List of endemic species of the British Isles
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The British Isles have few endemic species due to past frequent glaciations and because of the proximity to Continental Europe and former land bridges which enabled species to re-colonise the islands from the continent following glaciations.[1] Most endemic species to the British Isles are considered to be subspecies of a larger species, with mutations or adaptations slightly changing the species in the islands or in certain localities.
British conservationists often describe this as a "wiped clean effect" with repeated glaciations forcing many species out of the modern area of the islands to more southern latitudes in Europe and perhaps even driving some species extinct.[1]
Some species which were present in Britain before past glaciations, often during periods with a warmer climate than now failed to return after the Last Glacial Maximum. Amongst these are Rhododendron ponticum and rabbits, now considered invasive and non-native.
A species is only deemed native if it reached the British Isles without human intervention (either intentional or unintentional). That means that to be native the species must have reached Britain before the land bridge joining Britain to the continent was submerged. Alternatively species can also be native when they have flown or swum to Britain as is the case with many bird species which arrived after the submersion of the land bridge, a recent example is the collared dove which arrived in the 1950s, this also applies for plants which spread seed in the wind.
A few endemic species are Arctic-Alpine species, survivors of Arctic species of plants and animals which either adapted to the warming climate or became isolated in suitable areas of mountains or lakes which still retained a suitable micro-climate. A common misconception is that the entirety of the British Isles was under glaciers and was uninhabitable both for humans, plants and animals. Whilst unsuitable for most species, a number of Arctic species survived in the areas not under glaciers in southern areas of England, Wales and south west Ireland and were either driven to extinction in the British Isles or to micro-climatic refuges as the climate warmed and the Arctic conditions retreated north.
Most endemic species or subspecies however date to more recent, post-glacial times, many having spread via land bridges or along the Atlantic seaboard of Europe.
Origins of endemic species
[edit]- Ice Age survivors in suitable micro-climates
- Subspecies (offshoots) of a larger species, many may in turn develop into new species
- Glacial or pre-glacial survivors which have become extinct across much of their former range or have never occurred outside of Britain.
Fungi
[edit]- Geastrum britannicum – An earthstar fungus, first seen in Norfolk by Jonathan Revett, and confirmed as a distinct species in 2015. It has so far (2015) been found in at least fifteen locations in England and Wales.[2]
Bryophytes
[edit]- Cornish path-moss (Ditrichum cornubicum) – endemic to Cornwall (a recent discovery in West Cork is probably an accidental introduction[3])
- Derbyshire feathermoss (Thamnobryum angustifolium) – endemic to a single site in the Derbyshire Peak District.
- Dixon's thread moss – Scotland only
- Scottish thread moss – Scotland only
- Scottish beard moss – Scotland only
Vascular plants
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In 1999, 47 species of flowering plants (430 including microspecies[4]) were considered to be endemic to the British Isles, 32 of them in the "critical genera" Euphrasia, Limonium and Sorbus.[5] Further additions are made from time to time, as cited below.
- Alchemilla minima
- Athyrium flexile
- Bromus interruptus[6]
- Calamagrostis scotica
- Cerastium nigrescens
- Cochlearia atlantica
- Cochlearia micacea
- Coincya wrightii
- Cotoneaster cambricus
- Epipactis youngiana
- Erythranthe peregrina[7]
- Euphrasia anglica
- Euphrasia cambrica
- Euphrasia campbelliae
- Euphrasia heslop-harrisonii
- Euphrasia marshallii
- Euphrasia pseudokerneri
- Euphrasia rivularis
- Euphrasia rotundifolia
- Euphrasia vigursii
- Fumaria occidentalis
- Fumaria purpurea[8]
- Gentianella anglica
- Hieracium attenboroughianum[9]
- Limonium britannicum
- Limonium dodartiforme
- Limonium loganicum
- Limonium paradoxum
- Limonium parvum
- Limonium procerum
- Limonium recurvum
- Limonium transwallianum
- Primula scotica
- Senecio cambrensis
- Sorbus anglica
- Sorbus arranensis
- Sorbus bristoliensis
- Sorbus devoniensis
- Sorbus eminens
- Sorbus hibernica
- Sorbus lancastriensis
- Sorbus leptophylla
- Sorbus leyana
- Sorbus minima
- Sorbus porrigentiformis
- Sorbus pseudofennica
- Sorbus pseudomeinichii[10]
- Sorbus subcuneata
- Sorbus vexans
- Sorbus wilmottiana
- Ulmus plotii
Subsequently, Hieracium attenboroughianum is an endemic plant which was discovered in the Brecon Beacons in 2004 and Sorbus pseudomeinichii was discovered on the island of Arran in 2007.[10] In 2015, a newly formed and endemic species of monkeyflower (Erythranthe peregrina) was identified in Scotland and the Scottish islands.[7] Bromus interruptus is an endemic to England, which was extinct in the wild but has been reintroduced from saved seed.[6][11] The total number of endemic plant species has now grown to 52.
