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List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Ground Forces

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Vietnam People's Army
Ministry of National Defence
Command
General Staff
Services
Ranks and history

During the First Indochina War (1946–1954), Vietnam War (1955–1975), Cambodian–Vietnamese War (1977–1989), Sino-Vietnamese War (1979) and the Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979– 1991 (1979–1991), the Vietnam People's Ground Force relied almost entirely on Soviet-derived weapons and equipment systems. With the end of the Cold War in 1992 Soviet military equipment subsidies ended and Vietnam began the use of hard currency and barter to buy weapons and equipment.

Vietnam prioritizes economic development and growth while maintaining defense spending. The government does not conduct procurement phases or major upgrades of weapons. From the end of the 1990s the Government of Vietnam has announced the acquisition of a number of strategic systems equipped with modern weapons. Accordingly, Vietnam has been slow to develop naval and air forces to control shallow waters and its exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Currently most defense procurement programs focus on remedying this priority. For example, Vietnam has purchased a number of combat aircraft and warships with the capability to operate in high seas. Vietnam also plans to develop its defense industry, with priority placed on the Navy, combined with assistance from its former communist allies, India, and Japan.[1][2][3]

Since 2015, Vietnam has begun exploring purchases of U.S. and European weapons while facing numerous political, historical, and financial barriers, as they cannot continue to rely on Soviet and Chinese weapons especially due to the increasing tensions in the South China Sea dispute.[4]

Personal Equipment

[edit]

Combat Helmet / Helmet Accessories

[edit]
Image Name Type Variant Origin Notes
Modular Integrated Communications Helmet Combat Helmet  United States
 Vietnam 		Vietnamese copy. Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces, police, and infantry soldiers. Manufactured locally at Factory Z176.[5]
District governor visits a local school 130415-M-BO337-031 Type High Cut Helmet Combat Helmet  United States
 Vietnam 		Vietnamese copy. Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces, police, and future infantry soldiers. Manufactured locally at Factory Z176.[6]
PASGT Helmet Combat Helmet  United States
 Vietnam 		Limited use with Special Forces, Border Guards, and the Navy. They are gradually replacing older helmets in all branches of the Army. Most helmets are a Vietnamese-made version of the PASGT Helmet. Earlier models were imported from Israel.[7][8]
Type A2 Helmet Combat helmet  Vietnam The PAVN's standard issue bump shell is a hard plastic replica of the PASGT helmets. It is used for training exercises and combat drill.
Vietnamese Pith Helmet Helmet  Vietnam Traditional standard issue hard hat, used as the army's utility and barracks cover. Commonly worn by enlisted members with their dress uniforms and during light training.
Utility Cover Kepi  Vietnam Standard issue soft cover, consisting of a four-point front panel and an elastic backstrap. The cap's camouflage print is worn matching with field fatigues during patrols.
SSh-68 Combat Helmet  Soviet Union Limited use.
SSh-40 Combat Helmet  Soviet Union Limited use.
M1 Helmet Combat Helmet  United States Limited use.
Night vision Night-vision device  Vietnam Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces.[9]

Body Armor

[edit]
Image Name Type Variant Origin Notes
AG K53T Body Armour Body armor  Vietnam Been introduced in International Army Game's exhibition.[10]
7,62 K56 Body Armour Body armor  Vietnam Been introduced in International Army Game's exhibition.[10]
AG K51T Body Armour Body armor  Vietnam Been introduced in International Army Game's exhibition.[10]
Body Armour Body armor  Vietnam Limited use. NIJ level III.[11]
Body Armour Body armor Vietnam

Vietnam

Modern battle uniform for standard Vietnamese infantry. It will be standard issue in the future. Manufactured at the Z176 factory.[12]
Combat Leather Pads Knee Pads & Elbow Pads VietnamVietnam Standard Issued along with the new K20 military uniform.[13]
Marom Dolphin Fusion System Body armor Israel

Israel

Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces.[14]
Flak jacket Body armor United States

United States

Limited use by some infantry and anti-riot units

Camouflage Pattern

[edit]
Image Name Type Variant Origin Notes
K-07 Woodland Camouflage pattern  Vietnam Replaced as the standard camo for ground forces by the K-17 Woodland. There are multiple variants of this Woodland camo in terms of slight differences in colors. Commonly used on training fatigues.[15][16]
K-17 Woodland Camouflage pattern  Vietnam Former standard-issue camouflage for ground forces. Similar coloration to the K-07, there are also multiple variants for the other branches of the military.[17][18] Replaced by the K-20 and observed limited usage since 2020s.
K-17 Multi-Terrain Camouflage pattern  Vietnam Used by Vietnamese forces deployed in arid and desert environment. Based on Multicam color schemes. Seen with Vietnamese troops undergoing peacekeeping missions in South Sudan with the United Nations.
K20 Pattern,

K21 Field Uniform[19]

