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List of Jewish heads of state and government

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of heads of state and government who are Jewish or have a largely Jewish heritage.

Heads of state and government

[edit]
  Denotes incumbent head of state or government.
Image Head of state or government Title Country In office from In office until Born in Jewish ancestry
Samuel ibn Nagrella Grand Vizier and Nagid Taifa of Granada, Al-Andalus 1027 1055 Cordoba, Al-Andalus Sephardic Jewish[1][2][3][4]
Yosef ibn Nagrella Grand Vizier and Nagid Taifa of Granada, Al-Andalus 1055 30 December 1066 Granada, Al-Andalus Sephardic Jewish[5][6][7]
Joseph Nasi Duke of Naxos Duchy of the Archipelago 1566 1579 Kingdom of Portugal Portuguese Jewish[8][9][10]
Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva Governor of the New Kingdom of León  New Kingdom of León 1580 1588 Mogadouro, Kingdom of Portugal Portuguese Jewish[11][12][13]
Gabriel Milan Governor of The Danish West Indies  The Danish West Indies 7 May 1684 5 July 1686 Glückstadt, Germany Sephardic Jewish[14]
Juan Lindo President of El Salvador  El Salvador 7 January 1841 1 February 1842 Tegucigalpa, Honduras Sephardic Jewish[15][16][17][18]
President of Honduras  Honduras 2 February 1847 1 February 1852
Benjamin Disraeli Prime Minister of the United Kingdom  United Kingdom 27 February 1868 1 December 1868 Bloomsbury, Middlesex, England, United Kingdom British Jewish, Italian Jewish[19][20][21][22]
20 February 1874 21 April 1880
Julius Vogel Premier of New Zealand  New Zealand 8 April 1873 6 July 1875 London, United Kingdom English Jewish[23][24][25]
15 February 1876 1 September 1876
Vaiben Louis Solomon Premier of South Australia  South Australia 1 December 1899 8 December 1899 Adelaide, South Australia Australian Jewish[26][27]
Matthew Nathan Governor of the Gold Coast  Gold Coast 17 December 1900 9 February 1904 London, United Kingdom English Jewish[28][29][30]
Governor of Hong Kong  Hong Kong 29 July 1904 29 July 1907
Governor of Natal South Africa Colony of Natal 2 September 1907 23 December 1909
Alessandro Fortis Prime Minister of Italy  Italy 28 March 1905 8 February 1906 Forlì, Papal States Italian Jewish[31][32][33]
Sidney Sonnino Prime Minister of Italy  Italy 8 February 1906 29 May 1906 Pisa, Grand Duchy of Tuscany Italian Jewish[34][35][36] father, raised Christian
11 December 1909 31 March 1910
Luigi Luzzatti Prime Minister of Italy  Italy 31 March 1910 30 March 1911 Venice, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia Italian Jewish[37][38][39]
Francisco Henríquez y Carvajal President of the Dominican Republic  Dominican Republic 31 July 1916 29 November 1916 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Dutch Jewish, Sephardic Jewish[40][41][42][43]
Yakov Sverdlov Chairman of All-Russian Central Executive Committee  Soviet Russia 21 November 1917 16 March 1919 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire Russian Jewish[44][45][46]
Abraham Schrameck Governor-general of French Madagascar  French Madagascar 1 August 1918 12 July 1919 Saint-Étienne, France French Jewish[47][48]
Kurt Eisner Minister President of the People's State of Bavaria  Bavaria 8 November 1918 21 February 1919 Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia German Jewish[49][50][51]
Béla Kun De facto leader
People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs 		 Hungary 21 March 1919 1 August 1919 Lele, Austria-Hungary Hungarian Jewish[52][53][54][55]
Eugen Leviné Leader of the Bavarian Soviet Republic Bavarian Soviet Republic 12 April 1919 3 May 1919 St Petersburg, Russian Empire Russian Jewish[56][57][58]
Alexandre Millerand Prime Minister of France  France 20 January 1920 24 September 1920 Paris, France Alsatian Jewish[59][60][61]
President of France 23 September 1920 11 June 1924
Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel High Commissioner for Palestine  Mandatory Palestine 1 July 1920 30 June 1925 Liverpool, England British Jewish[62][63][64]
Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading Viceroy and Governor-General of India  British India 2 April 1921 3 April 1926 London, England British Jewish[65][66][67]
Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics Prime Minister of Latvia  Latvia 19 June 1921 26 January 1923 Durbe, Latvia Latvian Jewish[68][69][70]
28 June 1923 26 January 1924
Francis Bell Prime Minister of New Zealand  New Zealand 14 May 1925 30 May 1925 Nelson, New Zealand New Zealander Jew[71][72][73]
Sir Isaac Isaacs Governor-General of Australia  Australia 21 January 1931 23 January 1936 Melbourne, Australia Polish Jewish[74][70][75][76]
Léon Blum Prime Minister of France  France 4 June 1936 22 June 1937 Paris, France French Jewish, Alsatian Jewish[77][78]
13 March 1938 10 April 1938
16 December 1946 22 January 1947
Léon Geismar Acting governor-general of French West Africa  French West Africa 14 July 1938 28 October 1938 Dambach-la-Ville, Alsace-Lorraine Alsatian Jewish[79]
Mátyás Rákosi General Secretary of the MKP/MDP  Hungary 23 February 1945 18 July 1956 Ada, Austria-Hungary Hungarian Jewish[80]
Prime Minister of Hungary 14 August 1952 4 July 1953
David Ben-Gurion
 Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 17 May 1948 26 January 1954 Płońsk, Congress Poland, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Polish Jewish[81][82][83]
