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List of heads of state and government who have been in exile

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In some cases, the deposed head of state or head of government are allowed to go into exile following a coup or other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place or to escape justice. In some cases, governments in exile are created.[1]

There have also been instances where they managed to return to power, as did Charles II of England.

Examples in chronological order include:

     Returned to power

Name Title Home country Exile period
(† – died in exile)
Exiled country or countries
Jehoahaz King of Judah Kingdom of Judah 609 BC–unknown Egypt
Jeconiah King of Judah Kingdom of Judah 597 BC–562 BC Babylon
Pisistratus Tyrant of Athens Athens 561 BC–556 BC
556 BC–546 BC Rhaecelus
Arcesilaus III King of Cyrene Cyrene 518 BC–515 BC Samos
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus King of Rome Roman Kingdom 509 BC–495 BC† Caere, Clusium, Tusculum, and Cumae
Lycophron II Tyrant of Pherae Pherae 352 BC–after 352 BC† Athens
Arybbas King of Epirus Epirus 343 BC–unknown† Athens
Nectanebo II Pharaoh of Egypt Egypt 342 BC–unknown† Upper Egypt
Nubia
Aeacides King of Epirus Epirus 316 BC–313 BC
Pyrrhus King of Epirus Epirus 302 BC–297 BC
Cleombrotus II King of Sparta Sparta 240 BC–unknown† Tegea
Cleomenes III King of Sparta Sparta 222 BC–219 BC† Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt
Demetrius III Eucaerus King of Syria Seleucid Empire 87 BC–after 87 BC† Parthia
Herod Antipas Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea Galilee and Perea 39 AD–after 39 AD† Gaul
Mithridates III King of the Bosporus Bosporan Kingdom 45–68† Rome, Roman Empire
Romulus Augustulus Roman Emperor Western Roman Empire 476–after 511† Campania (Castellum Lucullanum)
Heraclonas Byzantine Emperor Byzantine Empire 641–642† Rhodes
Zhongzong Emperor of the Tang dynasty Tang dynasty 684–698 Fang Prefecture
Jun Prefecture
Justinian II Byzantine Emperor Byzantine Empire 695–702/703 Cherson
Eadwulf I King of Northumbria Northumbria 705–717† Dál Riata or Pictland
Junnin Emperor of Japan Japan 764–765† Awaji Island, Hyōgo Prefecture
Alhred King of Northumbria Northumbria 774–unknown Pictland
Telerig Khan of Bulgaria Bulgaria 777–777† Byzantine Empire
Æthelred I King of Northumbria Northumbria 779–790
Ecgberht King of Wessex Wessex 789–802 Frankish Empire
Osred II King of Northumbria Northumbria 790–792† Isle of Man
Osbald King of Northumbria Northumbria 796–799† Lindisfarne
Eardwulf King of Northumbria Northumbria 806–808 Frankish Empire
Irene of Athens Byzantine Empress Byzantine Empire 802–803† Lesbos
Wiglaf King of Mercia Mercia 829–830
Theodora II Byzantine Empress Byzantine Empire 857–867† Gastria, Cyprus
Sugandha Queen of Kashmir Kashmir 906–914† Haskapura
Yahya IV Emir of Morocco Morocco 922–946† Fatimid Caliphate
Constantine Lekapenos Byzantine Emperor Byzantine Empire 945–946/948† Samothrace
Hassan II Sultan of Morocco Morocco 974–985† Caliphate of Córdoba
Otto Orseolo Doge of Venice Republic of Venice 1026–1032† Byzantine Empire
Casimir I Duke of Poland Duchy of Poland 1034–1039 Kingdom of Hungary
Holy Roman Empire
Constantine IX Monomachos Byzantine Emperor Byzantine Empire 1035–1042 Lesbos
Bagrat IV King of Georgia Kingdom of Georgia 1050–1053 Byzantine Empire
Romanos IV Diogenes Byzantine Emperor Byzantine Empire 1072–1072† Proti
Sultan Shah ibn Radwan Sultan of Aleppo Aleppo 1118–after 1125†
Władysław II High Duke of Poland
Duke of Silesia
Duchy of Poland
Duchy of Silesia
1146–1159† Altenburg
Sutoku Emperor of Japan Japan 1156–1164† Sanuki Province, Shikoku
Go-Toba Emperor of Japan Japan 1221–1239† Oki Province, Oki Islands
Demetrius King of Thessalonica Kingdom of Thessalonica 1224–1230† Holy Roman Empire
Mitso Asen Tsar of Bulgaria  Bulgaria 1257–before 1277/78† Byzantine Empire
Ivan Asen III Tsar of Bulgaria  Bulgaria 1280–1303†  Golden Horde
George Terter I Tsar of Bulgaria  Bulgaria 1292–1301 Byzantine Empire
Al-Nasir Muhammad Sultan of Egypt Mamluk Sultanate 1294–1299 Al-Karak
1309–1310
Ivan II Tsar of Bulgaria  Bulgaria 1300–before 1330† Byzantine Empire
Christopher II King of Denmark  Denmark 1326–1329 Northern Germany
Ivan Stefan Tsar of Bulgaria  Bulgaria 1331–1373† Serbia
 Naples
Go-Daigo Emperor of Japan Japan 1331–1333 Oki Province, Oki Islands
David II King of Scots  Scotland 1333–1341  France
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman Sultan of Morocco Morocco 1348–1351† High Atlas
Muhammad V Sultan of Granada Granada 1359–1362 Morocco Morocco
Leo V King of Armenia Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1375–1393†  Mamluk Sultanate
 Castile
 France
Gongyang King of Goryeo Goryeo 1392–1394† Wonju, Joseon
Samcheok, Joseon
Min Saw Mon King of Arakan Kingdom of Mrauk U 1406–1429 Bengal Sultanate
