List of heirs to the English throne
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This is a list of the individuals who were, at any given time, considered the next in line to inherit the throne of England, should the incumbent monarch die. Those who actually succeeded (at any future time) are shown in bold. Stillborn children and infants surviving less than a month are not included.
It may be noted that the succession was highly uncertain, and was not governed by a fixed convention, for much of the century after the Norman Conquest of 1066.
Significant breaks in the succession, where the designated heir did not in fact succeed (due to usurpation, conquest, revolution, or lack of heirs) are shown as breaks in the table below.
The symbols +1, +2, etc. are to be read "once (twice, etc.) removed in descendancy", i.e., the child or grandchild (etc.) of a cousin of the degree specified. The symbols −1, −2, etc. indicate the converse relationship, i.e., the cousin of a parent or grandparent (etc.).
1066 to 1135: The Normans
[edit]Heir | Status | Relationship to Monarch | Became heir Reason |
Ceased to be heir Reason |
Monarch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No recognised heir 1066–1087[1] | William I | ||||
William "Rufus" | Heir apparent | Son | 7 September 1087 Proclaimed heir[2] |
26 September 1087 Became king | |
No recognised heir 1087–1100 | William II | ||||
No recognised heir 1100–1116 | Henry I | ||||
William Adelin, Duke of Normandy | Heir apparent | Son | 19 March 1116 Proclaimed heir[3] |
25 November 1120 Died | |
No recognised heir 1120–1126 | |||||
Matilda, Countess of Anjou (Empress Matilda) |
Heiress presumptive | Daughter | 25 December 1126 Proclaimed heiress |
22 December 1135 Throne usurped by 1st cousin Stephen, Count of Boulogne |
1135 to 1154: The Blois
[edit]Heir | Status | Relationship to Monarch | Became heir Reason |
Ceased to be heir Reason |
Monarch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No recognised heir 1135–1152 | Stephen | ||||
Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne | Heir apparent | Son | 6 April 1152 Proclaimed heir |
17 August 1153 Died | |
No recognised heir Aug–Nov 1153 | |||||
Henry "Curtmantle", Duke of Normandy | Heir apparent | 1st cousin +1 | 6 November 1153 Proclaimed heir[4] |
19 December 1154 Became king |
1154 to 1399: Plantagenets
[edit]Heir | Status | Relationship to Monarch | Became heir Reason |
Ceased to be heir Reason |
Monarch | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No recognised heir 1154–1155 | Henry II | |||||
William IX, Count of Poitiers | Heir apparent | Son | 3 April 1155 Proclaimed heir |
April 1156 Died | ||
Henry the Young King | Heir apparent | Son | April 1156 Brother died |
11 June 1183 Died | ||
No recognised heir 1183–1189 | ||||||
Richard "the Lionheart", Duke of Aquitaine | Heir apparent | Son | 4 July 1189 Proclaimed heir |
3 September 1189 Became king | ||
No recognised heir 1189–1190 | Richard I | |||||
Arthur I, Duke of Brittany | Heir presumptive | Nephew | 11 November 1190 Proclaimed heir |
27 May 1199 John "Lackland" proclaimed king | ||
No recognised heir 1199–1207 | John | |||||
Henry of Winchester | Heir apparent | Son | 1 October 1207 Born |
28 October 1216 Became king | ||
Richard, Earl of Cornwall | Heir presumptive | Brother | 28 October 1216 Brother became king |
17 June 1239 Son born to king |
Henry III | |
Edward "Longshanks", Lord of Chester | Heir apparent | Son | 17 June 1239 Born |
20 November 1272 Became king | ||
Henry | Heir apparent | Son | 20 November 1272 Father became king |
14 October 1274 Died |
Edward I | |
Alphonso, Earl of Chester | Heir apparent | Son | 14 October 1274 Brother died |
19 August 1284 Died | ||
Edward of Caernarfon, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 19 August 1284 Brother died |
8 July 1307 Became king | ||
Thomas of Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk | Heir presumptive | Half-brother | 8 July 1307 Brother became king |
13 November 1312 Son born to king |
Edward II | |
Edward of Windsor, Earl of Chester | Heir apparent | Son | 13 November 1312 Born |
25 January 1327 Father abdicated, became king | ||
John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall | Heir presumptive | Brother | 25 January 1327 Brother became king |
15 June 1330 Son born to king |
Edward III | |
Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales (Edward "the Black Prince") |
Heir apparent | Son | 15 June 1330 Born |
8 June 1376 Died | ||
Richard of Bordeaux, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Grandson | 8 June 1376 Father died |
22 June 1377 Became king | ||
Since Richard II never designated an heir, the succession was disputed among the heirs established under the will of Edward III and heirs by cognatic primogeniture. The will entailed the throne on the heirs male. The following are the leaders of both lines: | ||||||
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster | Potential heirs by the will of Edward III | Uncle | 22 June 1377 Nephew became king |
3 February 1399 Died |
Richard II | |
Henry "Bolingbroke", Duke of Lancaster | 1st cousin | 3 February 1399 Father died |
30 September 1399 1st cousin deposed, became king | |||
Philippa Plantagenet, 5th Countess of Ulster | Potential heirs by cognatic primogeniture | 1st cousin | 22 June 1377 1st cousin became king |
5 January 1382 Died | ||
Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March | 1st cousin +1 | 5 January 1382 Mother died |
20 July 1398 Died | |||
Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March | 1st cousin +2 | 20 July 1398 Father died |
30 September 1399 Succession of new king |
1399 to 1461: The Lancasters
[edit]Heir | Status | Relationship to Monarch | Became heir Reason |
Ceased to be heir Reason |
Monarch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Henry of Monmouth, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 30 September 1399 Father became king |
20 March 1413 Became king |
Henry IV |
Thomas, Duke of Clarence | Heir presumptive | Brother | 20 March 1413 Brother became king |
22 March 1421 Died |
Henry V |
John, Duke of Bedford | Heir presumptive | Brother | 22 March 1421 Brother died |
6 December 1421 Son born to king | |
Henry, Duke of Cornwall | Heir apparent | Son | 6 December 1421 Born |
31 August 1422 Became king | |
John, Duke of Bedford | Heir presumptive | Uncle | 31 August 1422 Nephew became king |
14 September 1435 Died |
Henry VI |
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester | Heir presumptive | Uncle | 14 September 1435 Brother died |
23 February 1447 Died | |
Richard, Duke of York[5] | Heir presumptive | 2nd cousin −1 | 23 February 1447 2nd cousin died |
13 October 1453 Son born to king | |
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 13 October 1453 Born |
25 October 1460 Excluded from succeeding[6] | |
Richard, Duke of York | Heir apparent[6] | 2nd cousin −1 | 25 October 1460 |
30 December 1460 Died | |
Edward, Duke of York | Heir apparent | 3rd cousin | 30 December 1460 Father died |
4 March 1461 3rd cousin deposed, became king |
1461 to 1470: The Yorks
[edit]Heir | Status | Relationship to Monarch | Became heir Reason |
Ceased to be heir Reason |
Monarch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence (Disputed from 1466 onward)[7] |
Heir presumptive | Brother | 4 March 1461 Brother became king |
31 March 1470 Proclaimed traitor |
Edward IV |
No recognised heir Mar–Oct 1470[8] |
1470 to 1471: The Lancasters
[edit]Heir | Status | Relationship to Monarch | Became heir Reason |
Ceased to be heir Reason |
Monarch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 3 October 1470 Father restored as king |
11 April 1471 Father deposed |
Henry VI |
1471 to 1485: The Yorks
[edit]Heir | Status | Relationship to Monarch | Became heir Reason |
Ceased to be heir Reason |
Monarch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Edward, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 11 April 1471 Father restored as king |
9 April 1483 Became king |
Edward IV |
Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York | Heir presumptive | Brother | 9 April 1483 Brother became king |
25 June 1483 Brother deposed, both declared illegitimate |
Edward V |
Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 26 June 1483 Father became king |
9 April 1484 Died |
Richard III |
No recognised heir 1484–1485 |
1485 to 1603: The Tudors
[edit]Heir | Status | Relationship to Monarch | Became heir Reason |
Ceased to be heir Reason |
Monarch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No recognised heir 1485–1486 | Henry VII | ||||
Arthur, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 20 September 1486 Born |
2 April 1502 Died | |
