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List of heads of state and government who were assassinated or executed

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The following is a chronological list of notable heads of governments and heads of state deaths that have resulted from assassination or execution.

This list considers only the incumbent head of state or government. Heads of state or government assassinated or executed after they left office (e.g. Aldo Moro, Saddam Hussein and Shinzo Abe) are excluded.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

List

[edit]
Target Title Date Place Country Assassin or other entity Ref
Rimush King of Akkad 2270 BC Akkadian Empire His courtiers [1]
Ashur-nadin-apli King of Assyria 1194 BC Middle Assyrian Empire Ashur-nirari III [2]
Ramesses III Pharaoh of Egypt 1155 BC New Kingdom of Egypt Tiye, Pentawer, and Pebekkamen, among others
Further information: Harem conspiracy
Simbar-shipak King of Babylon 1008 BC Babylonia Ea-mukin-zeri [3]
Ea-mukin-zeri 1008 BC Kashshu-nadin-ahi [4]
Kashshu-nadin-ahi 1005 BC Eulmash-shakin-shumi [5]
Titus Tatius King of the Sabines 748 BC Rome Roman Kingdom Romulus [6]
Ashur-nirari V King of Assyria 745 BC Neo-Assyrian Empire Tiglath-Pileser III [7]
Nabu-nadin-zeri King of Babylon 732 BC Babylon Babylonia Killed in an insurrection by Nabu-suma-ukin II. [8]
Nabu-suma-ukin II 732 BC Nabu-mukin-zeri [9]
Nabu-mukin-zeri 729 BC Killed during the Assyrian conquest of Babylon by Tiglath-Pileser III. [10]
Shalmaneser V King of Assyria 722 BC Neo-Assyrian Empire Sargon II [11]
Mushezib-Marduk King of Babylon 689 BC Babylon Murdered during Sennacherib's sack of Babylon.
Sennacherib King of Assyria 681 BC Nineveh Arda-Mulissu [12]
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus King of Rome 579 BC Rome Roman Kingdom The sons of Ancus Marcius
Labashi-Marduk King of Babylon 556 BC Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabonidus and Belshazzar, in concert with the nobles of the court. [13]
Phalaris Tyrant of Agrigento 554 BC Agrigento Acragas Telemachus
Servius Tullius King of Rome 535 BC Rome Roman Kingdom Lucius Tarquinius Superbus [14]
Hipparchus Tyrant of Athens 514 BC Athens Athens Harmodius and Aristogeiton [15]
Xerxes I Achaemenid King of Kings August 465 BC Persia  Achaemenid Persia Artabanus, commander of the royal bodyguard [16]
Xerxes II 424 BC Persepolis Sogdianus, Xerxes' half-brother [17]
Sogdianus 423 BC Darius II, Sogdianus's half-brother [17]
Dion Tyrant of Syracuse 354 BC Syracuse, Sicily Syracuse Calippus [18]
Callippus 352 BC Leptines II [19]
Philip II King of Macedon October 30, 336 BC Aigai Macedonia Pausanias of Orestis (personal bodyguard) [20]
Arses Achaemenid King of Kings 336 BC  Achaemenid Persia Bagoas [21]
Seleucus I Nicator Seleucid Basileus September 281 BC Lysimachia, Thrace Seleucid Empire Ptolemy Ceraunus [22]
Antiochus II Theos Seleucid Basileus July 246 BC Anatolia Laodice I [23]
Lord Chunshen Prime Minister of Chu 238 BC Shouchun Chu Li Yuan (李園) [24]
Seleucus III Ceraunus Seleucid Basileus June 223 BC Anatolia Seleucid Empire Members of his army [25]
Nabis King of Sparta 192 BC Sparta Sparta Aetolian League [26]
Brihadratha Maurya Mauryan Emperor 180 BC Pataliputra Maurya Empire Pushyamitra Shunga [27]
Seleucus IV Philopator Seleucid Basileus September 3, 175 BC Coele-Syria Seleucid Empire Heliodorus [28]
Alexander Balas August 145 BC Afrin River Zabdiel [29]