Constantine II Tsar of Bulgaria Tsardom of Vidin 1422–1422† Serbia
Danjong King of Joseon Joseon 1457–1457† Yeongwol
Muhammad XII Sultan of Granada Granada 1492–1533† Morocco Morocco
Piero de' Medici Lord of Florence Florence 1494–1503†  Venice
 Naples
Eberhard II Duke of Württemberg Württemberg 1498–1504† Electoral Palatinate
Yeonsangun King of Joseon Joseon 1506–1506† Ganghwa Island
Tabariji Sultan of Ternate  Sultanate of Ternate 1535–1544 Goa, Portuguese India
Hairun Sultan of Ternate  Sultanate of Ternate 1544–1546 Goa, Portuguese India
Narapati IV King of Ava Kingdom of Ava 1555–unknown Pegu
Yousuf Shah Chak Sultan of Kashmir Kashmir Sultanate 1579–1580 Mughal Empire
1586–1592† Bihar, Mughal Empire
António I King of Portugal  Kingdom of Portugal 1580–1595†  France
Saidi Berkat Sultan of Ternate  Sultanate of Ternate 1606–1628† Spanish Philippines
Rory O'Donnell King of Tyrconnell Tyrconnell 1607–1608† Spanish Netherlands
 Papal States
Khalifeh Soltan Grand Vizier of the Safavid Empire  Safavid Empire 1632–1645 Qom
Ngarolamo Sultan of Tidore Sultanate of Tidore 1634–1639†  Sultanate of Ternate
Charles II King of England and Ireland
King of Scotland
 England
 Scotland
 Ireland
1651–1660  France
The Low Countries
Zhu Youlang (Yongli Emperor) Emperor of the Southern Ming Southern Ming 1661–1662† Burma
Govinda Manikya Maharaja of Tripura Twipra Kingdom 1661–1667 Chittagong Hill Tracts
Kingdom of Mrauk U
James II and VII King of England and Ireland
King of Scotland
 England
 Scotland
 Ireland
1688–1701†  France
Chakdor Namgyal King of Sikkim  Sikkim 1700–1707 Tibet
Charles XII King of Sweden  Sweden 1709–1714 Ottoman Empire
Vakhtang VI King of Kartli Kingdom of Kartli 1724–1737† Russian Empire
Theodore I King of Corsica Kingdom of Corsica 1736–1756†  Dutch Republic
 Great Britain
Pasquale Paoli President of Corsica Corsica Corsican Republic 1769–1790  Great Britain
 United Kingdom
1795–1807†
Chaophraya Nakhon (Nu) King of Nakhon Si Thammarat Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom 1770–1776 Thonburi Kingdom
Şahin Giray Khan of Crimea Khanate of Crimea 1783–1787† Russian Empire
Ottoman Empire
Tenzing Namgyal King of Sikkim  Sikkim 1788–1793† Tibet
Louis XVIII King of France  France 1791–1814  Prussia
 Great Britain
 Russia
William I and VI King of the Netherlands
Grand Duke of Luxembourg
Prince of Orange-Nassau
 Netherlands
 Luxembourg
1795–1813  Great Britain
 Prussia
Shah Shujah Durrani Emir of Afghanistan  Durrani Empire 1809–1839 Punjab
Cornelio Saavedra President of the Primera Junta  United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 1811–1815  Chile
Hamengkubuwono II Sultan of Yogyakarta Yogyakarta Sultanate 1812–1815 Penang
1817–1826 Ambon,  Dutch East Indies
Tenskwatawa Leader of Tecumseh's Confederacy Tecumseh's Confederacy 1813–1824 Canada
Napoleon Emperor of the French  France 1814–1815 Elba
1815–1821† United Kingdom Saint Helena
Sri Vikrama Rajasinha King of Kandy  Kingdom of Kandy 1815–1832† Vellore Fort, British India
Baji Rao II Peshwa  Maratha Confederacy 1818–1851† Bithur, British India
Ahmad Tajuddin II Sultan of Kedah Kedah Sultanate 1821–1842 Penang
Malacca
Bernabé Aráoz President of the Republic of Tucumán Republic of Tucumán 1823–1824 Salta, Río de la Plata
Agustín I Emperor of Mexico  Mexico 1823–1824 Tuscany Tuscany
 United Kingdom
Charles X King of France  France 1830–1836†  United Kingdom
 Austrian Empire
Louis XIX 1830–1844†
Henry V 1830–1883†
Charles II Duke of Brunswick  Brunswick 1830–1873†  United Kingdom
 France
  Switzerland
Pakubuwono VI Susuhunan of Surakarta Surakarta Sunanate 1830–1849† Ambon,  Dutch East Indies
Miguel I King of Portugal  Portugal 1834–1847  Papal States
1847–1851  United Kingdom
1851–1866†  Baden
Antonio López de Santa Anna President of Mexico  Mexico 1836–1837  United States
1845–1846 Cuba
1848–1853 United Kingdom British Jamaica
Colombia
1855–1864 Cuba
Colombia
St. Thomas
 United States
1864–1867 Cuba
St. Thomas
 United States
1867–1874 Cuba
 Dominican Republic
 Bahamas
Pratap Singh Chhatrapati  Maratha Confederacy 1839–1847† Benares State, British India
Joaquin Mora Fernandez Head of State of Costa Rica  Costa Rica 1839–1842  Chile
Dost Mohammad Khan Emir of Afghanistan  Emirate of Afghanistan 1840–1842 Mussoorie
Tomás Bobadilla President of the Dominican Republic  Dominican Republic 1844–1849
1868–1871† Puerto Rico
 Haiti
Louis Philippe I King of the French  France 1848–1850†  United Kingdom
Juan Manuel de Rosas Governor of Buenos Aires  Argentina 1852–1877†  United Kingdom
Duleep Singh Maharaja  Sikh Empire 1854–1893†  United Kingdom
William Dappa Pepple I King of Bonny Kingdom of Bonny 1854–1861  United Kingdom
Wajid Ali Shah Nawab of Awadh  Oudh State 1856–1887† Metiabruz,  Bengal Presidency
Bahadur Shah II Mughal Emperor Mughal Empire 1857–1862† British Burma
Birjis Qadr Nawab of Awadh  Oudh State 1858–1887 Nepal
Ali Bahadur II Nawab of Banda Banda State 1858–1873†  Indore State