3 November 1955 26 June 1963
Chaim Weizmann President of Israel  Israel 17 February 1949 9 November 1952 Motal, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[84][85][86]
Andrew Cohen Governor of Uganda Uganda Protectorate January 1952 1957 Berkhamsted, United Kingdom British Jewish[87]
Yitzhak Ben-Zvi President of Israel  Israel 16 December 1952 23 April 1963 Poltava, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[88][89][90][91]
René Mayer Prime Minister of France  France 8 January 1953 28 June 1953 Paris, France French Jewish[92][93] father
Moshe Sharett Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 26 January 1954 3 November 1955 Kherson, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[94][95][96][97][98]
Pierre Mendès France Prime Minister of France  France 18 June 1954 23 February 1955 Paris, France French Jewish, Portuguese Jewish[99][100][101]
David Marshall Chief Minister of Singapore  Singapore 6 April 1955 7 June 1956 Singapore, Straits Settlements Baghdadi Jewish[102][103]
Ernő Gerő General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party  Hungary 18 July 1956 25 October 1956 Terbegec, Austria-Hungary Hungarian Jewish[104]
Roy Welensky Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 2 November 1956 31 December 1963 Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia Lithuanian Jewish[105][106][107] father, identified as "half Jewish"
Michel Debré Prime Minister of France  France 8 January 1959 14 April 1962 Paris, France Alsatian Jewish,[108][109][110][111] raised Catholic[112][113]
Zalman Shazar President of Israel  Israel 21 May 1963 24 May 1973 Mir, Minsk Governorate, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[114][115][116]
Levi Eshkol
 Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 26 June 1963 26 February 1969 Orativ, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[117][118][119][120]
Joshua Hassan Chief Minister of Gibraltar  Gibraltar 11 August 1964 6 August 1969 Gibraltar Gibraltarian Jewish, Sephardic Jewish[121][122][123]
25 June 1972 8 December 1987
Max Delvalle President of Panama  Panama April 8, 1967 April 15, 1967 Panama City, Panama Panamanian Jewish,Portuguese Jewish[124][125]
Yigal Allon Acting Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 26 February 1969 17 March 1969 Kfar Tavor, Occupied Enemy Territory Administration Israeli Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[126][127][128]
Golda Meir Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 17 March 1969 3 June 1974 Kyiv, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[129][130]
Bruno Kreisky Chancellor of Austria  Austria 21 April 1970 24 May 1983 Vienna, Austria-Hungary Austrian Jewish[131][132][133][134]
Ephraim Katzir President of Israel  Israel 24 May 1973 24 May 1978 Kyiv, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[135][136][137]
Yitzhak Rabin Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 3 June 1974 20 June 1977 Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[138][139]
13 July 1992 4 November 1995
Menachem Begin Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 20 June 1977 10 October 1983 Brest, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[140][141][142][143]
Sir Zelman Cowen Governor-General of Australia  Australia 8 December 1977 29 July 1982 Melbourne, Australia Australian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[144][145][146][147]
Yitzhak Navon President of Israel  Israel 24 May 1978 5 May 1983 Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Turkish Jewish, Moroccan Jewish[148][149][150][151]
Léon Kengo wa Dondo Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 November 1982 31 October 1986 Libenge, Belgian Congo Polish Jewish[152][153] father
26 November 1988 4 May 1990
6 July 1994 2 April 1997
Chaim Herzog President of Israel  Israel 5 May 1983 13 May 1993 Belfast, Ireland Israeli Jewish, Irish Jewish[154][155]
Yitzhak Shamir Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 10 October 1983 13 September 1984 Ruzhinoy, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[156][157][158][159]
20 October 1986 13 July 1992
Laurent Fabius Prime Minister of France  France 17 July 1984 20 March 1986 Paris, France French Jewish,[160][161][162][163] parents converted to Catholicism and was raised Catholic[164]
Shimon Peres
 Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 13 September 1984 20 October 1986 Wiszniew, Poland Israeli Jewish, Polish Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[165][166][167][168]
22 November 1995 18 June 1996
President of Israel 15 July 2007 14 July 2014
Eric Arturo Delvalle President of Panama  Panama 28 September 1985 26 February 1988 Panama City, Panama Panamanian Jewish, Portuguese Jewish[169]
Henny Eman Prime Minister of Aruba  Aruba 1 January 1986 9 February 1989 Aruba Aruban Jewish[170][171]
29 July 1994 30 October 2001
Petre Roman Prime Minister of Romania  Romania 26 December 1989 1 October 1991 Bucharest, Kingdom of Romania Hungarian Jewish[172][173][174][175][176] father, showed no interest in Jewish affairs and got married in a Romanian Orthodox wedding ceremony[177][178][179]
Yukhym Zvyahilsky Prime Minister of Ukraine  Ukraine 11 June 1993 4 July 1994 Stalino, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union Ukrainian Jewish[180][181]