Antiochus VI Dionysus 142 BC Coele-Syria Diodotus Tryphon [30]
Hiempsal I King of Numidia 117 BC Cirta Numidia Jugurtha [31][32]
Julius Caesar Dictator of Rome March 15, 44 BC Theatre of Pompey, Rome Roman Republic Liberatores [33]
Caligula Emperor of Rome January 24, 41 Rome Roman Empire Praetorian Guard [34]
Claudius October 13, 54 Agrippina the Younger [35][36]
Galba January 15, 69 Praetorian Guard under orders from Otho [37]
Vitellius December 22, 69 Vespasian's troops. [38]
Domitian September 18, 96 Stephanus, steward to Julia Flavia [39]
Commodus December 31, 192 Narcissus [40][41]
Pertinax March 28, 193 Praetorian Guard [42]
Didius Julianus June 1, 193 [43]
Geta December 26, 211 Centurions under orders of Caracalla [44]
Caracalla April 8, 217 Near Carrhae Justin Martialis, at instigation of Macrinus [45]
Macrinus and Diadumenian Co-Emperors of Rome June 8, 218 Cappadocia Forces of Elagabalus [46][47][48]
Elagabalus Emperor of Rome March 11, 222 Rome Praetorian Guard under orders of Julia Maesa and Julia Mamaea [49]
Severus Alexander March 19, 235 Mainz, Germania Superior Legio XXII Primigenia [50]
Maximinus Thrax May 238 Aquileia Soldiers of the Legio II Parthica [51]
Pupienus and Balbinus Co-Emperors of Rome July 29, 238 Rome Praetorian Guard
Gordian III Emperor of Rome February 20, 244 Circesium His own army [52]
Philip I the Arab Co-Emperors of Rome September 249 Verona Betrayed by Decius and killed as a result of the Battle of Verona. [53][54]
Philip II Rome Murdered by the Praetorian Guard. [53][54]
Volusianus Co-Emperors of Rome August 253 Terni Assassinated by their own centurions, in favour of Aemilian. [55]
Trebonianus Gallus
Aemilianus Emperor of Rome September 253 Spoleto Assassinated by his own troops. [55]
Saloninus 260 Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium Revolting troops, led by Postumus
Gallienus September 268 Mediolanum Aurelius Heraclianus [56]
Postumus Emperor of Gaul 269 Mainz Gallic Empire His own troops [57][58]
Marcus Aurelius Marius Mid 269 Trier Victorinus [59]
Victorinus Early 271 Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium Attitianus, one of his soldiers. [60]
Aurelian Emperor of Rome September 25, 275 Çorlu Roman Empire Mucapor and members of the Praetorian Guard
Florianus September 276 Tarsus Centurions [61][62]
Probus September 282 Sirmium His own soldiers [63]
Numerian November 20, 284 Homs Lucius Flavius Aper [64]
Carinus July 285 River Margus, Moesia Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus [65]
Carausius Emperor of Britannia 293 Britannia Allectus [66]
Bunseo King of Baekje 304 Lelang Commandery Baekje Hwang-Chang-Lang
Constans Emperor of Rome February 350 Elne, Gaul Roman Empire Magnentius [67]
Nepotianus June 30, 350 Rome Marcellinus
Gratian August 25, 383 Lyon Andragathius [68][69]
Magnus Maximus August 28, 388 Aquileia Theodosius I [70][71]
Victor Trier Arbogast
Valentinian II May 15, 392 Vienne [72]
Eugenius Western Roman Emperor September 6, 394 Frigidus River Western Roman Empire Theodosius I [73]
Constantine III Co-Western Roman Emperors c. September 18, 411 Ravenna Constantius III [74][75]
Constans II Vienne Gerontius [74][75]
Joannes Western Roman Emperor June 425 Aquileia Ardabur [76]
Hassan Yuha'min King of Himyar 448 Iraq Sharhabil Yafar [77]
Valentinian III Western Roman Emperor March 16, 455 Rome Western Roman Empire Followers of Flavius Aetius [78]