Faustin I Emperor of Haiti Haiti 1858–1867 United Kingdom British Jamaica
Bartolomé Calvo President of the Granadine Confederation  Granadine Confederation 1861–1876 Puerto Rico
 Ecuador
José Antonio Páez President of Venezuela  Venezuela 1863–1873†  United States
George V King of Hanover  Hanover 1866–1878†  Austria
 France
Napoleon III Emperor of the French  France 1871–1873†  United Kingdom
Muhammad Khudayar Khan Khan of Kokand Khanate of Kokand 1875–1886†  Russian Empire
 Emirate of Afghanistan
Abdullah II Sultan of Perak  Perak 1876–1894 British Mauritius (Seychelles)
Michel Domingue President of Haiti  Haiti 1876–1877† British Jamaica
Ismail Pasha Khedive of Egypt Egypt 1879–1895†  Italy
 Ottoman Empire
Cetshwayo King of the Zulu Nation Zulu Kingdom 1879–1883  Cape Colony
 United Kingdom
Thibaw Min King of Burma Konbaung dynasty Burma 1885–1916† British India
Jaja King of Opobo Opobo 1887–1891†  Gold Coast
 United Kingdom
British Windward Islands
Hàm Nghi Emperor of Vietnam Đại Nam 1888–1943† French Algeria
Pedro II Emperor of Brazil  Brazil 1889–1891†  France
Kalema Kabaka of Buganda Buganda 1889–1891† Bunyoro
Dinuzulu King of the Zulu Nation Zulu Kingdom 1890–1897  Saint Helena
Yusuf Ali Kenadid Sultan of Hobyo Sultanate of Hobyo 1890–1911† Aden Protectorate
 Italian Eritrea
Dinah Salifou King of the Nalu Nalu people 1890–1897† French Senegal
Béhanzin King of Dahomey  Kingdom of Dahomey 1894–1906† Martinique
French Algeria
Gungunhana King of Gaza Gaza Empire 1895–1906†  Portugal
 Azores, Portugal
Khalid bin Barghash Sultan of Zanzibar Zanzibar 1896–1927†  German East Africa
British Mauritius (Seychelles)
 Saint Helena
 British East Africa
Prempeh I King of Ashanti Ashanti Kingdom 1896–1924 British Sierra Leone (1896–1900)
British Seychelles (1900–1924)
Wobgho Mogho Naba of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou 1897–1904†  Gold Coast
Ranavalona III Queen of Madagascar Madagascar 1897–1907† Réunion
French Algeria
Ovonramwen King of Benin Kingdom of Benin 1897–1914† British Southern Nigeria
Manuel Barillas President of Guatemala  Guatemala 1898–1907†  Mexico
Samori Toure Wassoulou Emperor Wassoulou Empire 1898–1900† French Senegal
French Gabon
Mwanga II Kabaka of Buganda Buganda 1899–1903† British Seychelles
Paul Kruger President of the South African Republic  Transvaal 1900–1904†  Netherlands
 France
  Switzerland
Agoli-agbo King of Dahomey Kingdom of Dahomey 1900–1910 French Gabon
Francis William Reitz President of the Orange Free State  Orange Free State 1902–1907  Netherlands
Mussa Moloh King of Fuladu Fuladu 1903–1931† British Gambia
British Sierra Leone
Thành Thái Emperor of Vietnam French Annam 1907–1954 French Cochinchina
Réunion
Pierre Nord Alexis President of Haiti  Haiti 1908–1910† British Jamaica
 United States
Cipriano Castro President of Venezuela  Venezuela 1909–1924†  United States
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar Shah of Iran  Iran 1909–1925†  Russian Empire (1909–1920)
 Ottoman Empire (1920–1921)
 Italy (1921–1925)
José Santos Zelaya President of Nicaragua  Nicaragua 1909–1919†  Spain
 United States
Manuel II King of Portugal  Portugal 1910–1932†  Gibraltar
 United Kingdom
Porfirio Díaz President of Mexico  Mexico 1911–1915†  Spain
 France
Victoriano Huerta President of Mexico  Mexico 1914–1916†  United Kingdom
 Spain
 United States
Guillermo Billinghurst President of Peru  Peru 1914–1915†  Chile
Abbas II Khedive of Egypt Egypt 1914–1944†  Ottoman Empire
 Italy
  Switzerland
Muhammad Usman Sultan of Ternate  Sultanate of Ternate 1915–1932 Java,  Dutch East Indies
Duy Tân Emperor of Vietnam French Annam 1916–1945† Réunion
France
French Equatorial Africa
Alexander Kerensky Prime Minister of Russia  Russia 1917–1970†  France
 United States
Constantine I King of the Hellenes  Greece 1917–1920   Switzerland
1922–1923†  Italy
Ferdinand I Tsar of Bulgaria  Bulgaria 1918–1948†  Germany
Wilhelm II Emperor of Germany  Germany 1918–1941†  Netherlands
Nikola I King of Montenegro  Montenegro 1918–1921†  France
Ludwig III King of Bavaria  Bavaria 1918–1918 Austria
1919–1920 Hungary
 Liechtenstein
  Switzerland
Marie-Adélaïde Grand Duchess of Luxembourg  Luxembourg 1919–1924†  Italy
 Germany
Charles I and IV Emperor of Austria
King of Hungary
 Austria-Hungary 1919–1921   Switzerland
1921–1922†  Madeira, Portugal
Francisco Bertrand President of Honduras  Honduras 1919–1926  United States
Pavlo Skoropadskyi Hetman of Ukraine Ukrainian State 1919–1945  Germany
Symon Petliura Chairman of the Directorate of Ukraine  Ukraine 1920–1926†  Poland
 Hungary
  Switzerland
 France
Sayid Abdullah Khan of Khiva  Khanate of Khiva 1920–1933†  Ukrainian SSR
Mohamoud Ali Shire Sultan of Warsengali Warsangali Sultanate 1920–1928 British Seychelles
Jameel Al-Madfaai Prime Minister of Iraq  Iraq 1920–1923  Transjordan
1941
Mahmud Barzanji King of Kurdistan Kurdistan 1921–1922 British India
1932–1941  Iraq (Nasiriyah)