Spiders
[edit]- Nothophantes horridus Merrett & Stevens, 1995 – the ground-weaver spider is found at four sites in Plymouth, Devon.[12]
- Microniphargus leruthi – found across Ireland, Wales and Southern England. Comprises three 'cryptic species'.
- Niphargus glennei (Spooner) – the south-western ground water shrimp is found in Cornwall and Devon.[13]
- Niphargus irlandicus – found in aquifers and cave systems across most of southern and central Ireland
- Niphargus wexfordensis – found in Wexford, Ireland
Insects
[edit]- Eudarcia richardsoni (Walsingham, 1900) – a micromoth only found on the Dorset coast[14]
- Piesma quadratum spergulariae – a Heteroptera bug found on the Isles of Scilly[15]
- Bombus muscorum scyllonius (Richards), Scilly bee – a bumble bee, which in the 1960s was found on all the inhabited islands of the Isles of Scilly with the exception of Bryher, and currently is only known from St Agnes, Great Ganilly and Great Arthur.[16]
- Psylliodes luridipennis, Lundy cabbage flea beetle – known only from the island of Lundy, where it feeds upon the Lundy cabbage.[17]
- Ceutorhynchus contractus var. pallipes – a weevil that, like the Lundy cabbage flea beetle, is known only from the island of Lundy, where it feeds upon the Lundy cabbage.
- Papilio machaon britannicus – a subspecies of swallowtail butterfly confined to the Norfolk broads[18]
- Erebia epiphron mnemon – a subspecies of the alpine mountain ringlet butterfly
- Perlodes mortoni – a stonefly with bracypterous males[19]
- Capnia vidula anglica – a subspecies of stonefly found in Scotland[20]
- Brachyptera putata – a stonefly mostly found in Scotland, with limited records in the River Usk in Wales and the Wye in Hereford[21]
- Taeniopteryx nebulosa britannica – a stonefly found in northern Great Britain[22]
- Botanophila fonsecai – a small seed fly endemic to a 100m stretch of sand in Scotland[23]
- Psammoporus insularis – a dance fly
- Reliquantha variipes – an anthomyzid fly
- Molophilus pusillus – a crane fly
- Creagdhubhia mallochorum – a fungus gnat
- Thinobius newberyi – a rove beetle
- Halobrecta princeps – a rove beetle
- Cixius caledonicus – a planthopper
- Ceratophyllus fionnus – a flea
- Dilta chateri – a bristletail[24]
Isopods
[edit]Metatrichoniscoides celticus Oliver & Trew, 1981 - a small woodlouse usually below 3 mm. It is found only on maritime cliffs in the Vale of Glamorgan from Ogmore-by-Sea to St Donat's.
Birds
[edit]Britain has few endemic species of birds but quite a few subspecies. A few Arctic-Alpine species have subspecies in the British Isles, some have been in the islands since the last Ice Age, but many spread in the immediate Sub-Arctic conditions as the ice retreated. Furthermore, these species were later reinforced by newer arrivals as the climate assumed temperatures and conditions more similar to the present day.
- Red grouse – classified either as a distinct species or a subspecies of willow grouse – does not change plumage in winter as the willow grouse does – upland and moorland areas of Great Britain and Ireland.
- Pied wagtail – British subspecies of the pied / white wagtail – throughout British Isles.
- Shetland wren – Shetland Islands, Scotland only.
- Fair Isle wren – Fair Isle, Scotland only.
- St Kilda wren – St Kilda Islands, Scotland only.
- Scottish crossbill – highlands, Scotland only.
- Scottish crested tit – subspecies of the crested tit, Scotland only.