Camouflage pattern  Vietnam Standard issue as of 2021, the PAVN's K20 camouflage pattern was developed with more subdued coloration. The new uniform will consist of 5 different variants for each branches of service: Ground Forces, Border Guard, Air Defence - Air Force, Navy and Coast Guard.[13]
Modified Duck Hunter Pattern Camouflage pattern  Vietnam Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Replaced by the Ground Forces-colored K20 camouflage.
Thermal imaging anti-reconnaissance clothing Camouflage pattern  Vietnam Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Been introduced in International Army Games's exhibition.[10]
"M81" U.S. woodland camouflage pattern swatch U.S. Woodland Camouflage pattern  United States Limited use. Most commonly seen on old vests mix-matched with K07 uniform or K20
Ghillie suit Ghillie suit  Vietnam Used by the snipers and People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces, manufactured locally. Been introduced in International Army Games's exhibition.[10]

Infantry Weapons

[edit]

Weapons Attachment

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Origin Notes
ITL MARS Red dot sight  Israel Mounted on Uzi, AKM-1, IWI Tavor.
Meprolight M21 Red dot sight  Israel Mounted on Uzi, AKM-1, IWI Tavor, STV Rifles and IWI ACE
Aimpoint PRO Red dot sight  United States Mounted on STV Rifles.[20]
Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight Telescopic sight  United States Mounted on Special Operations Assault Rifle, Tara TM4 rifle. Limited uses within Military Marksman Demonstration Team.[21]
Aimpoint CompM4 Red dot sight  United States Mounted on AKM-1, limited use.[22]
NL-91 Night vision sight NL-92  Vietnam Mounted on Uzi, AKM-1, IWI Tavor, STV Rifles and IWI ACE.[23]
OPL40M Grenade launcher SPL40  Vietnam 40 mm Grenade Launcher. Standard issue grenade launcher accompanying the STV-380 rifles.
M203 Grenade launcher  United States
 Vietnam 		40 mm Grenade Launcher. Replaces the trigger for a lever. Mounts on the Galil ACE 32, STL-1A, M18, M16A2 and TAR-21.[24] Manufactured locally as the T-40 at the Z111 Factory.
CornerShot Weapon accessory  Israel Used by the People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Mobile Police Force.[25][26]

Pistol

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
IWI Jericho 941 Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm Parabellum  Israel

 Vietnam

Limited use in the army and police, they are being manufactured to slowly replace the K54 and K14VN pistols. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[26][27][28]
CZ P-07 Duty Semi-automatic pistol 9x19 Parabellum  Czech Republic Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Mobile Police Forces.[29]
Glock Semi-automatic pistol 9x19 Parabellum Glock 19
Glock 34
SN-VN		  Austria
 Vietnam 		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Mobile Police Forces.

The SN-VN is a domestic copy.

Makarov pistol Semi-automatic pistol 9×18mm Makarov Type 59
K59 (SN9)		  Soviet Union
 China
 Vietnam 		Used by police officers. Limited use in the army. Manufactured locally as the K59.[30]
CZ-82 Semi-automatic pistol 9×18mm Makarov  Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Used by police officers. Limited use in the army.[30]
K14VN Semi-automatic pistol 7.62×25mm Tokarev TT-33
Type 54/K54 		 Vietnam
 Soviet Union
 China
 Vietnam 		Standard issue service pistol (K14NV) used alongside the K54. This model is equipped with a longer barrel, and a double-stack magazine that holds an increased capacity of 13 rounds.[31][32] Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.

Standard issue service pistol. Manufactured locally as the K54 (from the Type 54 Chinese TT-33 copy), now being phased out by the new domestic K14VN.

M1911A1 Semi-automatic pistol
7.62×25mm Tokarev

.45 ACP

 United States
 Vietnam		 Captured US M1911A1s in .45 ACP used by the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army during Vietnam War. Locally manufactured copies chambered in 7.62×25mm Tokarev.

Assault Rifle

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes

STV3801

STV Assault rifle 7.62×39mm STV-215
STV-380 		 Vietnam Standard issue rifle. The STV-215 is the carbine version of the STV-380, it has a barrel length of 215 mm.[33][34] Developed and manufactured at the Z111 Factory.
Galil ACE Assault rifle 7.62×39mm  Israel
 Vietnam 		The domestically made version has the charging handles located on the right side similar to traditional AK-47s. They have been replaced as the standard-issue rifle by the domestically manufactured STV-215/STV-380. The majority of them may have been transferred to Laos and since then rarely spotted in Vietnamese service.[35][36][37] Manufactured at the Z111 Factory.
AKM Assault rifle 7.62×39mm AKMS
AKM-1
AKn 		 Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Standard issue rifle. Still being refurbished, old models are being converted to domestic AKM-1/AKn plasticized refurbishment. Succeeded and replaced as the standard-issue rifle by the STV-215/STV-380.[38][39] Manufactured locally with some new detail.[40]
Type 56 Assault rifle 7.62×39mm  China
 Vietnam 		Limited use. Refurbished to become AKn-equivalent and being replaced as the standard-issue rifle by the STV-215/STV-380.
AK-47 Assault rifle 7.62×39mm  Soviet Union
 Vietnam
AMD-65 Assault rifle 7.62x39mm  Hungarian People's Republic
IWI Tavor TAR-21 Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  Israel
 Vietnam		 Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Naval Infantry.[35][36] Manufactured locally.
STL Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  Vietnam A STV variant chambered in 5.56 mm.