Carlos Herrera President of Guatemala  Guatemala 1921–1930†  France
Akaki Chkhenkeli Prime Minister of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Transcaucasia 1921–1959†  France
Noe Zhordania Prime Minister of Georgia  Georgia 1921–1953†  France
Mehmed VI Sultan of the Ottoman Empire  Ottoman Empire 1922–1926†  Crown Colony of Malta
 Italy
Mahammad Amin Rasulzade President of the Azerbaijani National Council  Azerbaijan 1922–1955†  Turkey
Idris Chief of the Senussi Order
Emir of Cyrenaica
Emir of Tripolitania
Italian Cyrenaica 1922–1947 Egypt
King of Libya  Libya 1969–1983†  Egypt
Ahmad Shah Qajar Shah of Iran  Iran 1923–1930†  France
Arturo Alessandri[2] President of Chile  Chile 1924–1925  Italy
George II King of the Hellenes  Greece 1924–1935  Romania
1941–1945 Egypt
 United Kingdom
Hussein bin Ali King of Hejaz  Hejaz 1925–1930  British Cyprus
Ali bin Hussein King of Hejaz  Hejaz 1925–1935†  Iraq
Abd el-Krim President of the Republic of the Rif  Republic of the Rif 1926–1963† Réunion (1926–1947)
Egypt (1947–1963)
Amanullah Khan King of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 1929–1960† British India
 Italy
Washington Luís[3] President of Brazil  Brazil 1930–1947   Switzerland
 Portugal
 United States
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo President of Chile  Chile 1931–1937  Argentina
Alfonso XIII King of Spain  Spain 1931–1941†  Italy
Tukojirao III Maharaja of Dewas Dewas State 1934–1937†  French India
Prajadhipok King of Siam  Siam 1935–1941†  United Kingdom
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora Prime Minister of Spain Spain Spain 1936–1949†  France (1936–1942)
 Argentina (1942–1949)
Haile Selassie I Emperor of Ethiopia Ethiopia 1936–1941  United Kingdom
Juan Bautista Sacasa President of Nicaragua  Nicaragua 1936–1946†  United States
Yasin al-Hashimi Prime Minister of Iraq  Iraq 1936–1937†  Lebanon
Nuri al-Said Prime Minister of Iraq  Iraq 1936–1937  Egypt
1941  Transjordan
Edvard Beneš President of Czechoslovakia  Czechoslovakia 1938–1945  United Kingdom
Augustinas Voldemaras Prime Minister of Lithuania  Lithuania 1938–1939  France
1940–1942  Soviet Union
Manuel Azaña Prime Minister of Spain Spain Spain 1939–1940†  France
Władysław Sikorski Prime Minister of Poland  Poland 1939–1943†  United Kingdom
 Gibraltar
Haakon VII King of Norway  Norway 1940–1945  United Kingdom
Johan Nygaardsvold Prime Minister of Norway  Norway 1940–1945  United Kingdom
Charlotte Grand Duchess of Luxembourg  Luxembourg 1940–1945  France
 Portugal
 United Kingdom
 United States
 Canada
Wilhelmina Queen of the Netherlands  Netherlands 1940–1945  United Kingdom
Dirk Jan de Geer Prime Minister of the Netherlands  Netherlands 1940–1941  United Kingdom
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy 1940–1945
Hubert Pierlot Prime Minister of Belgium  Belgium 1940–1945  United Kingdom
Antanas Smetona President of Lithuania  Lithuania 1940–1944†  United States
Eduardo Schaerer President of Paraguay  Paraguay 1940–1941†  Argentina
Zog I King of Albania  Albania 1941–1961†  United Kingdom
 France
Rezā Shāh Shah of Iran  Iran 1941–1944† British Mauritius
 South Africa
Emmanouil Tsouderos Prime Minister of Greece  Greece 1941–1944 Egypt
 United Kingdom
Sofoklis Venizelos Prime Minister of Greece  Greece 1944 Egypt
Georgios Papandreou 1944–1945
Arnulfo Arias Madrid President of Panama  Panama 1941–1945, 1951–1960 Latin America
1968–1978, 1984–1988†  United States
Moncef Bey Bey of Tunis Tunisia 1943–1948† French Algeria
 France
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez President of El Salvador  El Salvador 1944–1966†  Honduras
Jorge Ubico President of Guatemala  Guatemala 1944–1946†  United States
Isaías Medina Angarita President of Venezuela  Venezuela 1945–1953†  United States
Miklós Horthy Regent of Hungary  Hungary 1945–1957†  France (1945–1949)
 Portugal (1949–1957)
Peter II King of Yugoslavia  Yugoslavia 1945–1970†  United States
Victor Emmanuel III King of Italy  Italy 1946–1947†  Egypt
Umberto II King of Italy  Italy 1946–1983†  Portugal
  Switzerland
Simeon II Tsar of Bulgaria  Bulgaria 1946–1996  Egypt
 Spain
Leonardo Argüello Barreto President of Nicaragua  Nicaragua 1947–1947†  Mexico
Pridi Banomyong Prime Minister of Thailand  Thailand 1947–1947
1948–1971
 Singapore
 China
 France
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat Prime Minister of Thailand  Thailand 1947–1948  British Hong Kong
Teodoro Picado Michalski President of Costa Rica  Costa Rica 1948–1960†  Nicaragua
José Bustamante y Rivero President of Peru  Peru 1948–1955  Argentina
Rómulo Betancourt President of Venezuela  Venezuela 1948–1958  United States
 Cuba
 Costa Rica
Rómulo Gallegos President of Venezuela  Venezuela 1948–1958  Cuba
 Mexico
Michael I King of Romania  Romania 1948–1997  United Kingdom
  Switzerland
Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah  Ras Al Khaimah 1948–1951†  Sharjah
