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List of sovereign states in the 1870s

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This is a list of sovereign states in the 1870s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1870 and 31 December 1879. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states

[edit]
Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

[edit]
 Abuja – Abuja Emirate
Capital: Abuja 		Widely recognized state.
Afghanistan – Emirate of Afghanistan (to 24 May 1879)
Capital: Kabul 		Widely recognized independent state to 24 May 1879. De-jure British protected state from 24 May 1879.
 Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr[1]
Capital: Agadez 		Widely recognized state.
Andorra – Principality of Andorra[2]
Capital: Andorra la Vella 		Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
 Angoche – Angoche Sultanate[3]
Capital: Angoche
Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole[4]
Capital: Mbarara 		Widely recognized state.
 Annam – Empire of Annam
Capital: Phú Xuân 		Widely recognized state. Internal imperial system within Chinese tributary.
 Anziku – Anziku Kingdom (to 1875)
Capital: Monsol 		Widely recognized state to 1875. Annexed by France in 1875.
 Argentina – Argentine Republic[5]
Capital: Buenos Aires
Aro – Aro Confederacy
Capital: Arochukwu 		Widely recognized state.
 Ashanti – Asante Union[6]
Capital: Kumasi 		Widely recognized state.
Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa[7]
Capital: Aussa 		Widely recognized state.
 Austria-Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Empire[8]
Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania) 		Widely recognized state.

B

[edit]
 Baden – Grand Duchy of Baden[9] (to 18 January 1871)
Capital: Karlsruhe 		Widely recognized state to 18 January 1871. State of the North German Confederation to 18 January 1871. Became part of the German Empire on 18 January 1871.
 Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi[10]
Capital: Massenya 		Tributary state of the Bornu Empire.
Bali – Kingdom of Bali
Capital: Klungkung 		Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali.
  Baol – Kingdom of Baol[11]
Capital: Diourbel 		Widely recognized state.
 Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland[12]
Capital: Mongu 		Widely recognized state.
 Bavaria – Kingdom of Bavaria (to 18 January 1871)
Capital: Munich 		Widely recognized state to 18 January 1871. State of the North German Confederation to 18 January 1871. Became part of the German Empire on 18 January 1871.
 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium[13]
Capital: Brussels 		Widely recognized state. Belgium has sovereignty over 1 condominium:
Beni Abbas – Kingdom of Beni Abbas (to 1872)
Capital: Kalâa of Ait Abbas 		Widely recognized state to 1872. Annexed by France in 1872.
 Benin – Kingdom of Benin[14]
Capital: Edo 		Widely recognized state.
 Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
Capital: Punakha 		Widely recognized state.
 Biu – Biu Kingdom
Capital: Biu 		Widely recognized state.
Bolivia Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia
Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative) 		Widely recognized state.
Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora[15]
Capital: Nunue, Vaitape 		Widely recognized state.
Bornu – Bornu Empire[16]
Capital: Ngazargamu 		Widely recognized state.
 Brakna – Brakna Emirate
Capital: Aleg 		Widely recognized state.
Brazil – Empire of Brazil
Capital: Rio de Janeiro 		Brazil was a federation of 20 states and one federal district.[a]
Brunei – Sultanate of Brunei
Capital: Kampong Ayer 		Widely recognized state.
Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda
Capital: Mengo 		Widely recognized state.
Bulgaria – Principality of Bulgaria (from 1878)[17]
Capital: Sofia 		De facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.
Bukhara – Emirate of Bukhara[18] (to 1873)
Capital: Bukhara 		Widely recognized state to 1873. Annexed by Russia in 1873.
Bulungan – Sultanate of Bulungan
Capital: Tanjung Palas 		Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Sulu.
Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom
Capital: Hoima 		Widely recognized state.
Burma – Kingdom of Burma[19]
Capital: Mandalay 		Widely recognized state.
 Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi
Capital: Gitega 		Widely recognized state.
Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga
Capital: Bugembe 		Widely recognized state.

