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John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall

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John of Eltham
Earl of Cornwall
John on the family tree of English kings
Born15 August 1316
Eltham Palace, Kent
Died13 September 1336 (aged 20)
Perth, Scotland
Burial15 January 1337
Westminster Abbey, London
FatherEdward II of England
MotherIsabella of France

John of Eltham, 1st Earl of Cornwall (15 August 1316 – 13 September 1336) was the second son of Edward II of England and Isabella of France. He was heir presumptive to the English throne until the birth of his nephew Edward, the Black Prince.

Life

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Alabaster-carved tomb of John of Eltham at Westminster Abbey
John of Eltham's effigy at Westminster Abbey

John was born in 1316 at Eltham Palace, Kent, the second son of Edward II of England and Isabella of France.[1] On 6 October 1328, at the age of twelve, he was created Earl of Cornwall.[2] Caught in the throes of the war between his father, Edward II, and his mother, Isabella, his growing years were turbulent. He was passed between his parents and was even held in the Tower of London for a time before his brother, Edward III, led a coup against their mother and assumed his majority.

Information on John is scant, but by most historical accounts he was highly competent, and highly trusted by Edward. He was named "Guardian of the Realm" when Edward III was out of the country, was asked to open Parliament in Edward's absence, and was named Warden of the northern Marches, which gave him virtual autonomy in that portion of England.

As the younger brother of the English monarch, since early childhood marital negotiations were made for John: in March 1328 Edward III entered into negotiations for a marriage between his brother and María Díaz de Haro, heiress of the Lordship of Biscay.[a] By contract signed on 28 September 1334, John was then betrothed with Maria de La Cerda, Lady of Lunel and daughter of Ferdinand de la Cerda (grandson of King Alfonso X of Castile) by his wife Juana Núñez de Lara, Lady of Lara.[4] A dispensation was sought, but the contract was abandoned when relations between Edward III and King Philip VI of France worsened in late 1334. Marie married Charles d'Évreux at Poissy in April 1335.[5] In December 1335 were made negotiations for a marriage with Joan, Countess of Penthièvre and heiress of the Duchy of Brittany;[b] however, it does not seem that these arrangement resulted in an official betrothal.

At sixteen he was a key commander in the Battle of Halidon Hill (1333), a devastating defeat for the Scots. Later he commanded an army in the southwest of Scotland that put down resistance to Edward Balliol, whose claims to the Scottish throne were supported by England. According to Scottish accounts, who view John as a ruthless destroyer, he burned down Lesmahagow Abbey when it was filled with people who had sought sanctuary from the wrath of the English troops. As the Scottish chronicler John of Fordun tells it, this violation of the sacred laws of sanctuary so enraged King Edward III that he killed his own brother in fury. According to modern historian Tom Beaumont James, this tale "challenges the distinction between history and story."

John died at Perth, probably from a fever, shortly after turning 20. In January 1337, Edward buried his brother with all honours in a beautiful alabaster-carved tomb in Westminster Abbey, and had over 900 masses said for his soul.[7]

Ancestry

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Arms

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Arms of John, Earl of Cornwall

As Earl of Cornwall, John had use of the coat of arms of the kingdom, differenced by a bordure France (i.e. azure semy of fleur-de-lys or).[10]

Notes

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  1. ^ King Edward III wrote to "Alfonso...Castellæ...regi" and to "Marie dame de Biscay" regarding the proposed marriage between "fratrem nostrum germanum Johannem de Eltham" and "filiam dompni Johannis quondam domini de Biskae" dated 28 March 1328.[3]
  2. ^ Edward III appointed "Willielmi d´Aubeneye militis et Joannis Caupegorge" as proxies to negotiate the marriage between "Joannem comitem Cornubiæ fratrem nostrum" and "Johannam filiam Guidonis de Britannia neptem et hæredem [Johanne Duce Britanniæ consanguineo nostro]" by charter dated 31 December 1335.[6]

References

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  1. ^ Dryburgh 2016, p. 24.
  2. ^ Baker 2012, p. 38.
  3. ^ Thomas Rymer: Foedera (1740), vol. II, Pars III, p. 9. ed. A. Clarke and F. Holbrooke, London 1816.
  4. ^ Thomas Rymer: Foedera (1740), vol. II, Pars III, p. 118. ed. A. Clarke and F. Holbrooke, London 1816.
  5. ^ López de Ayala, P. (1780) Crónicas de los Reyes de Castilla (Madrid), Tome II, Crónica del rey Enrique II, Año Octavo, Cap. X, p. 49.
  6. ^ Pierre-Hyacinthe Morice de Beaubois: Mémoires pour servir de preuves à l´histoire ecclesiastique et civile de Bretagne, Paris 1742, vol. I, col. 1375.
  7. ^ Ormrod, W. M. (1989). "The Personal Religion of Edward III". Speculum. 64 (4): 849–877. doi:10.2307/2852870. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2852870. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  8. ^ Maclagan, Michael; Louda, Jiří (1999), Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, London: Little, Brown & Co, p. 17, ISBN 1-85605-469-1
  9. ^ Weir, Alison (1995), Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy Revised edition, Random House, p. 92, ISBN 0-7126-7448-9
  10. ^ Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family

Sources

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  • Baker, Geoffrey (2012). Barber, Richard (ed.). The Chronicle of Geoffrey Le Baker of Swinbrook. Translated by Preest, David. The Boydell Press.
  • Dryburgh, Paul (2016). "Living in the Shadows: John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwll (1316-36)". In Bothwell, James; Dodd, Gwilym (eds.). Fourteenth Century England. Vol. 14. The Boydell Press.24
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