List of impact structures on Earth
 | This article appears to contradict itself on the sizes of craters. (January 2018) |
This list of impact structures on Earth contains a selection of the 190 confirmed craters given in the Earth Impact Database.[1]
To keep the lists manageable, only the largest impact structures within a time period are included. Alphabetical lists for different continents can be found under Impact structures by continent below.
Confirmed impact structures listed by size and age
[edit]These features were caused by the collision of meteors (consisting of large fragments of asteroids) or comets (consisting of ice, dust particles and rocky fragments) with the Earth. For eroded or buried craters, the stated diameter typically refers to the best available estimate of the original rim diameter, and may not correspond to present surface features. Time units are either in ka (thousands) or Ma (millions) of years.
10 ka or less
[edit]Less than ten thousand years old, and with a diameter of 100 m (330 ft) or more. The EID lists fewer than ten such craters, and the largest in the last 100,000 years (100 ka) is the 4.5 km (2.8 mi) Rio Cuarto crater in Argentina.[2] However, there is some uncertainty regarding its origins[3] and age, with some sources giving it as < 10 ka[2][4] while the EID gives a broader < 100 ka.[3]
The Kaali impacts (c. 1500 BC) during the Nordic Bronze Age may have influenced Estonian and Finnish mythology,[5] the Campo del Cielo (c. 2500 BC) could be in the legends of some Native Argentine tribes,[6][7] while Henbury (c. 2700 BC) has figured in Australian Aboriginal oral traditions.[8]
| Name | Location | Country | Diameter (km) |
Age (ka) |
Date | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wabar | Rub' al Khali desert | Saudi Arabia | 0.1 | 0.2 | ~1800 AD | 21°30′N 50°28′E / 21.500°N 50.467°E |
| Whitecourt | Alberta | Canada | 0.04 | 1.1 | 900 AD
|
54°00′N 115°36′W / 54.000°N 115.600°W |
| Kaali | Saaremaa | Estonia | 0.1 | 3.5 | 1500 BC | 58°24′N 22°40′E / 58.400°N 22.667°E |
| Campo del Cielo | Chaco | Argentina | 0.1[7] | 4.5 | 2500 BC | 27°38′S 61°42′W / 27.633°S 61.700°W |
| Henbury | Northern Territory | Australia | 0.2 | 4.7 | 2700 BC | 24°34′S 133°8′E / 24.567°S 133.133°E |
| Morasko | Poznań | Poland | 0.1 | 5.0[9] | 3000 BC | 52°29′N 16°54′E / 52.483°N 16.900°E |
| Boxhole | Northern Territory | Australia | 0.2 | 5.4 | 3400 BC | 22°37′S 135°12′E / 22.617°S 135.200°E |
| Ilumetsa | Põlva County | Estonia | 0.08 | 6.6 | <4600 BC | 57°57′N 27°24′E / 57.950°N 27.400°E |
| Macha | Sakha Republic | Russia | 0.3 | 7.3 | 5300 BC | 60°6′N 117°35′E / 60.100°N 117.583°E |
| Rio Cuarto (disputed) | Córdoba Province | Argentina | 4.5 | < 10 ?[2][4] | <8000 BC | 32°53′S 64°13′W / 32.883°S 64.217°W |
For the Rio Cuarto craters, 2002 research suggests they may actually be aeolian structures.[10] The EID gives a size of about 50 m (160 ft) for Campo del Cielo, but other sources quote 100 m (330 ft).[7]
10 ka to 1 Ma
[edit]From between 10 thousand years and one million years ago, and with a diameter of less than one km (0.62 mi):
| Name | Location | Country | Diameter (km) |
Age (ka) |
Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wolfe Creek | Western Australia | Australia | 0.9 | < 120 | 19°10′18″S 127°47′44″E / 19.17167°S 127.79556°E |
| Monturaqui | Atacama Desert | Chile | 0.455 | 640 ± 140 | 23°55′40″S 68°15′41″W / 23.92778°S 68.26139°W |
From between ten thousand years and one million years ago, and with a diameter of one km (0.62 mi) or more. The largest in the last one million years is the 14-kilometre (8.7 mi) Zhamanshin crater in Kazakhstan and has been described as being capable of producing a nuclear-like winter.[11]
However, the currently unknown source of the enormous Australasian strewnfield (c. 780 ka) could be a crater about 100 km (62 mi) across.[12][13]
| Name | Location | Country | Diameter (km) |
Age (ka) |
Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tenoumer | Sahara Desert | Mauritania | 1.9 | 21 | 22°55′2″N 10°24′28″W / 22.91722°N 10.40778°W |
| Yilan | Heilongjiang | China | 1.85 | 49 | 46°23′4″N 129°19′39″E / 46.38444°N 129.32750°E |
| Meteor Crater | Arizona | United States | 1.2 | 49 | 35°1′39″N 111°1′22″W / 35.02750°N 111.02278°W |
| Xiuyan | Xiuyan | China | 1.8 | 50 | 40°21′42″N 123°27′47″E / 40.36167°N 123.46306°E |
| Lonar | Maharashtra | India | 1.8 | 52 | 19°58′37″N 76°30′32″E / 19.97694°N 76.50889°E |
| Agoudal[14] | Atlas Mountains | Morocco | 3.0 | 105 | 31°59′N 5°30′W / 31.983°N 5.500°W |
| Tswaing | Pretoria Saltpan | South Africa | 1.1 | 220 | 25°24′32″S 28°4′58″E / 25.40889°S 28.08278°E |
| Zhamanshin | Kazakhstan | Kazakhstan | 14.0 | 900 ± 100 | 48°24′0″N 60°58′0″E / 48.40000°N 60.96667°E |