C

[edit]
 Canada – Dominion of Canada
Capital: Ottawa 		Widely recognized state. Commonwealth realm.
Cayor – Kingdom of Cayor (to 1879)
Capital: Mboul 		Widely recognized state to 1879. Incorporated to French West Africa in 1879.
Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak[20]
Capital: Champasak 		Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Siam.
Chile – Liberal Republic of Chile[21]
Capital: Santiago 		Widely recognized state.
 Chokwe – Chokwe Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
→  China – Great Qing Empire
Capital: Beijing 		Widely recognized state. China had sovereignty over the following territories:
Colombia – United States of Colombia
Capital: Bogota 		Widely recognized state.
Costa Rica Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
Capital: San Jose 		Widely recognized state.

D

[edit]
 Dagbon – Kingdom of Dagbon
Capital: Yendi 		Widely recognized state.
Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey[22]
Capital: Abomey 		Widely recognized state.
Dai Nam – Dai Nam Realm
Capital: Phú Xuân 		Widely recognized state. Tributary state of China.
 Damagaram – Sultanate of Damagaram
Capital: Zinder 		Widely recognized state.
 Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti[23]
Capital: N'Délé 		Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Dar Runga.
Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur (to 1874)
Capital: Al Fashir 		Widely recognized state to 1874. Conquered by Mahdist Sudan in 1874
 Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen 		Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
 Dhala – Emirate of Dhala
Capital: Dhale 		Widely recognized state.
Dominican Republic – Second Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo 		Widely recognized state.
 Dosso – Dosso Kingdom
Capital: Dosso 		Widely recognized state.

E

[edit]
Ecuador Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
Capital: Quito 		Widely recognized state.
→ → El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador
Capital: San Salvador 		Widely recognized state.
→ Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire
Capital: Addis Ababa 		Widely recognized state.

F

[edit]
Fadhli – Fadhli Sultanate[24]
Capital: Shuqrah 		Widely recognized state.
 Fante – Fante Confederacy (to 1874)
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state to 1874. Incorporated into the Gold Coast in 1874.
France
Capital: Paris 		Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon
Capital: Timbo 		Widely recognized state.

G

[edit]
 Garo – Kingdom of Garo
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
 Gaza – Gaza Empire[25]
Capital: Manjacaze 		Widely recognized state.
 Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi
Capital: Afgooye 		Widely recognized state.
 Gera – Kingdom of Gera
Capital: Chala 		Widely recognized state.
 Germany – German Empire (from 18 January 1871)
Capital: Berlin 		Widely recognized state from 18 January 1871. The German Empire consisted of 25 constituent states and an imperial territory.
 Gomma – Kingdom of Gomma
Capital: Agaro 		Widely recognized state.
Gowa – Sultanate of Gowa
Capital: Jongaya 		Widely recognized state.
Greece – Kingdom of Greece
Capital: Athens 		Widely recognized state.
→ Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City 		Widely recognized state.
 Gumma – Kingdom of Gumma
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
 Gyaaman – State of Gyaaman
Capital: Sampa, Drobo 		Widely recognized state.

H

[edit]
Ha'il – Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Capital: Ha'il 		Widely recognized state.
Haiti Haiti – Republic of Haiti[26]
Capital: Port-au-Prince 		Widely recognized state.
Harar – Emirate of Harar (to 1875)
Capital: Ge 		Widely recognized state to 1875. Client state of the Khedivate of Egypt from 1875.
Hawaii – Kingdom of Hawaii
Capital: Honolulu 		Widely recognized state.
Hesse-Darmstadt – Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine (to 18 January 1871)
Capital: Darmstadt 		Widely recognized state to 18 January 1871. State of the North German Confederation to 18 January 1871. Became part of the German Empire on 18 January 1871.
Hobyo – Sultanate of Hobyo (from 1878)
Capital: Hobyo 		Widely recognized state from 1878.
 Honduras – Republic of Honduras
Capital: Tegucigalpa 		Widely recognized state.
Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine
Capital: Huahine 		Widely recognized state.
Hunza – State of Hunza
Capital: Baltit 		Widely recognized state.

I

[edit]
 Igala – Igala Kingdom[24]
Capital: Idah 		Widely recognized state.
 Igara – Kingdom of Igara

Capital: Not specified

Widely recognized state.
 Ilé-Ifẹ̀ – Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom
Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀ 		Widely recognized state.
Isaaq – Isaaq Sultanate
Capital: Hargeisa 		Widely recognized state.
 Italy – Kingdom of Italy
Capital: Rome 		Widely recognized independent state.

