ferid Pasha (1853–1923) Acting	5 April 1920	10 June 1920	66 days
21	Hamdi, AhmetAhmet Hamdi Pasha	10 June 1920	30 July 1920	50 days
22	Hüsnü, HüseyinHüseyin Hüsnü Pasha [tr]	31 July 1920	21 October 1920	82 days
23	Hüsnü, HüseyinÇürüksulu Ziya Pasha [tr] (1870–1940)	21 October 1920	4 November 1922	2 years, 14 days

War Council

No.	Chief of the General Staff	Took office	Left office	Time in office
1	Izzet, AhmedAhmed Izzet Pasha (1864–1937)	15 August 1908	1 January 1914	5 years, 139 days
2	Pasha, EnverEnver Pasha (1881–1922)	3 January 1914	4 October 1918	4 years, 274 days
(1)	Izzet, AhmedAhmed Izzet Pasha (1864–1937)	4 October 1918	3 November 1918	30 days
3	Çobanlı, CevatCevat Çobanlı (1870–1938)	3 November 1918	24 December 1918	51 days
4	Çakmak, FevziFevzi Çakmak (1876–1950)	24 December 1918	14 May 1919	141 days
(3)	Çobanlı, CevatCevat Çobanlı (1870–1938)	14 May 1919	2 August 1919	80 days
5	Pasha, HadiHadi Pasha	2 August 1919	12 September 1919	41 days
6	Pasha, HadiAli Fuat Cebesoy (1882–1968)	12 September 1919	9 October 1919	27 days
(3)	Çobanlı, CevatCevat Çobanlı (1870–1938)	9 October 1919	16 February 1920	130 days
7	Turgut, ShevketShevket Turgut Pasha (1857–1924)	16 February 1920	19 April 1920	63 days
8	Pasha, NazifNazif Pasha	19 April 1920	2 May 1920	13 days
(5)	Pasha, HadiHadi Pasha	2 May 1920	19 May 1920	17 days

British Naval Mission

The British Naval Mission was led by:^[2]

Admiral Douglas Gamble (February 1909 – March 1910)
Admiral Hugh Pigot Williams (April 1910 – April 1912)
Admiral Arthur Limpus (April 1912 – September 1914)

French Gendarmerie Mission

French Gendarmerie Mission was led by General Moujen.

German Military Mission

Since the first attempts of Sultan Selim III to modernise the Ottoman Army, Prussia has provided it with military know-how.^[3]^[4] Colonel von Götze, secret negotiator of the Prussian king and military attaché, already came in 1798 on invitation from the Sultan to inspect Turkish units.^[3]^[4] Once Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839), for the same purpose, abolished the old-fashioned Janissary corps in 1826, it was again Prussia who helped reform the military: future Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke, at the time Captain of the Prussian General Staff, and Lieutenant von Berg from the First Special Regiment, were detached to Istanbul in 1835, where Moltke stayed until 1839.^[3]^[4] Moltke's fame led to the creation of a myth surrounding his role in the establishment of a historic relation between Turkey in Germany, where in fact his role was rather minor, his main value being in the memoirs he wrote and which became the primary lecture for all Prussian and German officers who followed him to the Ottoman Empire.^[3] In 1844, Prussian Colonel Kuczkonski [probably a typo in the source, actually Colonel Fritz von Kuczkowski] arrived in Istanbul, where he helped implement secrets plans designed by the Sultan and aiming at reforming the police in the Turkish capital city.^[4] Sultans Abdulmecid (1839-1861) and Abdulaziz (1861-1876) did continue reforming the Army with the help of Prussian know-how, but they preferred hiring retired officers who trained and commanded Turkish units, prominently during the Crimean War (1853-1856).^[3] Finally, Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876-1908) introduced the official Prussian (German) Military Committees in the Ottoman Empire.^[3] In his and Bismarck's time, Germany appeared to be the only European Power that not interested in expanding into Ottoman territory.^[3] After 1880, Abdulhamid began a sustained policy of bringing German military and civilian officers to his realm, and of putting them in a leading position in the effort of reforming the Army.^[3] As a result, several German officers arrived between 1882 and 1883, including Colonel Kähler as Head of Commission, followed in this position between 1883 and 1895 by Major Baron Colmar von der Goltz, who would stay in the Ottoman Empire almost uninterruptedly until his death in April 1916 in Baghdad.^[3] Kähler, as aide-de-camp to the Sultan, as well as the other Germans became highly-paid Ottoman officers, but the body that paid their salaries was controlled by European bankers, and they served without cutting their ties with the German army.^[3] Von der Goltz was most influential by reorganising the military education and infrastructure.^[3] He was the only German officer who managed to influence Turkish generals, who viewed with displeasure the aloof attitude of Kähler's group.^[3] Von der Goltz also managed to influence the decisions of the Ottomans when it came to arm deals towards buying German, rather than British weapons.^[3]