Henry, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 2 April 1502 Brother died |
21 April 1509 Became king | |
Margaret, Queen of Scotland[9][10] | Heiress presumptive | Sister | 21 April 1509 Brother became king |
1 January 1511 Son born to king |
Henry VIII |
Henry, Duke of Cornwall | Heir apparent | Son | 1 January 1511 Born |
22 February 1511 Died | |
Margaret, Queen of Scotland[9][10] | Heiress presumptive | Sister | 22 February 1511 Nephew died |
18 February 1516 Daughter born to king | |
Mary Tudor | Heiress presumptive | Daughter | 18 February 1516 Born |
23 March 1534 Declared illegitimate[11] | |
Elizabeth Tudor | Heiress presumptive[11] | Daughter | 23 March 1534 Half-sister declared illegitimate |
8 June 1536 Declared illegitimate[12] | |
No recognised heir 1536–1537[12] | |||||
Edward, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 12 October 1537 Born |
28 January 1547 Became king | |
Mary Tudor | Heiress presumptive[13] | Half-sister | 28 January 1547 Half-brother became king |
21 June 1553 Excluded by letters patent[14] |
Edward VI |
Lady Jane Dudley (Lady Jane Grey) | Heiress presumptive[14] | 1st cousin +1[15] | 21 June 1553 Named in letters patent |
6 July 1553 Proclaimed queen | |
Upon the death of Edward VI, the succession was disputed between his sister Mary, the heir by primogeniture and the Third Succession Act, and Lady Jane Grey, whom Edward had named his heir. Since Lady Jane's short reign is a matter of dispute, so are her heirs. | |||||
Katherine Herbert, Lady Herbert of Cardiff | Heiress presumptive | Sister | 6 July 1553 Sister proclaimed queen |
19 July 1553 Sister deposed |
Jane (disputed) |
Elizabeth Tudor | Heiress presumptive[13] | Half-sister | 6 July 1553 Half-sister became queen |
17 November 1558 Became queen |
Mary I |
Since Elizabeth I never designated an heir, the succession was disputed among heirs of Henry VII by cognatic primogeniture and the heirs established under the will of Henry VIII. The document placed the granddaughters of the king's younger sister Mary after his children, while also disinheriting the descendants of his elder sister Margaret. However, as the will had been signed by a dry stamp rather than by the king's own hand, its legal force was questionable.[16] The following are the leaders of both lines: | |||||
Mary, Queen of Scots | Potential heirs by cognatic primogeniture | 1st cousin +1[17] | 17 November 1558 1st cousin +1 became queen |
8 February 1587 Executed |
Elizabeth I |
King James VI of Scotland | 1st cousin +2[18] | 8 February 1587 Mother executed |
24 March 1603 Became king | ||
Katherine Seymour, Countess of Hertford[19] | Potential heirs by the will of Henry VIII | 1st cousin +1[15] | 17 November 1558 1st cousin +1 became queen |
26 January 1568 Died | |
Lady Mary Keyes[19] | 1st cousin +1[15] | 26 January 1568 Sister died |
20 April 1578 Died | ||
Margaret Stanley, Dowager Countess of Derby[20] | 1st cousin +1[21] | 20 April 1578 1st cousin +1 died |
28 September 1596 Died | ||
Lady Anne Stanley[20] | 1st cousin +3[22] | 28 September 1596 Grandmother died |
24 March 1603 Succession of new king |
1603 to 1707: The Stuarts
[edit]Heir | Status | Relationship to Monarch | Became heir Reason |
Ceased to be heir Reason |
Next in succession Relation to heir |
Monarch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 24 March 1603 Father became king |
6 November 1612 Died |
Charles, Duke of York Brother |
James I |
Charles, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 6 November 1612 Brother died |
27 March 1625 Became king |
Elizabeth, Electress Palatine Sister | |
Elizabeth, Electress Palatine | Heiress presumptive | Sister | 27 March 1625 Brother became king |
29 May 1630 Son born to king |
Hereditary Prince Frederick Henry of the Palatinate 1625–1629, Son |
Charles I |
Prince Charles Louis of the Palatinate 1629–1630, Son | ||||||
Charles, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 29 May 1630 Born |
30 January 1649 Proclaimed king |
Elizabeth, Electress Palatine 1630–1631, Aunt | |
Mary Stuart 1631–1633, Sister | ||||||
James, Duke of York 1633–1649, Brother | ||||||
James, Duke of York | Heir presumptive | Brother | 30 January 1649 Brother proclaimed King |
6 February 1685 Became king |
Henry, Duke of Gloucester 1649–1660, Brother |
Charles II |
Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange Sep–Oct 1660, Sister | ||||||
Charles, Duke of Cambridge 1660–1661, Son | ||||||