- British long-tailed tit – subspecies of the long-tailed tit, Britain and Ireland only.
- British Isles subspecies of white-throated dipper.
Mammals
[edit]Britain has a few subspecies of mammals but no endemic species. Many again are Ice Age survivors that adapted to the new conditions; others arrived in warmer conditions whilst the land bridge still existed.
- Irish hare or the Irish subspecies of the mountain hare – Mountain hares are also found in other locations of the British Isles, but in Ireland have the distinction of not turning white in winter.
- Scottish red deer
- Scottish wildcat – Formerly also found in Northern England and Wales, this subspecies of the European wildcat is now restricted to a few locations in Scotland largely due to hunting and hybridisation with domestic cats.
- St Kilda field mouse – St Kilda Islands only. A subspecies of the wood mouse.
- Orkney vole – Orkney only. A subspecies of the common vole.
- Skomer vole - Skomer Island only. A subspecies of the bank vole.
- Canna mouse - Canna, Scotland only. A subspecies of the house mouse.
Aquatic fauna
[edit]Cnidaria
[edit]The Cnidaria are a group of animals found exclusively in aquatic and mostly marine environments. They include sea anemones, sea pens and corals and their distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey.[25][26]
- Ivell's sea anemone (Edwardsia ivelli) described in 1975 and found in Widewater Lagoon in West Sussex.
Fish
[edit]In some areas of uplands in the British Isles the retreating glaciers left melt water in hollows which had been carved out by the movement of ice. In these, Arctic species of fish survived, due often to the sheer depth of the lakes and the colder temperatures. For the young endemic fish varieties of the British Isles, it is usually controversial whether they should be considered as distinct taxa (species or subspecies) or just as isolated populations of their ancestral species.
As global warming affects the British climate there is some concern for these species, some confined to a handful of lakes. Action has been taken to protect them, as is the case with vendace which has been moved to tarns in nearby mountains due to the cooler temperatures. It is hoped that these will act as refuges should the species die-out in the lower-level lakes where they occur naturally.
- Killarney shad (Alosa killarnensis) – Ireland only
- Gwyniad (Coregonus pennantii) – Snowdonia only
- Schelly (Coregonus stigmaticus) – Lake District only
- Vendace (Coregonus vandesius) – Lake District and Dumfries and Galloway only
- Pollan (Coregonus pollan) – Ireland only
- Powan (Coregonus clupeoides) – Scotland only
- Ferox trout (Salmo ferox) – Ireland, Scotland, Cumbria and Wales only, validity questionable (possibly a brown trout variant)
- Gillaroo (Salmo stomachicus) – Ireland only
- Sonaghan (Salmo nigripinnis) – Ireland only
- Haddy charr (Salvelinus killinensis) – Scotland only
- Salvelinus colii – Republic of Ireland only
- Salvelinus fimbriatus – Republic of Ireland only
- Salvelinus gracillimus – Shetland Islands and perhaps Scotland
- Melvin charr (Salvelinus grayi) – Ireland only
- Orkney charr (Salvelinus inframundus) – Orkney Islands (where extirpated) and Scotland only
- Salvelinus lonsdalii – Cumbria only
- Salvelinus mallochi – Scotland only
- Salvelinus maxillaris – Scotland only
- Salvelinus obtusus – Republic of Ireland only
- Salvelinus perisii – Wales only
- Salvelinus struanensis – Scotland only
- Golden charr (Salvelinus youngeri) – Scotland only
- Salvelinus willughbii – Cumbria only
Extinct
[edit]![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion with: this article as it requires expansion.. You can help by adding to it. (September 2011) |
- Presumed British subspecies of the grey wolf (Canis lupus)
- Essex emerald moth (Thetidia smaragdaria maritima, a British subspecies)
- St Kilda house mouse (Mus musculus muralis, subspecies of the house mouse from St. Kilda)
- Large copper butterfly (Lycaena dispar dispar)
- Presumed British strain of the subspecies of the Old British/Irish black bee (Apis mellifera mellifera)
- Hieracium cambricogothicum
Distribution
[edit]The distribution of endemic species seems to have a north western bias and with endemic species on the whole showing an oceanic / alpine distribution with most endemics being found in upland areas or islands.