Ankō Emperor of Japan 456 Kofun Japan Mayowa no Ōkimi [79]
Majorian Western Roman Emperor August 7, 461 Tortona Western Roman Empire Ricimer [80]
Libius Severus August 15, 465 Rome [81]
Anthemius July 11, 472 [82][83]
Julius Nepos June 22, 480 Salona Two retainers at the instigation of Glycerius [84]
Odoacer King of Italy March 15, 493 Ravenna Kingdom of Italy Theodoric [85][86]
Dhu Shanatir King of Himyar 517 Zafar Himyarite Kingdom Dhu Nuwas [77]
Bahram Chobin Sasanian Shahanshah 591 Fergana Western Turkic Khaganate Murdered under order of Khosrow II. [87]
Sushun Emperor of Japan 592 Asuka Japan Yamato no Aya no Ataikoma, under the orders of Soga no Umako
Maurice Emperor of the Romans November 22, 602 Chalcedon Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire Overthrown and Executed by Phocas
Phocas October 4, 610 Constantinople Overthrown and executed by Heraclius
Emperor Yang of Sui Emperor of China April 11, 618 Danyang, Jiangsu Sui China Yuwen Huaji and other officials in a coup d'état
Umar Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate November 3, 644 Medina, Arabia Rashidun Caliphate Abu Lulu
Uthman June 17, 656 Egyptian rebels
Ali ibn Abi Talib January 29, 661 Kufa Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam
Constans II Emperor of the Romans September 15, 668 Syracuse Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire By an attendant while in the bath [88]
Tiberios III Apsimar February 706 Constantinople Executed by Justinian II
Justinian II December 711 Overthrown and executed in a military revolt led by Phillipikos
Leo V "The Armenian" December 24, 820 Assassinated as part of a conspiracy in support of the imprisoned Michael the Amorian [89]
Michael III September 23, 867 Basil the Macedonian
John VIII Pope December 16, 882 Rome  Papal States Clerics [90]
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang Emperor of China September 22, 904 Luoyang Tang dynasty Zhu Wen
Wenceslaus I Duke of Bohemia September 28, 935 Brandýs nad Labem-Stará Boleslav  Duchy of Bohemia Boleslaus I
Edmund I King of the English May 26, 946 Pucklechurch England Leofa, a convicted outlaw
Nikephoros II Phokas Emperor of the Romans December 11, 969 Constantinople Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire John I Tzimiskes
Edward the Martyr King of the English March 18, 978 Corfe Castle, Corfe Castle (village)[91] England Ælfthryth
Kenneth II King of Alba 995 Fettercairn Scotland Finella
Brian Boru High King of Ireland April 23, 1014 Clontarf, Dublin Ireland Brodir and Ospak of Man
Boniface III Margrave of Tuscany May 6, 1052 Oglio March of Tuscany Scarpetta Carnevari
Alp Arslan Sultan of the Seljuk Empire November 25, 1072 Khwarazm Seljuk Empire Yussuf al-Kharezmi
Nizam al-Mulk Vizier of the Seljuk Empire October 14, 1092 Nahavand Seljuk Empire Order of Assassins
Thoros Lord of Edessa March 9, 1098 Edessa Mob incited by Baldwin of Boulogne
Conrad Bishop of Utrecht April 14, 1099 Utrecht Utrecht A Frisian
William II King of England August 2, 1100 The New Forest  England Walter Tirel
Al-Afdal Shahanshah Vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate December 11, 1121 Fatimid Caliphate Team of three rafiqs from the Order of Assassins[92]
Charles I Count of Flanders March 2, 1127 Bruges  Flanders A group of knights answering to the Erembald family
Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah Caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate October 7, 1130 Cairo Fatimid Caliphate team of 7 rafiqs from the Order of Assassins