Has an extended rail and light-weight ergonomic foldable stock.

M16A1 Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO M16A2
CAR-15		  United States
 Vietnam		 M16A1 and XM16E1 is used by Militia Forces in southern provinces.

Upgraded and manufactured locally as the M16A2VN base on M16A1 and M18 with new stock and Picatinny rail.[41] M16A2 used by Coast Guard in small numbers.

Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces, Naval Infantry, and Coast Guard. Converted locally as the M18 at the Z111 Factory, manufactured locally as the XM177E2.

Special Operations Assault Rifle Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  United States Use in Military Marksman Demonstration Team.[citation needed]
CZ 805 BREN Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  Czech Republic Use in Military Marksman Demonstration Team.
FN FNC Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  Belgium Use in Military Marksman Demonstration Team.
Tara TM4 Assault rifle Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  Montenegro Use in Military Marksman Demonstration Team.[citation needed]

Submachine Gun

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
PP-19 Bizon Submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum  Russia
 Vietnam 		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. The locally produced version comes with a Galil-style stock, and is chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum.[42][24] Manufactured locally as the SN9P at the Z111 Factory.
MP5 Submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum MP5A3
MP5K-A4 		 Germany

 Turkey  Pakistan  Vietnam

Used by Mobile Police Command.

A domestic copy has picatinny rails.

Uzi Pro Submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum  Israel
 Vietnam 		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Naval Special Operation Force. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[43]
Micro Uzi Submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum  Israel
 Vietnam 		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[43]
CZ Scorpion Evo 3 Submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum  Czech Republic Use in Military Marksman Demonstration Team.
STV-022 Submachine gun / Assault rifle 7.62×39mm  Vietnam Derivative of the STV rifle. Used by bodyguard unit under the General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army and other units.

Shotgun

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
Remington Model 870 Shotgun 12 Gauge  United States
Armsel Striker Combat shotgun 12 Gauge  South Africa Limited use.[44]

Sniper Rifle

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes

IWI Galatz Sniper rifle 7.62×51mm NATO  Israel
 Vietnam 		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Naval Infantry. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[43]

There is a domestic copy of the SR-99.

CZ 750 S1M2 Sniper rifle 7.62×51mm NATO  Czech Republic Used by the People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Mobile Police Force.
PSR-90 Sniper rifle 7.62×51mm NATO  West Germany
 Pakistan 		Used by the People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Mobile Police Force.
Dragunov SVD Designated marksman rifle 7.62×54mmR  Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Used by Naval Special Operation Force and Naval Infantry. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[45]
PSL Designated marksman rifle 7.62×54mmR  Socialist Republic of Romania Used by Naval Infantry.
OSV-96 Anti-materiel rifle 12.7×108mm  Russia
 Vietnam 		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[46]

There is a domestic copy.

KSVK Anti-materiel rifle 12.7×108mm SBT12M1[47]  Russia
 Vietnam 		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory as the SBT12M1.[43]
Orsis Т-5000 Sniper rifle .338LM  Russia Vietnam Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces.

There is a domestic copy.

WKW Wilk Anti-materiel rifle .50 BMG  Poland +50 examples were bought.[48]

Machine Gun

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
IWI Negev Light machine gun 5.56×45mm NATO  Israel
 Vietnam 		Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.
FN Minimi Mk3 Light machine gun 5.56×45mm NATO  Belgium Limited use in People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces, Vietnam People's Navy, and Military Marksman Demonstration Team.[49]
FN MAG General-purpose machine gun 7.62×51mm NATO  Belgium Limited use by Military Marksman and Demonstration Team.[50]
M60 General-purpose machine gun 7.62×51mm NATO  United States Used by PAVN. Limited use.
Mk 21 Mod 0 Medium machine gun 7.62×51mm NATO  United States Limited use.
RPD Light machine gun 7.62×39mm  Soviet Union

 Vietnam

Standard issue machine gun. Manufactured locally.
RPK Light machine gun 7.62×39mm  Soviet Union

 Vietnam

Standard issue machine gun. Manufactured locally.
PKM General-purpose machine gun 7.62×54mmR  Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Standard issue machine gun, Manufactured locally as ĐL7N.
NSV Heavy machine gun 12.7×108mm  Soviet Union
 Vietnam		 Standard issue tank-mounted machine gun. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.[51][52] Replaced the DShK.
KPV Heavy machine gun 14.5×114mm  Soviet Union