Muhammad Mahabat Khan III Nawab of Junagadh Junagadh State 1948–1959†  Pakistan
Shukri al-Quwatli President of Syria Syria 1949–1955  Egypt
Tribhuvan King of Nepal Nepal 1950–1951  India
Carlos Prío Socarrás President of Cuba  Cuba 1952–1975†  United States
Farouk King of Egypt  Egypt 1952–1965†  Monaco
 Italy
Fuad II 1952–present   Switzerland
 France
Laureano Gómez President of Colombia  Colombia 1953–1959  Spain
Mohammed V Sultan of Morocco  Morocco 1953–1955  France (1953–1954)
 French Madagascar (1954–1955)
Fawzi Selu President of Syria
Prime Minister of Syria
 Syria 1954–early 1960s  Saudi Arabia
Husni al-Barazi Prime Minister of Syria  Syria 1954–1975†  Lebanon
 Turkey
Adib Shishakli President of Syria
Prime Minister of Syria
 Syria 1954–1964†  Lebanon
 Brazil
Jacobo Árbenz President of Guatemala  Guatemala 1954–1971†  France
 Czechoslovakia
 Soviet Union
 Uruguay (1957–1960)
 Cuba (1960–1965)
 Mexico (1965–1971)
Juan Perón President of Argentina  Argentina 1955–1973  Venezuela (1955–1958)
 Spain (1958–1973)
Mohammed Ben Aarafa Sultan of Morocco  Morocco 1955–1976† Tangier
 France
 Lebanon
 France
Bảo Đại Emperor of Vietnam South Vietnam Vietnam 1955–1997†  France
 Monaco
Paul Magloire President of Haiti  Haiti 1956–1986  United States
Imre Nagy Prime Minister of Hungary  Hungary 1956–1957  Yugoslavia (embassy)
 Romania
Plaek Phibunsongkhram Prime Minister of Thailand  Thailand 1957–1964†  Cambodia
 Japan
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla President of Colombia  Colombia 1957–1958  Spain or
 Dominican Republic
Iskander Mirza President of Pakistan  Pakistan 1958–1969†  United Kingdom
Marcos Pérez Jiménez President of Venezuela  Venezuela 1958–1963  United States
1968–2001†  Spain
Tenzin Gyatso 14th Dalai Lama  Tibet 1959–present  India
Ghalib al-Hinai Imam of Oman Imamate of Oman 1959–2009†  Saudi Arabia
Fulgencio Batista President of Cuba  Cuba 1959–1973†  Dominican Republic
 Portugal
 Spain
Anselmo Alliegro y Milá President of Cuba  Cuba 1959–1961†  United States
Andrés Domingo y Morales del Castillo President of Cuba  Cuba 1959–1979†  United States
Syngman Rhee President of South Korea  South Korea 1960–1965†  United States
Kigeli V King of Rwanda  Rwanda 1961–2016†  Tanganyika
 Uganda
 Kenya
 United States
Joaquín Balaguer President of the Dominican Republic  Dominican Republic 1962–1966  United States
Manuel Prado Ugarteche President of Peru  Peru 1962–1967†  France
Albert Kalonji Mulopwe  South Kasai 1962–1964  Spain
1965–? Unknown
1997–2005  France
Moïse Tshombe President of Katanga  Katanga 1963–1964  Northern Rhodesia
 Spain
Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  DR Congo 1965–1969†  Spain
 Algeria
Juan Bosch President of the Dominican Republic  Dominican Republic 1963–1966  Puerto Rico
Abdullah Afeef President of the United Suvadive Republic  United Suvadive Republic 1963–1993†  Seychelles
Nazim al-Qudsi President of Syria  Syria 1963–1998†  Lebanon
Europe
 Jordan
Khalid al-Azm Prime Minister of Syria  Syria 1963–1965†  Lebanon
Maamun al-Kuzbari Prime Minister of Syria  Syria 1963–1998†  France
 Morocco
 Lebanon
Maarouf al-Dawalibi Prime Minister of Syria  Syria 1963–2004†  Lebanon
 Saudi Arabia
Jamshid bin Abdullah Sultan of Zanzibar Sultanate of Zanzibar Zanzibar 1964–2020  United Kingdom
 Oman
Juscelino Kubitschek President of Brazil  Brazil 1964–1967  United States
Víctor Paz Estenssoro President of Bolivia  Bolivia 1964–1978  Peru
1980–1982
Saud King of Saudi Arabia  Saudi Arabia 1964–1969†   Switzerland
 Egypt
 Greece
João Goulart President of Brazil  Brazil 1964–1976†  Uruguay (1964–1973)
 Argentina (1973–1976)
Mohamed Boudiaf Chairman of the High Council of State  Algeria 1964–1992  Morocco (Kenitra)
Fulbert Youlou President of the Republic of Congo  Republic of Congo 1965–1972† Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Spain
Nguyễn Khánh Prime Minister of South Vietnam  South Vietnam 1965–2013†  France
 United States
Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi Ruler of Sharjah  Sharjah 1965–1972 Bahrain
 United Arab Republic
Mutesa II President of Uganda
Kabaka of Buganda
 Uganda 1966–1969†  United Kingdom
Kwame Nkrumah President of Ghana  Ghana 1966–1972†  Guinea (1966–1971)
 Romania (1971–1972)
Mwambutsa IV King of Burundi  Burundi 1966–1977† Republic of the Congo
  Switzerland
Ntare V King of Burundi  Burundi 1966–1972  West Germany
 Uganda
Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan Ruler of Abu Dhabi  Abu Dhabi 1966–1970  Iran
Amin al-Hafiz President of Syria  Syria 1966–2003  Lebanon
 Iraq
Salah al-Din al-Bitar Prime Minister of Syria  Syria 1966–1980†  Lebanon
 France
Constantine II King of the Hellenes  Greece 1967–2013  Italy
 United Kingdom
Fernando Belaúnde Terry President of Peru  Peru 1968–1980  United States
Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif Prime Minister of Iraq  Iraq 1968–1978†   Switzerland
 United Kingdom
 Jordan