Al-Mustarshid Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate August 29, 1135 Maragheh or Hamadan Abbasid Caliphate team of rafiqs from the Order of Assassins
Harald Gille King of Norway December 14, 1136 Bergen  Norway Sigurd Slembe
Eric II King of Denmark September 18, 1137 Urnohoved  Denmark Murdered by Sorte Plov during a Ting [93]
Al-Rashid Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate June 6, 1138 Mosul or Isfahan Abbasid Caliphate a team of men in his service (Order of Assassins)
Imad al-Din Zengi Emir of the Zengid dynasty September 14, 1146 Qal'at Ja'bar Seljuk Empire Yarankash
Raymond II Count of Tripoli 1152 Tripoli's southern city gate County of Tripoli Order of Assassins
Sverker I King of Sweden December 25, 1156 Alvastra  Sweden A trusted servant
Canute V Triarchial King of Denmark August 9, 1157 Roskilde  Denmark Killed under the Roskilde Bloodbath [94]
Eric IX King of Sweden May 18, 1160 Uppsala  Sweden Magnus II
Charles VII April 12, 1167 Visingsö Supporters of Knut Eriksson
Alaungsithu King of Pagan 1167 Shwegugyi Temple Pagan Kingdom His son Narathu
Andronikos I Komnenos Emperor of the Romans September 11, 1185 Constantinople Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire Lynched by a popular uprising instigated by Isaac Angelos
Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair King of Connacht 1189 Clanconway Kingdom of Connacht Assassins instigated by Conchobar ua nDiarmata
Conrad of Montferrat de facto King of Jerusalem April 28, 1192 Acre, en route to his house  Kingdom of Jerusalem Order of Assassins
Ivan Asen I Tsar of Bulgaria 1196 Tarnovo Bulgarian Empire Ivanko
Peter II 1197 Preslav Unknown, possibly in a riot or as the result of a conspiracy.
Alexios IV Angelos Emperor of the Romans February 8, 1204 Constantinople Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire Deposed and executed by Alexios Doukas
Alexios V Doukas December 1204 Executed by the participants of the Fourth Crusade
Baldwin I Emperor of the Romans 1205 Tarnovo Latin Empire Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria
Boniface of Montferrat King of Thessalonica and Marquis of Montferrat September 4, 1207 Thrace Montferrat &
Thessalonica 		Murdered by Bulgarian Peasants, believed to be acting on the orders of Kaloyan
Kaloyan Tsar of Bulgaria October 1207 Thessaloniki Bulgarian Empire Unknown, believed to be Manastras, the Captain of his Mercenaries
Han Tuozhou Grand Chancellor of the Song dynasty 1207 Hangzhou Song dynasty Shi Miyuan
Philip of Swabia King of Germany June 21, 1208 Bamburg, Franconia Kingdom of Germany Otto VIII, Count Palatine of Bavaria
Csépán Győr Palatine of Hungary 1209 Hungary Tiba Tomaj
Minamoto no Sanetomo Shōgun February 13, 1219 Tsurugaoka Hachimangū Kamakura shogunate Kugyō
Eric IV King of Denmark August 10, 1250 Gottorf Castle  Denmark Abel of Denmark
Michael II Asen Tsar of Bulgaria 1256 Tarnovo Bulgarian Empire Kaliman II Asen
Kaliman II Asen His co-conspirators from the assassination of Michael II
Qutuz Sultan of Egypt October 24, 1260 Salihiyah [ar] Mamluk Sultanate Baibars
Eric V King of Denmark November 22, 1286 Finderup, Viborg  Denmark Unknown, believed to be a conspiracy by Danish nobles
Ladislaus IV King of Hungary July 10, 1290 Körösszeg Hungary Three Cumans, named Árbóc, Törtel, and Kemence