J

[edit]
 Japan – Empire of Japan
Capital: Tokyo City 		Widely recognized state. Japan had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
 Jimma – Kingdom of Jimma
Capital: Jiren 		Widely recognized state.
 Jolof – Jolof Kingdom
Capital: Ouarkhokh 		Widely recognized state.

K

[edit]
 Kaarta – Kingdom of Kaarta
Capital: Diangounté, Nioros 		Widely recognized state.
 Kabulistan – Kingdom of Kabul (to 12 October 1879)
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state to 12 October 1879.
 Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa
Capital: Bonga, Anderaccha 		Widely recognized state.
 Kajara – Kajara Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
Kakongo – Kingdom of Kakongo
Capital: Kinguele 		Widely recognized state.
Kalat – Khanate of Kalat (to 1875)
Capital: Kalat 		Widely recognized state to 1875. Incorporated to British India in 1875.
Kano – Emirate of Kano
Capital: Takai 		Widely recognized state. Vassal of the Sokoto Caliphate
 Kasanje – Jaga Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
Kathiri – Hadhrami Kathiri Dynasty in Seiyun
Capital: Seiyun 		Widely recognized state.
 Kebbi – Kebbi Emirate
Capital: Argungu 		Widely recognized state.
 Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom
Capital: Sikasso 		Widely recognized state.
 Khasso – Kingdom of Khasso
Capital: Médine 		Widely recognized state.
Khiva – Khanate of Khiva (to 12 August 1873)
Capital: Khiva 		Widely recognized state to 12 August 1873. Annexed by Russia on 12 August 1873.
Kokand – Khanate of Kokand}}'Kokand' – Khanate of Kokand (to 19 February 1876)
Capital: Kokand 		Widely recognized state to 19 February 1876.
 Kong – Kong Empire
Capital: Kong 		Widely recognized state.
Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
Capital: Mbanza-Kongo 		Vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal.
Korea – Kingdom of Great Joseon
Capital: Seoul 		Widely recognized state.
 Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya
Capital: Grand Cape Mount 		Widely recognized state.
 Kuba – Kingdom of Kuba
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.

L

[edit]
 Lafia Beri-Beri – Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom
Capital: Lafia 		Widely recognized state.
 Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia 		Widely recognized state.
 Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz 		Widely recognized state.
 Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea
Capital: Saqqa 		Widely recognized state.
Loango – Kingdom of Loango
Capital: Buali 		Widely recognized state.
Lower Yafa – Sultanate of Lower Yafa
Capital: Jaʿār 		Widely recognized state.
 Luba – Luba Empire
Capital: Mwibele 		Widely recognized state.
 Lunda – Luba Empire
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
 Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Capital: Luxembourg City 		Widely recognized state.

M

[edit]
Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao
Capital: Kuta Watu 		Widely recognized state.
 Mahra – Sultanate of Mahra
Capital: Qishn 		Widely recognized state.
Majeerteen Sultanate – Majeerteen Kingdom
Capital: Alula 		Widely recognized state.
Maldives – Sultanate of Maldive Islands
Capital: Malé 		Widely recognized state.
Mangareva – Kingdom of Mangareva
Capital: Mangareva 		Widely recognized state.
 Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur
Capital: Imphal 		Widely recognized state.
 Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi
Capital: Manthimba 		Widely recognized state.
 Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom
Capital: Bulawayo 		Widely recognized state.
 Mbunda – Mbunda Kingdom

Capital: Not specified

Widely recognized state.
Merina – Kingdom of Imerina
Capital: Antananarivo 		Widely recognized state.
Mexico Mexico
Capital: Mexico City 		Widely recognized state.
 Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco 		Widely recognized state.
 Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
Capital: Cetinje 		Widely recognized state.
Morocco Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
Capital: Fes 		Widely recognized state.
  Mossi Kingdoms – Mossi Empire
Capital: Multiple capitals 		Widely recognized independent state. The following are a number of different kingdoms that make up the Mossi Empire:
  Mthwakazi – Kingdom of Mthwakazi
Capital: Bulawayo 		Widely recognized state.
 Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
Capital: Muscat 		De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate.
 Mutayr – Emirate of Mutayr
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.