Muhammad al-Badr King of Yemen Kingdom of Yemen Yemen 1969–1996†  Saudi Arabia
 United Kingdom
Norodom Sihanouk Prime Minister of Cambodia  Cambodia 1970–1993  China
 North Korea
Said bin Taimur Sultan of Oman  Oman 1970–1972†  United Kingdom
Moshoeshoe II King of Lesotho  Lesotho 1970–1970  Netherlands
1990–1992  United Kingdom
Milton Obote President of Uganda  Uganda 1971–1979  Tanzania
1985–2005†  Zambia
Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani Emir of Qatar  Qatar 1972–1977†  Dubai,  United Arab Emirates
Son Ngoc Thanh Prime Minister of the Khmer Republic  Cambodia 1972–1977†  South Vietnam
 Vietnam
Mohammed Zahir Shah King of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 1973–2002  Italy
Thanom Kittikachorn Prime Minister of Thailand  Thailand 1973–1976  United States
 Singapore
Américo Tomás President of Portugal  Portugal 1974–1980  Brazil
Marcello Caetano Prime Minister of Portugal  Portugal 1974–1980†  Brazil
António de Spínola President of Portugal  Portugal 1974–1976†  Brazil
Makarios III President of Cyprus   Cyprus 1974  United Kingdom
Cheng Heng President of the Khmer Republic  Cambodia 1975–1992  United States
Lon Nol President of the Khmer Republic  Cambodia 1975–1985†  Indonesia
 United States
In Tam Prime Minister of the Khmer Republic  Cambodia 1975–2006†  United States
Nguyễn Văn Thiệu President of South Vietnam  South Vietnam 1975–2001†  Taiwan
 United Kingdom
 United States
Nguyễn Bá Cẩn Prime Minister of South Vietnam  South Vietnam 1975–2009†  United States
Boun Oum Prime Minister of Laos  Laos 1975–1980†  France
Alimirah Hanfare Sultan of Aussa Aussa Sultanate 1975–1991  Saudi Arabia
Abdurrahim El-Keib Prime Minister of Libya  Libya 1976–2011  United States
Michel Micombero President of Burundi  Burundi 1976–1983†  Somalia
James Mancham President of the Seychelles  Seychelles 1977–1992  United Kingdom
Abdul Hamid Bakkush Prime Minister of Libya  Libya 1977–2007†  Egypt
Ange-Félix Patassé Prime Minister of the Central African Empire  Central African Empire 1978–1979  France
 Central African Republic 1980–1981  Chad
1982–1992  Togo
President of the Central African Republic 2003–2009  Togo
Jafar Sharif-Emami Prime Minister of Iran  Iran 1978–1998†  United States
Gholam Reza Azhari Prime Minister of Iran  Iran 1978–2001†  United States
Ali Amini Prime Minister of Iran  Iran 1979–1992†  France
Shapour Bakhtiar Prime Minister of Iran  Iran 1979–1991†  France
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Shah of Iran  Iran 1979–1980†  Egypt
 Morocco
 Bahamas
 Mexico
 United States
 Panama
 Egypt
Idi Amin President of Uganda  Uganda 1979–2003†  Libya (1979–1980)
 Saudi Arabia (1980–2003)
Jean-Bédel Bokassa
(Bokassa I)
Emperor of Central Africa  Central African Empire 1979–1986  Ivory Coast (1979–1983)
 France (1983–1986)
Fred Degazon President of Dominica  Dominica 1979–2008†  United Kingdom
Félix Malloum President of Chad  Chad 1979–2002  Nigeria
Moktar Ould Daddah President of Mauritania  Mauritania 1979–2001  France
Anastasio Somoza Debayle President of Nicaragua  Nicaragua 1979–1980†  Paraguay
Pascal Lissouba Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo  Republic of Congo 1979–1990  France
President of the Republic of Congo 1997–2020†  United Kingdom (1997–2004)
 France (2004–2020)
Ahmed Ben Bella President of Algeria  Algeria 1980–1990   Switzerland
Luís Cabral President of Guinea-Bissau  Guinea-Bissau 1980–2009†  Cuba (1980–1984)
 Portugal (1984–2009)
Johan Ferrier President of Suriname  Suriname 1980–2010†  Netherlands
Ali Zeidan Prime Minister of Libya  Libya 1980–2012  India
  Switzerland
 Germany
Isabel Perón President of Argentina  Argentina 1981–present  Spain
Abolhassan Banisadr President of Iran  Iran 1981–2021†  France
Yusuf Zuayyin Prime Minister of Syria  Syria 1981–2016†  United Kingdom
 Hungary
 Sweden
Luis García Meza President of Bolivia  Bolivia 1981–1995  Brazil
Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond First State Commissioner of Zaire  Zaire 1981–1985  Belgium
Prime Minister of Zaire 1996–2003  South Africa
Hendrick Chin A Sen President of Suriname  Suriname 1982–1995  United States
 Netherlands
Dương Văn Minh President of South Vietnam  South Vietnam 1983–2001†  France
 United States
Jules Sedney Prime Minister of Suriname  Suriname 1983–1987  Netherlands
Ahmadou Ahidjo President of Cameroon  Cameroon 1983–1989†  France
 Senegal
Nguyễn Văn Lộc Prime Minister of South Vietnam  South Vietnam 1983–1992†  Singapore
 United States
 France
Benazir Bhutto Prime Minister of Pakistan  Pakistan 1984–1987  United Kingdom
1999–2007  United Arab Emirates
Gaafar Nimeiry President of Sudan  Sudan 1985–1999  Egypt
Goukouni Oueddei President of Chad  Chad 1985–2007  Libya
 Algeria
Saeb Salam Prime Minister of Lebanon  Lebanon 1985–1994   Switzerland
Jean-Claude Duvalier President of Haiti Haiti Haiti 1986–2011  France
Ferdinand Marcos President of the Philippines  Philippines 1986–1989†  United States