Ruth Dreifuss Member of Swiss Federal Council   Switzerland 10 March 1993 31 December 2002 St. Gallen, Switzerland Swiss Jewish[182][183][184]
President of Switzerland 1 January 1999 31 December 1999
Ezer Weizman President of Israel  Israel 13 May 1993 13 July 2000 Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[84][85][86]
Efraín Goldenberg Prime Minister of Peru  Peru 17 February 1994 28 July 1995 Lima, Peru Peruvian Jewish, Romanian Jewish[185][17]
Benjamin Netanyahu Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 18 June 1996 6 July 1999 Tel Aviv, Israel Israeli Jewish, Polish Jewish[186][187]
31 March 2009 13 June 2021
29 December 2022 Incumbent
Janet Jagan Prime Minister of Guyana  Guyana 17 March 1997 19 December 1997 Chicago, Illinois, United States Guyanese Jewish, American Jewish[188][189][190]
President of Guyana 19 December 1997 11 August 1999
Sergey Kiriyenko Prime Minister of Russia  Russia 23 March 1998 23 August 1998 Sukhumi, Abkhaz ASSR, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union Russian Jewish, Georgian Jewish[191]
Yevgeny Primakov Prime Minister of Russia  Russia 11 September 1998 12 May 1999 Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union Russian Jewish[192][193][194][195][196]
Ehud Barak
 Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 6 July 1999 7 March 2001 Mishmar HaSharon, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Lithuanian Jewish[197][198]
Moshe Katsav President of Israel  Israel 1 August 2000 1 July 2007 Yazd, Iran Israeli Jewish, Persian Jewish[199][200]
Ariel Sharon
 Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 7 March 2001 14 April 2006 Kfar Malal, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[201][202][203]
Ricardo Maduro President of Honduras  Honduras 27 January 2002 27 January 2006 Panama Honduran Jewish, Portuguese Jewish[204][205][206][207][208]
Zurab Zhvania Prime Minister of Georgia  Georgia 17 February 2004 3 February 2005 Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union Armenian Jewish[209][210][70]
Mikhail Fradkov Prime Minister of Russia  Russia 5 March 2004 14 September 2007 Samara, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union Russian Jewish[211][212]
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Prime Minister of Peru  Peru 16 August 2005 27 July 2006 Lima, Peru German Jewish, Peruvian Jewish[213][210][70]
President of Peru 28 July 2016 23 March 2018
Ehud Olmert Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 14 April 2006 31 March 2009 Binyamina, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[214]
Yehude Simon Prime Minister of Peru  Peru 14 October 2008 11 July 2009 Lima, Peru Peruvian Jewish[68][210][70]
John Key Prime Minister of New Zealand  New Zealand 19 November 2008 12 December 2016 Auckland, New Zealand Austrian Jewish[68][210][70][215] mother, he is agnostic and regularly attended church[216]
Jan Fischer Prime Minister of the Czech Republic  Czech Republic 8 May 2009 13 July 2010 Prague, Czechoslovakia Czech Jewish[217][218][219]
Mike Eman Prime Minister of Aruba  Aruba 30 October 2009 17 November 2017 Oranjestad, Aruba Aruban Jewish[220][221]
Salomón Lerner Ghitis Prime Minister of Peru  Peru 28 July 2011 10 December 2011 Lima, Peru Peruvian Jewish[222][223][224]
Reuven Rivlin President of Israel  Israel 24 July 2014 7 July 2021 Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Austrian Jewish[225]
Volodymyr Groysman Acting Prime Minister of Ukraine  Ukraine 25 July 2014 31 July 2014 Vinnytsia, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union Ukrainian Jewish[226][227][228]
Prime Minister of Ukraine 14 April 2016 29 August 2019
Volodymyr Zelenskyy President of Ukraine  Ukraine 20 May 2019 Incumbent Kryvyi Rih, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union Ukrainian Jewish[226][229][230]
Laurentino Cortizo President of Panama  Panama 1 July 2019 1 July 2024 Panama City, Panama Greek Jewish[231][232][233][234] mother, but is a devout Roman Catholic[235][236]
Egils Levits President of Latvia  Latvia 8 July 2019 8 July 2023 Riga, Latvian SSR, Soviet Union Latvian Jewish[237][238][239][240] father, does not identify as Jewish[241]
Sophie Wilmès Prime Minister of Belgium  Belgium 27 October 2019 1 October 2020 Ixelles, Brussels, Belgium Belgian Jewish[242][243][244][245][246]
Mikhail Mishustin Prime Minister of Russia  Russia 16 January 2020 Incumbent Lobnya, Russian SFSR Russian Jewish[247][248][249]
Naftali Bennett Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 13 June 2021 30 June 2022 Haifa, Israel Israeli Jewish, American Jewish[250][251]
Isaac Herzog President of Israel  Israel 7 July 2021 Incumbent Tel Aviv, Israel Israeli Jewish, Irish Jewish[154][155]
Élisabeth Borne Prime Minister of France  France 16 May 2022 9 January 2024 Paris, France French Jewish, Belgian Jewish, Polish Jewish[252][253][254][255][256]
Yair Lapid Prime Minister of Israel  Israel 1 July 2022 22 December 2022 Tel Aviv, Israel Israeli Jewish, Hungarian Jewish[257][258]
Gabriel Attal Prime Minister of France  France 9 January 2024 5 September 2024 Clamart, France French Jewish, Tunisian Jewish[259][260][261]
Claudia Sheinbaum President of Mexico  Mexico 1 October 2024 Incumbent Mexico City, Mexico Lithuanian Jewish, Bulgarian Jewish[262][263]