Przemysł II King of Poland February 8, 1296 Rogoźno Kingdom of Poland Brandenburg assassins
Floris V Count of Holland June 27, 1296 Muiderberg Holland Gerard van Velsen
Chaka Tsar of Bulgaria 1300 Tarnovo Bulgarian Empire Theodore Svetoslav
Wenceslaus III King of Bohemia August 4, 1306 Olomouc  Bohemia Unidentified assassin
Albert I King of Germany May 1, 1308 Windisch Further Austria John Parricida
Gegeen Khan Emperor of the Yuan dynasty September 4, 1323 Nanpo Yuan dynasty Tegshi
Yagi Basti Ruler of Shiraz 1344 Tabriz Chobanid realm Malek Ashraf
Haidar Qassāb Head of the Sarbadars 1356 Sarbadar state By a Turkish slave
Peter the Cruel King of Castile March 23, 1369 Montiel Toledo Henry II
Murad I Sultan of The Ottoman Empire June 28, 1389 Kosovo Field  Serbian Empire
( Branković) 		Lazar Hrebeljanović
Louis I Duke of Orléans November 23, 1407 Le Marais  Orléans 15 masked assassins under the orders of John the Fearless
Gian Maria Visconti Duke of Milan May 16, 1412 Milan Milan Guelphs and Ghibellines
John the Fearless Duke of Burgundy September 10, 1419 Montereau-Fault-Yonne  Burgundy Tanneguy du Chastel
Abu Said Ruler of Qara Qoyunlu 1430 Qara Qoyunlu Qara Qoyunlu Iskandar
Iskandar Ruler of Qara Qoyunlu 1436 Alinja Tower Qara Qoyunlu Jahan Shah
Ashikaga Yoshinori Shōgun July 12, 1441 Muromachi Japan Ashikaga shogunate Akamatsu Mitsusuke
Hasan Ali Ruler of Qara Qoyunlu 1468 Hamadan Qara Qoyunlu Ughurlu Muhammad
Mirza Yusuf Ruler of Qara Qoyunlu October 22, 1469 Shiraz Qara Qoyunlu Ughurlu Muhammad
Henry VI King of England May 21, 1471 Tower of London  England Edward IV
Giuliano de' Medici Lord of Florence April 26, 1478 Florence Cathedral  Florence Francesco de' Pazzi
James III King of Scotland June 11, 1488 Sauchieburn Scotland Rebels, led by James IV
Ahmad Shah of Malacca Sultan of Malacca 1513 Riau Islands Malacca Sultanate Mahmud Shah of Malacca
Alessandro de' Medici Lord of Florence January 6, 1537 Florence  Florence Lorenzino de' Medici
Francisco Pizarro Governor of New Castile June 26, 1541 Lima Spanish New Castile Diego de Almagro II
Worawongsathirat King of Siam November 11, 1548 Lopburi Ayutthaya Kingdom Maha Thammaracha
Tabinshwehti King of Burma April 30, 1550 Pantanaw Toungoo dynasty Smim Sawhtut
Ashikaga Yoshiteru Shōgun June 17, 1565 Nijō Castle Ashikaga shogunate Miyoshi Yoshitsugu
James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray Regent of Scotland January 23, 1570 Linlithgow  Kingdom of Scotland James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire October 11, 1579 Istanbul  Ottoman Empire Order of Assassins
William the Silent Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht and Friesland July 10, 1584 Delft  Dutch Republic Balthasar Gérard
Henry III King of France August 1, 1589 Saint-Cloud France Jacques Clément
Michael the Brave Prince of Wallachia August 9, 1601 Turda  Wallachia Giorgio Basta
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak Grand Vizier of the Mughal empire August 12, 1602 Deccan Mughal Empire Vir Singh Deo
Henry IV King of France May 14, 1610 Paris France François Ravaillac
Concino Concini Chief minister of France April 24, 1617 Guards under orders of Louis XIII
Osman II Sultan of the Ottoman Empire May 20, 1622 Yedikule Fortress, Istanbul  Ottoman Empire Janissaries
Anaukpetlun King of Burma July 9, 1628 Bago, Myanmar Toungoo dynasty Minyedeippa, his son
Saru Taqi Grand Vizier of Safavid Empire October 11, 1645 Isfahan Persia Jani Khan