Mortar

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
STA-50 Light mortar 50 mm Mortar  Vietnam Silenced Mortar. Manufactured locally at the Z117 Factory.[53]
M2 mortar Infantry mortar 60 mm Mortar  United States
M1 mortar Infantry mortar 81 mm Mortar  United States
M29 mortar Infantry mortar 81 mm Mortar  United States
82-PM-41 Mortar 82 mm Mortar  Soviet Union
M1938 Mortar 107 mm Mortar  Soviet Union
PM-43 Mortar 120 mm Mortar  Soviet Union
M1943 Mortar 160 mm Mortar  Soviet Union

Grenade launcher

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
AGS-17 Automatic grenade launcher 30×29mm Grenade SPL-17  Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Standard issue. Manufactured locally at the Z125 Factory as the SPL-17.
Milkor MGL Grenade launcher 40×46mm Grenade MGL-VN1  South Africa
 Vietnam 		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Manufactured locally as the MGL-VN1.[54]
M79 Grenade launcher 40×46mm Grenade SPL40  United States
 Vietnam 		Standard issue. Manufactured locally at the Z125 Factory as the SPL40.[55]

Rocket-propelled Grenade (RPG) / Anti-Armor Weapon

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
Rocket-propelled Grenade (RPG)
RPG-7V Rocket-propelled grenade 40 mm HEAT RPG7V-VN  Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Internally codenamed B-41. Manufactured locally as RPG7V-VN or SCT-7.
M72 LAW Anti-tank weapon 66 mm HEAT  United States
MATADOR Anti-armour 90 mm anti-armour  Israel Used by Naval Infantry Force.
RPO-A Shmel Thermobaric rocket-propelled 93 mm FAE  Russia Only for chemical forces.
RPG-29 Rocket-propelled grenade 105 mm HEAT SCT-29  Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Manufactured locally under the name of SCT-29.[56][57]
9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot) Wire-guided SACLOS missile 120 mm HEAT  Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Locally manufactures an upgraded 9P135 launcher.[58]

The launcher includes a day/night sight, laser rangefinder, remote control abilities, etc.

9M14 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger) Wire-guided SACLOS missile 125 mm HEAT 9M14P1-2T
9M14P1-2F
CTVN-18

 Soviet Union
 Vietnam

Manufactured locally under license from Serbia version with improved semi-automatic command to line of sight guidance.

The domestic copy is known as the CTVN-18.

9M113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandre) Wire-guided SACLOS missile 135 mm HEAT  Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		The upgraded 9P135M launcher may also be used for the 9M133 Konkurs.

The Center for Precision Mechanical Technology hints at being capable of developing critical parts of the new generation of anti-tank missile.[58]

Recoilless Rifle
SPG-9 Anti-tank recoilless rifle 73 mm HEAT  Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Manufactured locally as SPG-9T2.
B-10 Anti-tank recoilless rifle 82 mm HEAT  Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Manufactured locally as the DKZ82-B10 VN or B10VN for short. It's more similar to a Type 65 recoilless rifle.

Portable Surface-to-Air Weapon

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
9K338 Igla-S (NATO-Code - SA-24 Grinch) 9K130 Igla-1 Man-portable air-defense system 72 mm 9K38 Igla
9K338 Igla-S
9K32 Strela-2
TL-01 		 Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Manufactured locally under license.[59] The TL-01 is a domestic copy.

Ground Vehicles

[edit]

Tank

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
T-90S Main battle tank T-90SK 64[60]  Russia The T-90SK is the commander's version.

T-59 MBT pic-022

T-54/55 Main battle tank Type-59
T-54M/55M[61] 		850 (-410)[62]
350[62]

410

 Soviet Union
 China
 Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Currently around 310 T-54/55 tanks undergo refits and upgrades to Vietnamese/Israeli T-54M3/55M3 modernized program at Z153 factory. As of January 2024, 100 tanks have been upgraded to the T-54M3/55M3 standard in stage 1.

The T-54M3/55M3 is an upgraded variant of the T-54/55 that's equipped with a Fire Control System, new 1000 hp engine, and locally manufactured Explosive Reactive Armor. Armed with a 100 mm D-10T2S rifled cannon, 7.62 mm PKT, and 12.7 mm DShKM / NSV.

Vietnam is now capable of domestically producing its own FCS. The domestic FCS bares a striking resemblance to the TIFCS-3BU FCS from Indra that's produced in Spain.

T-62 Main battle tank T-62 70[63]  Soviet Union
PT-76 Amphibious Light tank PT-76 300[62]  Soviet Union 76.2 mm D-56T series rifled tank gun.
Type-63 Amphibious Light tank Type-63 150[64]  China Called PT-85 in local service because of its 85 mm gun, similar to the PT-76.
T-34 Medium tank T-34 45[65]  Soviet Union
 Used only for training and coastal defense. 76.2 mm tank gun.

Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV)

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
BMP-1 Infantry fighting vehicle BMP-1 300[66]  Soviet Union
BMP-2 Infantry fighting vehicle BMP-2  Soviet Union
BMP-1VN (XCB-01) Infantry fighting vehicle (+18)  Vietnam The XCB-01 is a Vietnamese domestic copy and modification of the BMP-1 and BMP-2.

It features domestically a produced 2A28 Grom gun with upgraded gun sights and a magazine system, FCS system, laser rangefinder, thermal sight, IR warning receivers, and smoke grenades.

The hull is 6.97 meters in length, 2.68 meters in height and weighs 14.78 tons. Info about armor composition and thickness is unknown but it may be as thick or thicker than what is equipped on the BMP-1/2. The hull is noticeably more angular compared to the BMP-1/2 and that choice may be due to ease of manufacturing and the installation of ERAs. The engine will be replaced by DOOSAN DL-08 from South Korea which is heavier, longer in width, and more powerful (321 hp). Also amphibious.

Armament is the same as everything on the BMP-1, but could include up to 4 CTVN-18 (domestic Malyutka).

Prototype being built at Z189 shipyard and Z125 factory.

Armored Personnel Carrier (APC)

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
Armored Personnel Carriers (Wheeled)
GAZ-59037A Wheeled armoured personnel carrier  Russia Used in natural disaster rescue and response missions.[67]
BTR-40 Wheeled armoured personnel carrier 1,100[68]  Soviet Union
BTR-60 Wheeled armoured personnel carrier  Soviet Union Used by both Army and Naval Marines.
BTR-152 Wheeled armoured personnel carrier  Soviet Union Being upgraded with new diesel engine.[69] One is converted to an armored ambulance to support the field hospital in Bentiu, South Sudan, as a part of the UN peacekeeping mission in South Sudan.
XTC-02 Wheeled armoured personnel carrier  Vietnam 4x4 APC that can carry a driver, commander, and 10 other people; 12 people in total.

Seems to be amphibious and might include a remote controlled weapons station.[70]

Armored Personnel Carriers (Tracked)
MT-LB Armoured personnel carrier  Soviet Union Was seen used by artillery troops preparing for the 2020 International Army Games.[71]
BTR-50PK Armoured personnel carrier 280[72]  Soviet Union
M113 Armoured personnel carrier 200[62]  United States Equipped with DShK or NSVT 12.7 mm heavy machine gun and sometimes with the SPG-9. 1970s photos show M40 recoilless rifles from capture.
M106 mortar carrier Mortar carrier  United States Self-propelled 107 mm mortars сaptured in the Vietnam War.
Type 63 Armoured personnel carrier 80[62]  China

Armored Car

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
Dongfeng EQ2050 Military light utility vehicle  China Used by Engineers at United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.[73]
Cadillac V-100 Armoured scout car  United States Upgraded by the Military Mechanical Engineering Institute with assistance from Z751 factory to replace old and worn out parts after Vietnam was reunified with American-made weapons replaced with Russian-based weapons.[74][75] Acquired through capturing them in the Vietnam War.[76]
BRDM-2 Armoured scout car 50[77]  Soviet Union

Artillery

[edit]

Towed Artillery

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
D-44 85 mm field gun PTH85D44-VN18  Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		The D-44 may be put into reserves soon as the ammunition it uses is unconventional and not standardized. The production of this ammo type will cease in the future and so will the service of the D-44.

The PTH85D44-VN18 is a mobile artillery unit that contains a D-44 artillery gun mounted on a Ural-375 6x6 truck. This may just be a prototype that never went into full production.

D-30 122 mm towed howitzer  Soviet Union While the current number in service is unclear, the Soviet Union provided 50 pieces of the D-30 in 1974.[78] Some may have been taken out of service over the years.
M-46 130 mm field gun Type 59
PTH130-K225B 		 Soviet Union
 China
 Vietnam 		While the current number in service is unclear, the Soviet Union provided 519 pieces of the M-46 from 1968 - 1973.[78] Some were most likely lost in combat or taken out of service over the years.

The PTH130-K225B is domestic self-propelled artillery prototype.

D-20 152 mm towed gun-howitzer  Soviet Union While the current number in service is unclear, the Soviet Union provided 500 pieces of the D-20 from 1966 - 1970.[78] Some were most likely lost in combat or taken out of service over the years.