Endemic livestock breeds
[edit]Human bred-animals are not usually classified as distinct subspecies but rather breeds which is a similar concept. However some animals such as Iron Age pigs are classified as a distinct species from their wild relatives.
See also
[edit]- List of extinct animals of the British Isles – many species listed became extinct due to the retreat of Arctic conditions after the last Ice Age or due to man, many now surviving in the Arctic.
- List of extinct plants of the British Isles
- Insular dwarfism
- Insular gigantism
- Fauna of Great Britain
- Fauna of Ireland
- Flora of Great Britain
References
[edit]- ^ a b Cunliffe, B. (2013). Britain Begins. OUP Oxford. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-19-967945-4. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
- ^ Blackman, Stuart (July 2015). "New Species of the month". BBC Wildlife. 33 (402): 17.
- ^ Holyoak, David T (2009). Bryophytes: Liverworts (Marchantiophyta), Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) and Mosses (Bryophyta). In Red Data Book for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Praze-an-Beeble: Croceago Press. pp. 72–104. ISBN 978-1-901685-01-5.
- ^ T. G. C. Rich; G. Hutchinson; R. Randall; R. G. Ellis (1999). "List of Plants Endemic to the British Isles". BSBI News. 80: 23–27. Archived from the original on 2013-08-20. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
- ^ M. O. Hill; J. O. Mountford; D. B. Roy; R. G. H. Bunce (1999). Ellenberg's indicator values for British plants. Huntingdon: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. ISBN 1-870393-48-1. ECOFACT Volume 2 Technical Annex.
- ^ a b Royal Botanic Gardens Kew - Grasses
- ^ a b Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh - New to Science 2015
- ^ "BSBI Species accounts archive: Fumaria purpurea". 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
- ^ New Journal of Botany - "Hieracium attenboroughianum (Asteraceae) a New Species of Hawkweed"
- ^ a b "New species of tree discovered on Arran". Scottish Natural Heritage. 14 June 2007. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
- ^ European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation - Bromus interruptus
- ^ "Britain's rarest spider found at new site, and photographed". Buglife. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ^ Gainey, P A. Amphipoda. In Red Data Book For Cornwall And The Isles Of Scilly (2nd ed.). Praze-an-Beeble: Croago Press. p. 177.
- ^ "202 Eudarcia richardsoni". UKmoths. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ Alexander, Keith N A T (2009). Hemiptera. In Red Data Book for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Praze-an-Beeble: Croceago Press. pp. 214–232. ISBN 978-1-901685-01-5.
- ^ Beavis, Ian (2003). "Bees, Wasps and Ants of Scilly". Isles of Scilly Bird and Natural History Review 2002: 168–183.
- ^ Compton, S. G.; Key, R. S. (2000). "Coincya wrightii (O.E. Schulz) Stace (Rhynchosinapis wrightii (O.E. Schulz) Dandy ex A.R. Clapham)". Journal of Ecology. 88 (3): 535. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00477.x.
- ^ "UK Butterflies - Swallowtail - Papilio machaon". www.ukbutterflies.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
- ^ "Perlodes mortoni, Orange-striped Stonefly, identification and imitation". www.first-nature.com. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
- ^ "Capnia vidua subsp. anglica | NBN Atlas Scotland". scotland-species.nbnatlas.org. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
- ^ "Species dossier: Brachyptera putata" (PDF). Action for Invertebrates project (Buglife). July 2011.
- ^ "Taeniopteryx nebulosa subsp. britannica | NBN Atlas". species.nbnatlas.org. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
- ^ Gibbs, D. (2013). "Survey and ecology of Botanophila fonsecai Ackland (Diptera, Anthomyiidae), a seed-fly endemic to Scotland" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 618.
- ^ Macadam, C. R. (2023). "Britain's Endemic Invertebrates" (PDF). Buglife. Peterborough: The Invertebrate Conservation Trust.
- ^ Gainey, Paul T (2009). Hydroids, Sea Anemones and Jellyfish (Cindaria). In Red Data Book for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Praze-an-Beeble: Croceago Press. pp. 449–456. ISBN 978-1-901685-01-5.
- ^ Holstein T.; Tardent P. (1984). "An ultrahigh-speed analysis of exocytosis: nematocyst discharge". Science. 223 (4638): 830–833. Bibcode:1984Sci...223..830H. doi:10.1126/science.6695186. PMID 6695186.