William III, Prince of Orange 1661–1662, Nephew | ||||||
Mary Stuart 1662–1663, Daughter | ||||||
James, Duke of Cambridge 1663–1667, Son | ||||||
Mary Stuart Jun–Sep 1667, Daughter | ||||||
Edgar, Duke of Cambridge 1667–1671, Son | ||||||
Mary, Princess of Orange 1671–1677, Daughter | ||||||
Charles, Duke of Cambridge Nov–Dec 1677, Son | ||||||
Mary, Princess of Orange 1677–1685, Daughter | ||||||
Mary, Princess of Orange | Heiress presumptive | Daughter | 6 February 1685 Father became king |
10 June 1688 Son born to king |
Princess Anne of Denmark Sister |
James II |
James, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 10 June 1688 Born |
13 February 1689 Father deposed, excluded from succeeding |
Mary, Princess of Orange Sister | |
William III | Mutual heirs[23] | Husband | 13 February 1689 Declaration of Right, 1689 |
28 December 1694 Became sole monarch |
Princess Anne of Denmark[24] Sister(-in-law) |
Mary II |
Mary II | Wife | 28 December 1694 Died |
William III | |||
Princess Anne of Denmark | Heiress presumptive[24] | Sister-in-law / 1st cousin | 28 December 1694 Sister died |
8 March 1702 Became queen |
William, Duke of Gloucester 1694–1700, Son | |
None 1700–1701 | ||||||
Sophia, Dowager Electress of Hanover 1701–1702, 1st cousin −1[25] | ||||||
Sophia, Dowager Electress of Hanover | Heiress presumptive[25] | 1st cousin −1 | 8 March 1702 1st cousin -1 died |
1 May 1707 Formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain[26] |
George Louis, Elector of Hanover Son |
Anne |
Jacobite succession, 1689–1807
[edit]The following are the heirs of the Jacobite pretenders to the throne to the death of the last Stuart pretender. For other persons in this lineage, see Jacobite succession.
Heir | Status | Relationship to Pretender | Became heir Reason |
Ceased to be heir Reason |
Next in succession Relation to heir |
Pretender |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
James, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 13 February 1689 Father deposed |
16 September 1701 Became pretender |
Mary, Princess of Orange 1689–1694, Sister |
James II |
Princess Anne of Denmark 1694–1701, Sister | ||||||
Princess Anne of Denmark | Heiress presumptive | Sister | 16 September 1701 Brother became pretender |
1 August 1714 Died |
Louisa Maria, Princess Royal 1701–1712, Sister |
James III "The Old Pretender" |
Anne Marie, Queen of Scilly 1712–1714, 1st cousin | ||||||
Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia | Heiress presumptive | 1st cousin | 1 August 1714 1st cousin died |
31 December 1720 Son born to pretender |
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont 1714–1715, Son | |
Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont 1715–1720, Son | ||||||
Charles, Prince of Wales | Heir apparent | Son | 31 December 1720 Born |
1 January 1766 Became pretender |
Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia 1720–1725, 1st cousin −1 | |
Henry, Duke of York 1725–1766, Brother | ||||||
Henry, Duke of York | Heir presumptive | Brother | 1 January 1766 Brother became pretender |
31 January 1788 Became pretender |
Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia 1766–1773, 2nd cousin |
Charles III "The Young Pretender" |
Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia 1773–1788, 2nd cousin +1 | ||||||
Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia | Heir presumptive | 2nd cousin +1 | 31 January 1788 2nd cousin +1 became pretender |
14 October 1796 Died |
Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont Son |
Henry IX "Cardinal York" |
Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia | Heir presumptive | 2nd cousin +2 | 14 October 1796 Father died |
13 July 1807 Last Stuart pretender died |
Prince Victor Emmanuel of Savoy Brother |
See also
[edit]- List of heirs to the Scottish throne
- List of heirs to the British throne
- Succession to the British throne
- History of the English and British line of succession
Sources
[edit]- Ian Mortimer, The Fears of Henry IV: the Life of England's Self-Made King (Vintage, 2008)
References
[edit]- ^ "Robert [called Robert Curthose], duke of Normandy". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23715. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)"William had made no explicit arrangements for the succession beyond the designation of Robert as his heir in Normandy."