Self-propelled Artillery / Mobile Artillery

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
2S1 Gvozdika 122 mm self-propelled artillery  Soviet Union
2S3 Akatsiya 152 mm self-propelled artillery 30[79]  Soviet Union
K9 Thunder 155 mm self-propelled artillery (+108)  South Korea Vietnam is in talks with South Korea to acquire the K9 Thunder Self-propelled Howitzer to replace its aging mobile artillery fleet.[80]

Rocket / Missile Artillery

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
BM-21 122 mm multiple rocket launcher 350[62]  Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Received modernization.
BM-14 140 mm multiple rocket launcher <100[81]  Soviet Union BM-14MM and BM-14-17M variant.[82][83] 100 launchers exported from the USSR in 1965-1966 period.[81]

ACCULAR 122–160 mm rocket artillery  Israel 40 km range, used for coastal defence.[84]
EXTRA 306 mm rocket artillery 20 launchers  Israel 150 km range, used for coastal defence.[85]
K-300P Bastion-P P-800 Oniks 10 launchers  Russia Two systems were acquired in 2011; a single system consists of 4 TEL along with radars, command, and support vehicles.

120-300 km range, mainly used for coastal defense.[86]

SS-1 Scud Missile Launcher Tactical ballistic missile (All Missiles) Scud B
Scud C
Scud D
Hwasong-5
Hwasong-6 		24[87]  Soviet Union 24 TEL in total. 100 Hwasong-6 missiles and many more Scud missiles.

Air Defense System

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
Surface-to-Air Defense System
S-300PMU1 Long range air defense and anti-ballistic missile system. S-300PMU1 12 launchers[88]  Russia

 Vietnam

Two systems were acquired.

Received upgrade to the command center and range of the missile.

SPYDER-MR Short to medium range air defense system. 30 launchers  Israel Five systems (including 6 launchers each) and 750 missiles ordered.[89]
S-75 Dvina Short to medium range air defense system in modern standards. S-75M3 ~25 launchers  Soviet Union 45 km range.
S-125 Neva/Pechora Short to medium range air defense system. S-125TM Pechora-2TM
S-125M Pechora-M
S-125-VT 		51 launchers  Soviet Union

 Vietnam

30 S-125TM Pechora-2TM and 21 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024.[90] The S-125-VT modernized variant was reported to be in service in July 2024.[91]

Range: ~35 km

9K35 Strela-10 Short range air defense system. 20 launchers  Soviet Union Tracked air defense system.
Anti-air Artillery
ZSU-23-4 Shilka Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun ZSU-23-4M  Soviet Union

 Vietnam

Modernization upgrade includes 4 Igla SAM launchers, digital fire-control system, thermal camera, day-night camera, laser range finder, electro-optic vision, improved weapon radar, replaced mechanical transmission with hydrostatic transmission, added hydraulic boosters, and significant speed improvement to turret traversal.

There are more additions.

ZU-23-2 Twin Autocannon 23mm-2M
23mm-2ML 		 Soviet Union

 Israel

 Vietnam

The 23mm-2M variant upgrade included cabin for gunner, electromechanic turn system, modern control systems, and potentially a ballistic computer and fire-control system. This project was jointly carried out by Israel and Vietnam.
Similar to the 23mm-2M, the 23mm-2ML additionally includes optronics sensor, laser rangefinder, and potentially a digital fire-control system

Further modernization projects includes installing the platform on logistic trucks and adding an automatic control system that's being developed.

AZP S-60 Autocannon  Soviet Union

 Vietnam

57 mm automatic anti-air autocannon. The Vietnamese heavily upgraded the AZP S-60 by equipping it with a fire-control system with radar, optoelectronic reconnaissance equipment, an electromechanical gun control complex, and a digital firing element identification system connected to a computer.

The upgraded AZP S-60 can operate without a gunner, is fully automatic, and no longer needs to be manually reloaded.[92]

61-K Autocannon  Soviet Union

 Vietnam

37 mm automatic anti-air autocannon.

Modernized with a fire-control system.

Radar System

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
VRS-3TL-1 3D L-Band Tactical Surveillance Radar  Vietnam Surveillance, detection, tracking, narrow pencil-beam (ability to emit high precision & reduce interference concentrated radar beam), electronic scanning in elevation,[93] and other capabilities.

Detect targets flying at low altitude and short range. Produced and developed by Viettel.

VRS-MRS 3D S-Band Medium-Range Surveillance Radar  Vietnam This radar has AESA tech, narrow pencil-beam, electronic scanning in elevation, Look-down, Burn-through function (detect targets through interference/clutter), ECM, IFF identification, and open architecture for CS5SIR system.[94] Can also do Surveillance, detection and tracking.

Detect targets flying at medium altitude and medium range. Produced and developed by Viettel.

VRS-SRS 3D S-Band Tactical Surveillance Radar  Vietnam Easy assemble, dissemble, transport, and cheaper. Has all the advantages of the VRS-MRS except weather monitoring abilities.[95]

Produced and developed by Viettel.

VRS-M2D-1 2D Medium-Altitude Surveillance Radar  Vietnam 2D radars are much cheaper and easier to build than 3D radars, but are less capable. Compared to 3D radars, the VRS-M2D-1 and its similar counterparts have lacking ECM abilities but still possess ECM.[96]

Air Traffic Control, provides info for command/control and air defense system.