1 Ma to 10 Ma
[edit]
From between 1 and 10 million years ago, and with a diameter of 5 km or more. If uncertainties regarding its age are resolved, then the largest in the last 10 million years would be the 52-kilometre (32 mi) Karakul crater which is listed in EID with an age of less than 5 Ma, or the Pliocene. The large but apparently craterless Eltanin impact (2.5 Ma) into the Pacific Ocean has been suggested as contributing to the glaciations and cooling during the Pliocene.[15]
| Name | Location | Country | Diameter (km) |
Age (Million years) |
Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bosumtwi | Ashanti | Ghana | 10 | 1.1 | 6°30′N 1°25′W / 6.500°N 1.417°W |
| Elgygytgyn | Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | Russia | 18 | 3.5 | 67°30′N 172°00′E / 67.500°N 172.000°E |
| Bigach | Kazakhstan | Kazakhstan | 8 | 5 | 48°34′N 82°1′E / 48.567°N 82.017°E |
| Karla | Tatarstan | Russia | 10 | 5 | 54°55′N 48°2′E / 54.917°N 48.033°E |
| Karakul | Pamir Mountains | Tajikistan | 52 | < 5 ?[16][17] | 39°1′N 73°27′E / 39.017°N 73.450°E |
| Eltanin impact | Southern Ocean | SW of Chile | none | 2.5 | 57°47′S 90°47′W / 57.783°S 90.783°W |
10 Ma or more
[edit]Craters with diameter 20 km (12 mi) or more are all older than 10 Ma, except possibly Karakul, 52 km (32 mi), whose age is uncertain.
There are more than forty craters of such size. The Chicxulub impact has been widely been considered the most likely cause for the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction, with some scholars linking other impacts like the Popigai impact in Russia and the Chesapeake Bay impact to later extinction events, though the causal relationship has been questioned.[18]
Impact structures by continent
[edit]As of 2022[update], the Earth Impact Database (EID) contains 190 confirmed impact structures.[1] The table below is arranged by the continent's percentage of the Earth's land area, and where Asian and Russian structures are grouped together per EID convention. The global distribution of known impact structures apparently shows a surprising asymmetry,[20] with the small but well-funded European continent having a large percentage of confirmed impact structures. It is suggested this situation is an artifact, highlighting the importance of intensifying research in less studied areas like Antarctica, South America and elsewhere.[20]
Links in the column "Continent" will give a list of craters for that continent.
| Continent | Continent's % of Earth's land area |
Continent's % of the 190 known impact structures |
Number of impact structures |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asia and Russia | 30% | 16% | 31 |
| Africa | 20% | 11% | 20 |
| North America | 16% | 32% | 60 |
| South America | 12% | 6% | 11 |
| Antarctica | 9% | 0% | 0 |
| Europe | 7% | 22% | 41 |
| Australia | 6% | 14% | 27 |
| Total | 100% | 100% | 190 |
See also
[edit]- Bolide – Extremely bright meteor
- Earth Impact Database – Database of impact structures on Earth
- Extinction event – Widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth
- Impact event – Collision of two astronomical objects
- Impact Field Studies Group
- List of craters in the Solar System
- List of largest craters in the Solar System
- List of possible impact structures on Earth
- Traces of Catastrophe – Comprehensive technical reference on the science of impact craters
- Giant-impact hypothesis – Hypothesis of the formation of the Moon
- Deniliquin multiple-ring feature – Buried feature in southeast Australia, suggested to be an impact structure (520 km-diameter crater would be the largest one on Earth)
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Earth Impact Database". University of New Brunswick. Archived from the original on 2013-07-08. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
- ^ a b c Bland, Phil A.; de Souza Filho, C. R.; Timothy Jull, A. J.; Kelley, Simon P.; Hough, Robert Michael; Artemieva, N. A.; Pierazzo, E.; Coniglio, J.; Pinotti, Lucio; Evers, V.; Kearsley, Anton; (2002); "A possible tektite strewn field in the Argentinian Pampa", Science, volume 296, issue 5570, pp. 1109–12
- ^ a b "Rio Cuarto". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
- ^ a b Schultz, Peter H.; Lianza, Ruben E. (1992) "Recent grazing impacts on the Earth recorded in the Rio Cuarto crater field, Argentina", Nature 355, pp. 234–37 (16 January 1992)
- ^ Haas, Ain; Peekna, Andres; Walker, Robert E. "Echoes of Ancient Cataclysms in the Baltic Sea" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Folklore. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ Benítez, Giménez; López, Alejandro M.; Mammana, Luis A. "Meteorites of Campo del Cielo: Impact on the indian culture".