N

[edit]
Negeri Sembilan
Capital: Seremban 		Widely recognized state.
Nejd – Emirate of Nejd
Capital: Riyadh 		Widely recognized state.
Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal
Capital: Kathmandu 		Widely recognized state.
 Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam 		Widely recognized state.
Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
Capital: Managua 		Widely recognized state.
 Niue – Kingdom of Niue-Fekai
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
North German Confederation (to 18 January 1871)
Capital: Berlin 		Widely recognized state to 18 January 1871. Incorporated to the German Empire on 18 January 1871.
 Nri – Kingdom of Nri
Capital: Igbo-Ukwu 		Widely recognized state.
 Nshenyi – Nshenyi Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.

O

[edit]
 Obwera – Obwera Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
 Onitsha – Onitsha Kingdom
Capital: Onitsha 		Widely recognized state.
 Orange Free State
Capital: Bloemfontein 		Widely recognized state.
 Oron – Oron Nation
Capital: Oron 		Widely recognized state.
 Orungu – Kingdom of Orungu (to 1873)[27]
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state to 1873. Annexed by France in 1873.
 Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State
Capital: Constantinople 		Widely recognized state. The following are autonomous territories of the Ottoman Empire:
 Oyo – Oyo Empire
Capital: Oyo-Ile 		Widely recognized state.

P

[edit]
Pahang – Sultanate of Pahang
Capital: Pekan 		Widely recognized state.
Papal States – State of the Church (to 20 September 1870)
Capital: Rome 		Widely recognized state. Annexed by the Kingdom of Italy on 20 September 1870.
 Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Capital: Asunción 		Widely recognized state.
 Pate – Pate Sultanate (to 1870)
Capital: Faza 		Widely recognized state.
Patani – Sultanate of Patani[28]
Capital: Patani 		Widely recognized state.
Perak – Sultanate of Perak (to 20 January 1874)
Capital: Ipoh 		Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 20 January 1874.
Persia – Sublime State of Persia
Capital: Tehran 		Widely recognized state.
 Peru
Capital: Lima 		Widely recognized state to 2 November 1879. De facto independent state from 2 November 1879.
Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon 		Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, vassal state and possession of Portugal:
 Potiskum – Potiskum Emirate
Capital: Potiskum 		Widely recognized state.

Q

[edit]
Qu'aiti – Qu'aiti Sultanate of Shihr and Mukalla[29]
Capital: Al-Shihr 		Widely recognized state.

R

[edit]
Raiatea – Kingdom of Raiatea
Capital: Uturoa 		Widely recognized state.
Rapa Nui – Kingdom of Rapa Nui
Capital: Anakena 		Widely recognized state.
Rarotonga – Kingdom of Rarotonga
Capital: Anakena 		Widely recognized state.
Romania – Romanian United Principalities
Capital: Bucharest 		Widely recognized state.
 Rujumbura – Rujumbura Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
 Rukiga – Rukiga Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
Russia – Russian Empire
Capital: Saint Petersburg 		Widely recognized state.
 Rwanda – Kingdom of Rwanda
Capital: Nyanza 		Widely recognized state.

States claiming sovereignty

[edit]
Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
Capital: Kutaraja 		Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire.
Assiniboia – Provisional Government of Assiniboia (to 1870)
Capital: Batoche 		Unrecognized state, Provisional Government. Claimed by the Dominion of Canada.
Cartagena – Canton of Cartagena (from 12 July 1873 to 13 January 1874)
Capital: Cartagena 		Unrecognized state. Claimed by the First Spanish Republic.
Cuba – Republic of Cuba
Capital: Havana 		Unrecognized state.
Fiji Fiji – Kingdom of Fiji (from 5 June 1871 to 10 October 1874)
Capital: Suva 		Unrecognized state. Claimed by the United Kingdom on 10 October 1874.
 Goust – Republic of Goust
Capital: None 		Unrecognized state.
Málaga – Canton of Málaga (from 18 July 1873 to 19 September 1873)
Capital: Málaga 		Unrecognized state. Claimed by the First Spanish Republic.
Paris – Paris Commune (from 18 March 1871 to 28 May 1871)
Capital: None 		Unrecognized state. Claimed by the French Republic.
Tamrash – Republic of Tamrash (from 1878)
Capital: Málaga 		Unrecognized state. Self-governing administrative structure of the Pomaks.
Valencia – Canton of Valencia (from 18 July 1873 to 8 August 1873)
Capital: Valencia 		Unrecognized state. Claimed by the First Spanish Republic.
Xibei San Ma
Capital: None 		Unrecognized state.
→ Yettishar – Kingdom of Kashgaria (to 18 December 1877)
Capital: Kashgar 		Unrecognized state. Vassal of the Ottoman Empire from 1873 to 18 December 1877.