Zhu Yujian Emperor of the Great Ming October 6, 1646 Fujian Southern Ming Qing soldiers
Charles I King of England, Scotland and Ireland January 30, 1649 Whitehall, London  England
 Scotland
 Ireland 		High Court of Justice
Further information: Execution of Charles I and List of regicides of Charles I
Mahmud II of Johor Sultan of Johor September 3, 1699 Kota Tinggi, Johor Johor Sultanate Megat Sri Rama
Daniel Parke Governor of the Leeward Islands December 7, 1710 Antigua  British Leeward Islands By an angry mob
Abdul Aziz Hotak Emir of Afghanistan 1717 Kandahar Hotak dynasty Mahmud Hotak
Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda Governor-General of the Philippines October 11, 1719 Palacio del Gobernador, Manila Spanish Philippines Francisco de la Cuesta
Mahmud Hotak Emir of Afghanistan April 22, 1725 Isfahan Hotak dynasty Ashraf Hotak
Nader Shah Shahanshah of Iran June 20, 1747 Quchan Persia Salah Bey
Ebrahim Afshar Shahanshah of Iran September 24, 1748 Afsharid Iran Afsharid Iran His troops
Peter III Emperor of Russia July 17, 1762 Ropsha  Russian Empire Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov
Zaki Khan Zand Shahanshah of Iran June 6, 1779 Izadkhast Zand dynasty Rebellious tribal leaders
Jafar Khan Shahanshah of Iran January 23, 1789 Arg of Karim Khan Zand dynasty Sayed Morad Khan
Sayed Morad Khan Shahanshah of Iran May 10, 1789 Shiraz Zand dynasty Lotf Ali Khan
Gustav III King of Sweden March 16, 1792
(d. March 29, 1792) 		Stockholm  Sweden Jacob Johan Anckarström
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar Shahanshah of Iran June 17, 1797 Shusha Qajar Empire A Georgian servant named Sadeq and a valet called Khodadad-e Esfahani, both of whom were due to be executed.
Paul I Emperor of Russia March 23, 1801 St. Petersburg  Russia Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen, Nikita Petrovich Panin, José de Ribas, Vladimir Mikhailovich Yashvil and Nikolay Zubov
Kirtiman Singh Basnyat Mulkaji of Nepal September 28, 1801 Kathmandu  Kingdom of Nepal Supporters of Raj Rajeshwari Devi [95]
Jean-Jacques Dessalines Emperor of Haiti October 17, 1806 Pont Rouge  Haiti Unknown [96]
Spencer Perceval Prime Minister of the United Kingdom May 11, 1812 Westminster  United Kingdom John Bellingham
Further information: Assassination of Spencer Perceval
 [97]
Shaka King of the Zulus September 22, 1828 KwaDukuza Zulu Kingdom Dingane and Mhlangana, Shaka's younger brothers
Pedro Blanco Soto President of Bolivia January 1, 1829 Sucre  Bolivia Unknown
Ioannis Kapodistrias Governor of the Hellenic State October 9, 1831 Nafplion  Greece Konstantis and Georgios Mavromichalis
Felipe Santiago Salaverry President of Peru February 18, 1836 Arequipa  Peru Andrés de Santa Cruz
Mathabarsingh Thapa Prime Minister of Nepal May 17, 1845 Kathmandu  Kingdom of Nepal Jung Bahadur Kunwar and his brothers
Fateh Jung Shah September 14, 1846 Hanuman Dhoka
João Maria Ferreira do Amaral Governor of Macau August 22, 1849 Macau Portuguese Macau Shen Zhiliang and six other Chinese men
Charles III Duke of Parma March 26, 1854 Parma  Parma Unknown
Danilo I Prince of Montenegro August 13, 1860 Kotor  Montenegro Todor Kadić
José Santos Guardiola President of Honduras January 11, 1862 Comayagua  Honduras His personal body guard
Barbu Catargiu Prime Minister of Romania June 20, 1862 Bucharest  Romania Unknown
Radama II King of Madagascar May 12, 1863 Rova of Antananarivo Merina Kingdom Soldiers under orders of Rainivoninahitriniony