- ^ a b c Bobrowsky, Peter T.; Rickman, Hans (2007). Comet/asteroid impacts and human society: an interdisciplinary approach. Springer. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-3-540-32709-7.
- ^ Hamacher, Duane W.; Goldsmith, John. "Aboriginal oral traditions of Australian impact craters" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
- ^ Stankowski, Wojciech; Raukas, Anto; Bluszcz, Andrzej; Fedorowicz, Stanisław. "Luminescence dating of the Morasko (Poland), Kaali, Ilumetsa, and Tsõõrikmäe (Estonia) meteorite craters" (PDF).
- ^ Cione, Alberto L.; et al. (2002). "Putative Meteoritic Craters in Río Cuarto (Central Argentina) Interpreted as Eolian Structures". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 91 (1): 9–24. Bibcode:2002EM&P...91....9C. doi:10.1023/A:1021209417252. S2CID 122467947.
- ^ Essay "Impact Cratering on Earth", based on: Grieve, Richard A. F. (1990). "Impact cratering on the Earth". Scientific American. 262 (4): 66–73. Bibcode:1990SciAm.262d..66G. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0490-66.
- ^ Povenmire, Harold; Liu, W.; Xianlin, Luo (1999) "Australasian tektites found in Guangxi Province, China", in Proceedings of the 30th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, March 1999
- ^ Glass, Billy P.; Pizzuto, James E. (1994) "Geographic variation in Australasian microtektite concentrations: Implications concerning the location and size of the source crater", Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 99, no. E9, 19075–81, September 1994
- ^ "Agoudal". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
- ^ University of New South Wales (19 September 2012). "Did a Pacific Ocean meteor trigger the Ice Age?". Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- ^ "Kara-Kul". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
- ^ Gurov, Eugene P.; Gurova, H. P.; Rakitskaya, R. B.; Yamnichenko, A. Yu. (1993). "The Karakul depression in Pamirs – the first impact structure in central Asia" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science. XXIV: 591–92. Bibcode:1993LPI....24..591G.
- ^ Rampino, Michael R. (February 2020). "Relationship between impact-crater size and severity of related extinction episodes". Earth-Science Reviews. 201: 102990. Bibcode:2020ESRv..20102990R. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102990.
- ^ Cohen, Benjamin E.; Mark, Darren F.; Lee, Martin R.; Simpson, Sarah L. (2017-08-01). "A new high-precision 40Ar/39Ar age for the Rochechouart impact structure: At least 5 Ma older than the Triassic–Jurassic boundary". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 52 (8): 1600–11. Bibcode:2017M&PS...52.1600C. doi:10.1111/maps.12880. hdl:10023/10787. ISSN 1945-5100.
- ^ a b Prezzi, Claudia B.; Orgeira, María Julia; Acevedo, Rogelio D.; Ponce, Juan Federico; Martinez, Oscar; Rabassa, Jorge O.; Corbella, Hugo; Vásquez, Carlos; González-Guillot, Mauricio; Subías, Ignacio; (2011); "Geophysical characterization of two circular structures at Bajada del Diablo (Patagonia, Argentina): Indication of impact origin", Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol. 192, pp. 21–34
Further reading
[edit]- Flamini, Enrico; Di Martino, Mario; Coletta, Alessandro, eds. (2019). Encyclopedic Atlas of Terrestrial Impact Craters. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-05449-6.
- Grieve, Wood, Garvin, McLaughlin, McHone, Jr. (1988) Astronaut’s Guidebook to Terrestrial Impact Craters Technical Report 88-03 Lunar and Planetary Institute
External links
[edit]- Impact Database (formerly Suspected Earth Impact Sites list) maintained by David Rajmon for Impact Field Studies Group, US
- Impact Meteor Crater Viewer Google Maps Page with Locations of Meteor Craters around the world
- Impact Craters at Lunar and Planetary Institute