- ^ Nichols, John (1780). A Collection of Royal and Noble Wills. London. p. 1.; "William II [known as William Rufus]". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29449. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Garnett, George (2007). Conquered England: Kingship, Succession, and Tenure 1066-1166. Oxford University Press. p. 206. ISBN 9780198207931.citing Eadmer, Historia Novorum, 237, William of Malmesbury, Chronicle of the kings of England, p. 454 and John of Worcester, Chronicon ex chronicis, iii, 138
- ^ Treaty of Wallingford
- ^ Ross, Charles (1974). Edward IV. University of California Press. pp. 3–7. ISBN 978-0520027817.
- ^ a b Act of Accord
- ^ As Edward IV had based his right to throne on being the heir general of Edward III through male-preference primogeniture, it has been argued that George was displaced as heir by his niece, Edward IV's oldest daughter, Elizabeth, upon her birth in 1466. Despite this, Edward IV, still hoping for the eventual birth of a son, never formerly named her as heir.
- ^ Edward IV's wife was pregnant, so the succession could not be determined until the baby was born. See Posthumous birth#In monarchies and nobilities.
- ^ a b Beem, Charles (5 December 2019). Queenship in Early Modern Europe. Red Globe Press. ISBN 9781137005076.
- ^ a b Chapman, Hester W. (1974). The Sisters of Henry VIII. Chivers. p. 59. ISBN 9780859970068.
- ^ a b First Succession Act
- ^ a b Second Succession Act
- ^ a b Third Succession Act
- ^ a b Edward VI's devise for the succession - "the said imperial crowne ... shall remaine come and be to the Lady Jane, eldest daughter of the said Lady Frances"
- ^ a b c Daughter of Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk, daughter of Mary Tudor, Queen of France, daughter of Henry VII of England
- ^ Joseph Robson Tanner (1951). Tudor Constitutional Documents, 1485–1603. Cambridge University Press. pp. 398–9.
- ^ Daughter of James V of Scotland, son of Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland, daughter of Henry VII of England
- ^ Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, daughter of James V of Scotland, son of Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland, daughter of Henry VII of England
- ^ a b Will of Henry VIII - "And if it shall fortune our said daughter, Elizabeth, to die without issue of her body lawfully begotten, ... we will that the said imperial crown ... shall wholly remain and come to the heirs of the body of the Lady Frances, our niece, eldest daughter to our late sister, the French Queen, lawfully begotten"
- ^ a b Will of Henry VIII - "And for default of such issue of the body of the said Lady Frances, we will that the said imperial crown ... shall wholly remain and come to the heirs of the body of the Lady Eleanor, our niece, second daughter to our said late sister, the French Queen, lawfully begotten"
- ^ Daughter of Eleanor Clifford, Countess of Cumberland, daughter of Mary Tudor, Queen of France, daughter of Henry VII of England
- ^ Daughter of Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby, son of Margaret Stanley, Countess of Derby, daughter of Eleanor Clifford, Countess of Cumberland, daughter of Mary Tudor, Queen of France, daughter of Henry VII of England
- ^ Bill of Rights 1689 - "the crown and regal government of the said kingdoms ... shall be and continue to their said Majesties and the survivor of them during their lives and the life of the survivor of them"
- ^ a b Bill of Rights 1689 - "after [the deceases of William and Mary] the said crown and premises shall be and remain to the heirs of the body of her Majesty [there were none], and for default of such issue to her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark"
- ^ a b Act of Settlement 1701 - "the most excellent Princess Sophia, Electress and Duchess Dowager of Hanover ... be and is hereby declared to be the next in succession ... after His Majesty, and the Princess Anne of Denmark, and in default of issue of the said Princess Anne, and of His Majesty respectively"
- ^ Acts of Union 1707