Heads of state and government with minor Jewish heritage

[edit]

Some former head of states and government have smaller amounts of Jewish heritage. Boris Johnson, a former prime minister of the United Kingdom whose maternal great-grandfather, Elias Avery Lowe, was a Moscow-born Jew born to a textile merchant,[264] said in a 2007 interview for the Jewish Chronicle, “I feel Jewish when I feel the Jewish people are threatened or under attack, that’s when it sort of comes out”.[264] David Cameron, another former prime minister of the United Kingdom, has referenced the German Jewish ancestry of one of his great-grandfathers, Arthur Levita, a descendant of the Yiddish author Elia Levita.[265][266]

Another recent head of state of Jewish heritage is Nicolas Sarkozy, a former president of France. Sarkozy has a Greek Jewish grandfather who converted to Catholicism to marry his French Catholic maternal grandmother.[267][268] He referred publicly to his Jewish grandfather.[269] Jorge Sampaio is a former president of Portugal whose maternal grandmother was a Sephardi Jew from Morocco.[270] Sampaio said that he is proud of his Jewish ancestry.[270] Xavier Bettel who has served as the prime minister of Luxembourg since 2013 said he has a Polish Jewish grandfather.[271]

Helmut Schmidt, a former chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982 also has Jewish ancestry.[272] His father was born to a German Jewish banker, Ludwig Gumpel, and a Christian waitress, Friederike Wenzel,[273] and then covertly adopted, although this was kept a family secret for many years.[274] Schmidt served in Hitler’s Wehrmacht, while managing to hide his Jewish roots from the Nazi regime.[275]

Although most head of states with Jewish ancestry come from Europe and Latin America, some are from other regions of the World. Laisenia Qarase, a former prime minister of Fiji, has Jewish ancestry.[276] Qarase's mother is the daughter of John Herman Ma’afu Bowman, who had Jewish parents, Alexander Bowman and Sara Annette.[277][278] Another example is Carlos Veiga, a former prime minister of Cape Verde. He said in a 2018 interview: “my grandfather on my mother’s side was Jewish, who came to Cape Verde from Gibraltar in the mid-1840s. He died before I was born and his grave was lost”.[279]

Some head of states claims to have Jewish ancestry, although not confirmed. Mexican President Francisco I. Madero's family was widely thought to have been of Portuguese-Jewish heritage.[280] Nicolás Maduro who has served as the president of Venezuela since 2013 said that his "grandparents were Jewish, from a [Sephardic] Moorish background, and converted to Catholicism in Venezuela".[281] Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa who has served as the president of Portugal since 2016 claimed that his mother had Jewish ancestry.[282]

See also

[edit]

References

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