Detect targets flying at low altitude and medium range. Produced and developed by Viettel.

VRS-2DM-1 2D Low-Altitude Surveillance Radar  Vietnam Seamlessly integration with SAM systems along with other radar abilities[97] and provides info for command/control and air defense system.

Detect targets flying at low altitude and medium range. Produced and developed by Viettel.

GBR-EAS Ground Based Radar - Electronic Attack System  Spain Passive Surveillance and Analysis.

Electronic Defence:

  • Area Protection
  • High Value Asset Protection
  • Self-Protection

Electronic Attack:

  • Jamming, coherent and noise based Deception
  • Generation of false targets
  • Collaborative techniques[98]

Brought from Indra Sistemas.

Coastal Radar
VRS-CSX-1 X-Band Medium-Range Coastal Surveillance Radar  Vietnam Detect targets at sea and those flying at a low altitude. Produced and developed by Viettel.[99]
VRS-SRX X-Band Short-Range High Resolution Coastal Surveillance Radar  Vietnam Detect targets at sea and those flying at a low altitude. Produced and developed by Viettel.[100]

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
HS-6L MALE UVA  Belarus

 Vietnam

Jointly developed by Vietnam's Academy of Science and Technology with Belarus; completed in 2015 around November.[101][102]

Specification:

  • Wingspan: 22m
  • Endurance: 35 hours
  • Range: 4,000 km (claimed)
IAI Heron MALE UVA 3[103]  Israel
Orbiter 2 Reconnaissance  Israel Acquired from Israel.[104]
Insitu ScanEagle Reconnaissance 6[103][105]  United States
VT-Patrol Reconnaissance VT-Pigeon
VT-Swift 		 Vietnam The VT-Swift is a license produced variant of the Orbiter 3 from Israel.
UAV Shikra Reconnaissance  Vietnam May be in active service. Produced and developed by Viettel.

Engineering / Logistic / Utility Vehicles

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
Engineering Vehicles
BREM-1M Armoured recovery vehicle  Russia Based on T-90 chassis.[106]
TMM-3M Armoured vehicle-launched bridge  Russia
MS-20 Daglezja Armoured vehicle-launched bridge 4[107]  Poland
Schweres Rüstfahrzeug (SRF) Rescue vehicle  Germany
MT-LB Artillery reconnaissance  Soviet Union
BTS-4 Armoured recovery vehicle  Soviet Union
PTS-M Tracked amphibious transport  Soviet Union
GSP-55 [ru] Self-propelled amphibious ferry 3  Soviet Union Operated by 575th Engineer Brigade.[108]
PMP Floating Bridge Pontoon bridge >1  Soviet Union At least one equipped for 414th Engineer Brigade[109]
VSN-1500 Motor canoe  Vietnam Equipped for engineer units as a light troop transport canoe.[110]
BMK-150 Motor canoe  Soviet Union Equipped for pontoon bridge units.
AT-L Artillery tractor  Soviet Union
ATS-59G Artillery tractor  Soviet Union
IMR-2 Armoured engineering vehicle 2  Soviet Union Based on T-72 chassis.
KrAZ-255 Military Excavator  Soviet Union
PZM-2  Soviet Union
M548 Artillery tractor  United States
M578 Armored recovery vehicle  United States
Logistic Vehicles
KamAZ 43118 Military Truck  Russia Replacing older Ural trucks.[111]
KamAZ 65224 Military Truck  Russia Replacing older Ural trucks.[111]
KamaZ-43253 Military Truck  Russia Replacing older Ural trucks.[111]
KZKT-74281-012-chassis Artillery tractor  Russia
Isuzu F-Series Military Truck  Japan
Hyundai HD170 Military Truck  South Korea
MAN HX58 Military Truck  Germany
Renault ME160 Military Truck  France Used by 410th Battalion, 683rd Transportation Brigade.[112]
Zil-130 Military truck Zil-131
Zil-157 		 Soviet Union
Gaz-66 Military Truck  Soviet Union
Ural-375 Military Truck  Soviet Union
Kraz-255B Military Truck  Soviet Union
MAZ-537 Artillery tractor  Soviet Union
Utility Vehicles
Ford Transit Van  GER (design)
 THA
 Vietnam (Manufacturing place) 		Used by Army's communication force.[113]
Toyota Hilux Pickup truck  Japan (design)
 THA
 Vietnam (Manufacturing place) 		Used by Military control force.
Toyota Innova Light utility vehicles  Japan (design)
 IDN
 THA (Manufacturing place) 		Used by Army officers.
Mitsubishi Pajero Utility Vehicle  Japan
 THA
 AUT (Manufacturing place) 		Used by Army's communication force.[114]
UAZ-469 Military light utility vehicle  Soviet Union

Former

[edit]

Infantry Weapon

[edit]

Pistol

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
Browning Hi-Power Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm Parabellum  Belgium Stored in reserves for shooting ranges.