Tito Okello President of Uganda  Uganda 1986–1993  Kenya
Jean-Baptiste Bagaza President of Burundi  Burundi 1987–1993  Libya
1998–2002  Uganda
Henri Namphy President of Haiti  Haiti 1988–2018†  Dominican Republic
Ahmed al-Mirghani President of Sudan  Sudan 1989–2001  Egypt
Alfredo Stroessner President of Paraguay  Paraguay 1989–2006†  Brazil
Erich Honecker General Secretary  East Germany 1989–1994†  Soviet Union (1989–1991)
 Russia (1991–1993)
 Chile (1992–1994)
Hissène Habré President of Chad  Chad 1990–2021†  Senegal
Jabir III al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah Emir of Kuwait  Kuwait 1990–1991  Saudi Arabia
Michel Aoun President of Lebanon  Lebanon 1990–2005  France
Amine Gemayel President of Lebanon  Lebanon 1990–2000   Switzerland
 France
 United States
Jean-Bertrand Aristide President of Haiti  Haiti 1991–1994  Venezuela
 United States
2004–2011  Jamaica (2004)
 South Africa (2004–2011)
Siad Barre President of Somalia  Somalia 1991–1995†  Kenya (1991)
 Nigeria (1991–1995)
Chatichai Choonhavan Prime Minister of Thailand  Thailand 1991–1992  United Kingdom
Mengistu Haile Mariam President of Ethiopia  Ethiopia 1991–present  Zimbabwe
Sultan Ali Keshtmand Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 1991–present  Russia
 United Kingdom
Alan García President of Peru  Peru 1992–2001  Colombia
 France
Ayaz Mutallibov President of Azerbaijan  Azerbaijan 1992–2012  Russia
Mohammad Najibullah President of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 1992–1996†  United Nations (mission)
Joseph Saidu Momoh President of Sierra Leone  Sierra Leone 1992–2003†  Guinea
Jorge Serrano Elías President of Guatemala  Guatemala 1993–present  Panama
Didier Ratsiraka President of Madagascar  Madagascar 1993–1996  France
2002–2011  France
Théodore Sindikubwabo President of Rwanda  Rwanda 1994–1998†  Zaire
Dawda Jawara President of the Gambia  Gambia 1994–2002  Senegal
 United Kingdom
Abdumalik Abdullajanov Prime Minister of Tajikistan  Tajikistan 1994–present  Russia
 United States
Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Emir of Qatar  Qatar 1995–2004  France
Carlos Salinas de Gortari President of Mexico  Mexico 1995–1999  United States
 Ireland
Faustin Twagiramungu Prime Minister of Rwanda  Rwanda 1995–2003
2003–2023†
 Belgium
Sylvestre Ntibantunganya President of Burundi  Burundi 1996–1997  United States (embassy)
Valentine Strasser Head of State of Sierra Leone  Sierra Leone 1996–2000  United Kingdom
Burhanuddin Rabbani President of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 1996–2001 Northern Alliance
Abdalá Bucaram President of Ecuador  Ecuador 1997–2017  Panama
Ahmad Tejan Kabbah President of Sierra Leone  Sierra Leone 1997–1998  Guinea
Mobutu Sese Seko President of Zaire  Zaire 1997–1997†  Togo
 Morocco
Akezhan Kazhegeldin Prime Minister of Kazakhstan  Kazakhstan 1997–present  United Kingdom
Joachim Yhombi-Opango President of the Republic of Congo  Republic of Congo 1997–2007  Benin
 Ivory Coast
 France
Norodom Ranariddh Prime Minister of Cambodia  Cambodia 1997–1998  Philippines
 Singapore
 Indonesia
2007–2008  Malaysia
Nawaz Sharif Prime Minister of Pakistan  Pakistan 1999–2007  Saudi Arabia
 United Kingdom
2019–2023  United Kingdom[4]
Henri Konan Bédié President of Ivory Coast  Ivory Coast 1999–2001  Togo
 France
Pavlo Lazarenko Prime Minister of Ukraine  Ukraine 1999–present  United States
João Bernardo Vieira President of Guinea-Bissau  Guinea-Bissau 1999–2005  Portugal
Jamil Mahuad President of Ecuador  Ecuador 2000–present  United States
Pierre-Célestin Rwigema Prime Minister of Rwanda  Rwanda 2000–2011  United States
Alberto Fujimori President of Peru  Peru 2000–2007  Japan (2000–2005)
 Chile (2005–2007)
André Kolingba President of the Central African Republic  Central African Republic 2001–2003  Uganda
2003–2010†  France
Mullah Omar Supreme Leader of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 2001–2013† Zabul Province, Afghanistan (in hiding)[5]
Abdul Kabir Acting Prime Minister of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 2001–2021  Pakistan[6]
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada President of Bolivia  Bolivia 2003–present  United States
Charles Taylor President of Liberia  Liberia 2003–2006  Nigeria
Martin Ziguélé Prime Minister of the Central African Republic  Central African Republic 2003–2005  France
Jean-Paul Ngoupandé Prime Minister of the Central African Republic  Central African Republic 2003–2005  France
Gustavo Noboa[7] President of Ecuador  Ecuador 2003–2005  Dominican Republic
Norodom Sihanouk King of Cambodia  Cambodia 2004–2012†  China
 North Korea
Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya President of Mauritania  Mauritania 2005–present  Gambia (2005)
 Qatar (2005–present)
Lucio Gutiérrez President of Ecuador  Ecuador 2005–2005  Brazil
 Peru
 United States