R

[edit]

S

[edit]
  •  Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa
  •  San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
  • →  Sarawak – Kingdom of Sarawak
  • Selangor – Sultanate of Selangor
  • Serbia – Principality of Serbia (from 1878)
  • Thailand Siam – Kingdom of Siam
  • Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate

South African Republic → Transvaal

T

[edit]
  • Tahiti – Kingdom of Tahiti
  •  Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga
  • Toro – Toro Kingdom (to 1876)
  •  Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire
  •  Tuggurt – Sultanate of Tuggurt

U

[edit]

V

[edit]

W

[edit]
  •  Wassoulou – Wassoulou Empire (from 1878)
  •  Welayta – Kingdom of Welayta
  •  Württemberg – Kingdom of Württemberg (to January 18, 1871)

Y

[edit]
  •  Yamma – Kingdom of Yamma
  •  Yeke – Yeke Kingdom

Z

[edit]

States claiming sovereignty

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Federal District: Federal District.

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ "Andorra". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. November 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  3. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. New Delhi, India: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 162. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  4. ^ Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  5. ^ "Argentina". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  6. ^ "Asante empire". Britannica. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  7. ^ Thesiger, Wilfred (1935). "The Awash River and the Aussa Sultanate". The Geographical Journal. 85 (1): 1–19. Bibcode:1935GeogJ..85....1T. doi:10.2307/1787031. JSTOR 1787031.
  8. ^ McCarthy, Justin (1880). A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee. New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. pp. 475–476.
  9. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Baden, Grand Duchy of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  10. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bagirmi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 201.
  11. ^ Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin: Sciences humaines, Volume 38 (1976), pp. 452-458
  12. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barotse and Barotseland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |ages= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Belgium". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  14. ^ Bradbury, R. E. (16 August 2018). "Continuities and Discontinuities in Pre-colonial and Colonial Benin Politics (1897–1951)". Benin Studies. Routledge. pp. 76–128. doi:10.4324/9781351031264-4. ISBN 978-1-351-03126-4. S2CID 159119713. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  15. ^ "Bora-Bora". Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  16. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bornu" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
  17. ^ Pearson, Raymond (25 September 2014). The Longman Companion to European Nationalism 1789–1920. Routledge. ISBN 9781317897774. Retrieved 15 October 2017 – via Google Books.
  18. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 115.
  19. ^ Ni, Lee Bih (2013). Brief History of Myanmar and Thailand. Universiti Malaysi Sabah. p. 7. ISBN 9781229124791.
  20. ^ Murdoch, John B. (1974). "The 1901-1902 Holy Man's Rebellion" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol.62.1 (digital image). Siam Heritage Trust: 2–9. Archived from the original (free) on July 13, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2013. Furthest afield were Vientiane and Bassac....
  21. ^ "República Liberal - Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile". memoriachilena.gob.cl.
  22. ^ Newbury, C. W. (1959). "A Note on the Abomey Protectorate". Africa. 29 (2): 146–155. doi:10.2307/1157517. JSTOR 1157517. S2CID 145105979.
  23. ^ Garbou, Henri (1912). "La région du Tchad et du Oudaï; études ethnographiques, dialecte Toubou". Bulletin de Correspondence Africaine. XLVII1.
  24. ^ a b Aitchison, G (1931). A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads Relating To India And Neighbouring Countries. Vol. xi. Government of India. pp. 7–9. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  25. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gazaland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 544–545.
  26. ^ Heinl, Robert (1996). Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492–1995. Lantham, Maryland: University Press of America. p. 791.
  27. ^ Gates, Henry Louis & Kwame Anthony Appiah (1999). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York City: Basic Civitas Books. pp. 2095 Pages. ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
  28. ^ Koch, Margaret L. (1977). "Patani and the Development of A Thai State". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 50 (2 (232)): 69–88. JSTOR 41492172.
  29. ^ McLaughlin, Daniel (2008). "10: Southeast Yemen". Yemen. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 191–198. ISBN 978-1-8416-2212-5.
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