Assault Rifle

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
vz. 58 Assault rifle 7.62×39mm  Czechoslovakia Limited use.[115]
Type 63 Assault rifle 7.62×39mm  China Used by Militia and Self-defense Forces.
Type 58 Assault rifle 7.62x39mm  North Korea Sent as military aid by North Korea during the Vietnam War. Limited use.
SKS Semi-automatic rifle 7.62×39mm  Soviet Union Used by Honor Guards, Militia Forces, and Ceremonial Purposes.[citation needed]
M14 Battle rifle 7.62×51mm NATO  United States Stored in reserves.
4MK4 Bolt-action rifle .303 British  British Empire Vietnam Limited used by Militia Forces.[116]

Submachine Gun

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
PM-63 Machine pistol/Submachine gun 9×18mm Makarov  Polish People's Republic Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Guard Police. Retired.
Škorpion Submachine gun .32 ACP  Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Formerly used by the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong.

Machine Gun

[edit]
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
Uk vz. 59 General-purpose machine gun 7.62×54mmR  Czechoslovakia Used by PAVN and Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.
Type 67 General-purpose machine gun 7.62×54mmR  China Used by PAVN and Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.
TUL-1 Light machine gun 7.62×39mm  Vietnam Vietnamese TUL-1 light machine gun used the frame of Chinese Type 56 assault rifle but with stock of an RPK, barrel sights from an RPD and 30-round magazine used on the AK-47/Type 56, there are rare 40-round magazines. The TUL-1 body was thin, only 1 mm compared to the 1.5 mm of an RPK. It was also heavier and had an inferior rate of fire compared to the RPK. However, the firing rate and effective range of the weapon was successfully better than that of an AK-47/Type 56. The TUL-1 LMGs were manufactured between 1970–1974 and ended after Vietnam obtained production rights to the RPK itself.
DShK Heavy machine gun 12.7×108mm  Soviet Union
 Vietnam 		Mounted on T-55 tanks. Currently being phased out by the NSV.

Anti-Tank Weapon / Rocket-propelled Grenade (RPG)

[edit]
Recoilless Rifle
Image Model Type Caliber Variant Origin Notes
B-11 Anti-tank recoilless rifle 82 mm HEAT  Soviet Union Stored in reserves.
M-40 Anti-tank recoilless rifle 105 mm HEAT  United States Stored in reserves.

Artillery

[edit]

Towed Artillery

Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
M101 105 mm towed howitzer M2A1
PTH-105 		 United States
 Vietnam 		Received modernization.

The PTH-105 is a truck mounted artillery gun prototype. The M101 artillery gun is mounted on a Ural truck.

Stored in reserves.

M-30[117] 122 mm field gun  Soviet Union While the current number is, the Soviet Union provided 450 pieces of the M-30 from 1964 - 1969.[78] Some were most likely lost in combat or taken out of service over the years.

Stored in reserves.

D-74[118] 122 mm field gun  Soviet Union While the current number is, the Soviet Union provided 200 pieces of the D-74 from 1970 - 1971 and China provided 100 pieces of the Type-60 (Chinese made version of D-74) in 1974.[78] Some were most likely lost in combat or taken out of service over the years.

Stored in reserves.

M114 155 mm towed howitzer  United States Stored in reserves.

Self-propelled Artillery / Mobile Artillery

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
ASU-85 85 mm assault gun  Soviet Union The 2018 Military Balance reports that Vietnam is no longer an operator of the ASU-85.[119]

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

[edit]
Image Model Type Variant Quantity Origin Notes
ITAD M-400 Reconnaissance  Vietnam No longer in service. Designed in 2001 and produced in 2005.

Produced and developed by Viettel.[120]

Procurement

[edit]

In 2006, Israel reported to the United Nations Register Organization of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) that two of its light armoured vehicles had been sold to Vietnam.[121] A number of Israeli companies won a bid to modernize and upgrade T-54/55 tanks as well as establishing factories in the country. Israel's program includes upgrading armor, night vision system and a fire control system upgrade (produced in Poland). In May 2002, Vietnam and Ukraine reached an agreement of military technical co-operation which extended to 2005. Accordingly, Ukraine will support Vietnam primarily to upgrade its armor and artillery, and improve weapons co-production and repair facilities.[121] In February 2005, the Ministry of Defence of Finland ceded to Vietnam about 70 T-54 and T-55 tanks from the Soviet era. In early March 2005, Poland signed a contract to sell to Vietnam 150 T-72 tanks which would have been used to support training, ammunition, equipment maintenance, and repair, but this contract was cancelled in 2006 because Vietnam wanted to focus more on its Navy and Air Force.[121] In addition to upgrading tanks, the Ministry of Defence of Vietnam signed a military co-operation agreement with Russia. The Vietnamese have also developed the capacity to produce their own equipment and repair existing equipment.

See Also

[edit]

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