Askar Akayev President of Kyrgyzstan  Kyrgyzstan 2005–present  Russia
Nikolai Tanayev Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan  Kyrgyzstan 2005–2020†  Russia
Thaksin Shinawatra Prime Minister of Thailand  Thailand 2006–2008
2008–2023
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Singapore
 China
 Hong Kong
 Cambodia
 United Arab Emirates
Pervez Musharraf President of Pakistan  Pakistan 2008–2013
2016–2023†
 United Arab Emirates
Marc Ravalomanana President of Madagascar  Madagascar 2009–2014  Swaziland (2009)
 South Africa (2009–2014)
Manuel Zelaya President of Honduras  Honduras 2009–2011  Costa Rica (2009)
 Dominican Republic (2010–2011)
Kurmanbek Bakiyev President of Kyrgyzstan  Kyrgyzstan 2010–present  Belarus
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali President of Tunisia  Tunisia 2011–2019†  Saudi Arabia
Amadou Toumani Touré President of Mali  Mali 2012–2017  Senegal
François Bozizé President of the Central African Republic  Central African Republic 2013–2019  Cameroon
Michel Djotodia President of the Central African Republic  Central African Republic 2014–2020  Benin
Tom Thabane Prime Minister of Lesotho  Lesotho August–September 2014  South Africa
Viktor Yanukovych President of Ukraine  Ukraine 2014–present  Russia
Mykola Azarov Prime Minister of Ukraine  Ukraine 2014–present  Russia
Mikheil Saakashvili President of Georgia  Georgia 2014–2021  United States
 Ukraine
 Netherlands
 Ukraine
Mauricio Funes President of El Salvador  El Salvador 2014–present  Nicaragua
Blaise Compaoré President of Burkina Faso  Burkina Faso 2014–present  Ivory Coast
 Morocco
Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi President of Yemen  Yemen 2015–present[note 1]  Saudi Arabia
Yahya Jammeh President of the Gambia  Gambia 2017–present  Equatorial Guinea
Rafael Correa President of Ecuador  Ecuador 2017–present  Belgium
Yingluck Shinawatra Prime Minister of Thailand  Thailand 2017–present  Singapore
 United Kingdom
 United Arab Emirates
Nikola Gruevski Prime Minister of Macedonia  Macedonia 2018–present  Hungary
Evo Morales President of Bolivia  Bolivia 2019–2020  Mexico
 Argentina
Guillaume Soro Prime Minister of Ivory Coast  Ivory Coast 2019–present  France
 Belgium
 United Arab Emirates
Ashraf Ghani President of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 2021–present  United Arab Emirates
Ian Khama President of Botswana  Botswana 2021–2024  South Africa
Gotabaya Rajapaksa President of Sri Lanka  Sri Lanka July–September 2022  Maldives
 Singapore
 Thailand
Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba Interim President of Burkina Faso  Burkina Faso 2022–present  Togo
Succès Masra Prime Minister of Chad  Chad 2022–2023  United States
Jair Bolsonaro President of Brazil  Brazil 2022–2023[8][9]  United States
Ernest Bai Koroma President of Sierra Leone  Sierra Leone 2024–present  Nigeria
Sheikh Hasina[10] Prime Minister of Bangladesh  Bangladesh 2024–present  India

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Continued to direct Yemen's internationally-recognized government, which controlled large parts of the country in the civil war, from Saudi Arabia until his resignation in 2022

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Geoghegan, Tom (2011-04-14). "BBC News – What happens to deposed leaders?". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  2. ^ Exile Communities and Their Differential Institutional Dynamics: A Comparative Analysis of the Chilean and Uruguayan Political Diasporas Revista de ciencia política (Santiago)
  3. ^ Koifman, Fábio. Presidentes do Brasil – de Jânio a Lula. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Rio, 2003
  4. ^ "Ex-Pakistan PM Nawaz to return home in October after 4-year exile". 25 August 2023.
  5. ^ "Fugitive Taliban leader Mullah Omar 'lived close to US bases'". BBC News. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  6. ^ Sayed, Abdul (8 September 2021). "Analysis: How Are the Taliban Organized?". Voice of America. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  7. ^ España, Sara (2021-02-17). "Fallece el expresidente de Ecuador Gustavo Noboa, artífice de la estabilización del país tras la crisis de 1999". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  8. ^ Osborn, Catherine (9 January 2023). "Brazil's Capitol Riot Shows the Strength of Bolsonarism After Bolsonaro". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 10 January 2023. There also seems to be a sophisticated network behind the mobilization and financing of right-wing extremism in Brazil, even as its key figurehead remains in self-imposed exile.
  9. ^ Boadle, Anthony (2023-03-31). "Bolsonaro lands back in Brazil to lead right-wing opposition". Retrieved 2023-03-31.
  10. ^ Vock, Ido & Ethirajan, Anbarasan (5 August 2024). "Euphoria in Bangladesh after PM Sheikh Hasina flees country". BBC. Retrieved 6 August 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)