The German military mission became the third most important command center (Sultan, Minister of War, Head of Mission) for the Ottoman Army.^{[citation needed]}

The initial contact was established during the Balkan Wars by Grand Vizier Said Halim Pasha and Minister of War Ahmed Izzet Pasha. The Kaiser Wilhelm II sent the mission of General Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, which served two periods in Turkey within two years (8 months total).^{[citation needed]}

The German mission was accredited from 27 October 1913 to 1918. General Otto Liman von Sanders, previously commander of the 22nd Division, was assigned by the Kaiser Wilhelm II to Constantinople.^[5] Germany considered an Ottoman-Russian war to be imminent, and Liman von Sanders was a general with excellent knowledge of the Imperial Russian Army.^{[citation needed]}

The Ottoman Empire was undecided about which side to take in a future war involving the German Empire, British Empire, French Third Republic and Russian Empire, eventually joining the Central Powers led by the German Empire. The 9th article of the German Military Mission stated that in case of a war the contract^{[dubious – discuss]} would be annulled.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "Genelkurmay Başkanliği-Başkomutanlik-Milli Savunma Bakanliği İlişkileri Ve Devlet Düzenindeki Konumu, Türk Hukuk Sitesi". Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
^ "The International Significance of British Naval Missions to the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1914". Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Edip Öncü, The Beginnings of Ottoman-German Partnership: Diplomatic and Military Relations Between Germany and the Ottoman Empire Before the First World War. A Master’s Thesis. Department of History, Bilkent University, Ankara, September 2003. Accessed 30 June 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Orientalismus, Kolonialismus und Moderne: Zum Bild des Orients in der deutschsprachigen Kultur 1900, Springer-Verlag, p. 59, footnote 30, M&P Schriftenreihe, 2016, ISBN 9783476042583. Accessed 30 June 2019.
^ "Von Sanders Dies. Famous Marshal. German Commander Defended Gallipoli For Turks Against The British. Vanquished In Palestine. Began Reorganization Of Sultan's Armies In 1913. Honored By Former Kaiser". The New York Times. Associated Press. August 25, 1929. Retrieved 2010-07-04. Field Marshal Otto K.B. Liman von Sanders, who directed operations against the British in Gallipoli during the World War, died on Thursday in Munich at the age of 74. ...

[1] "Genelkurmay Başkanliği-Başkomutanlik-Milli Savunma Bakanliği İlişkileri Ve Devlet Düzenindeki Konumu, Türk Hukuk Sitesi". Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.

[2] "The International Significance of British Naval Missions to the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1914". Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2015.

[Edip-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Edip Öncü, The Beginnings of Ottoman-German Partnership: Diplomatic and Military Relations Between Germany and the Ottoman Empire Before the First World War. A Master’s Thesis. Department of History, Bilkent University, Ankara, September 2003. Accessed 30 June 2019.

[Berman-4] Orientalismus, Kolonialismus und Moderne: Zum Bild des Orients in der deutschsprachigen Kultur 1900, Springer-Verlag, p. 59, footnote 30, M&P Schriftenreihe, 2016, ISBN 9783476042583. Accessed 30 June 2019.

[obit-5] "Von Sanders Dies. Famous Marshal. German Commander Defended Gallipoli For Turks Against The British. Vanquished In Palestine. Began Reorganization Of Sultan's Armies In 1913. Honored By Former Kaiser". The New York Times. Associated Press. August 25, 1929. Retrieved 2010-07-04. Field Marshal Otto K.B. Liman von Sanders, who directed operations against the British in Gallipoli during the World War, died on Thursday in Munich at the age of 74. ...

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