Abraham Lincoln President of the United States April 14, 1865
(d. April 15, 1865) 		Washington, D.C.  United States John Wilkes Booth
Further information: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
 [98]
Venancio Flores President of Uruguay February 19, 1868 Montevideo  Uruguay Unknown assailants, presumably of Blanco political faction
Mihailo Obrenović Prince of Serbia June 10, 1868 Belgrade  Serbia Pavle Radovanović, Kosta Radovanović
Juan Prim Prime Minister of Spain December 30, 1870 Madrid  Spain Unknown
Richard Bourke Governor-General of India February 8, 1872 Port Blair  British India Sher Ali Afridi
José Balta President of Peru July 22, 1872 Lima  Peru Tomás Gutiérrez
Tomás Gutiérrez July 26, 1872 Military coup d'état
Gabriel García Moreno President of Ecuador August 6, 1875 Quito  Ecuador Faustino Rayo
Juan Bautista Gill President of Paraguay April 12, 1877 Asunción  Paraguay Nicanor Silvano Godoi
Alexander II Emperor of Russia March 13, 1881 St. Petersburg  Russia Narodnaya Volya [99]
James A. Garfield President of the United States July 2, 1881
(d. September 19, 1881) 		Washington, D.C.  United States Charles J. Guiteau
Further information: Assassination of James A. Garfield
 [100]
Ranodip Singh Kunwar Prime Minister of Nepal November 22, 1885 Kathmandu  Kingdom of Nepal Khadga Shumsher, Chandra Shumsher, and Dambar Shumsher
Sadi Carnot President of France June 24, 1894 Lyon  France Sante Geronimo Caserio
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar Shah of Iran May 1, 1896 Tehran  Iran Mirza Reza Kermani
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo Prime Minister of Spain August 8, 1897 Mondragón  Spain Michele Angiolillo
Juan Idiarte Borda President of Uruguay August 25, 1897 Montevideo  Uruguay Avelino Arredondo
José María Reina Barrios President of Guatemala February 8, 1898 Ciudad de Guatemala  Guatemala Edgar Zollinger
Ulises Heureaux President of the Dominican Republic July 26, 1899 Moca  Dominican Republic Ramón Cáceres
Umberto I King of Italy July 29, 1900 Monza  Italy Gaetano Bresci
William McKinley President of the United States September 6, 1901
(d. September 14, 1901) 		Buffalo, New York  United States Leon Czolgosz
Further information: Assassination of William McKinley
Alexander I King of Serbia June 11, 1903 Belgrade  Serbia May Overthrow
Dimitrije Cincar-Marković Prime Minister of Serbia
Nikolay Bobrikov Governor-General of Finland June 16, 1904 Helsinki Grand Duchy of Finland Eugen Schauman
Further information: Assassination of Nikolay Bobrikov
Xavier Coppolani Governor of Mauritania May 12, 1905 Adrar French Mauritania Gudfiyya brotherhood
Mutaib bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid Emir of Jabal Shammar December 27, 1906 Al-Ahaimar Emirate of Jabal Shammar Sultan bin Hamoud Al Rashid
Dimitar Petkov Prime Minister of Bulgaria March 11, 1907 Sofia  Bulgaria By an unnamed anarchist
Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin al-Soltan Prime Minister of Iran August 31, 1907 Tehran  Iran Abbas Aqa Tabrizi (fa)
Carlos I King of Portugal February 1, 1908 Lisbon  Portugal Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buíça
Guangxu Emperor Emperor of China November 14, 1908 Imperial City, Beijing  Qing China Unknown [101]
Boutros Ghali Prime Minister of Egypt February 21, 1910 Cairo  Egypt Watani Party member
Pyotr Stolypin Prime Minister of Russia September 18, 1911 Kiev  Russian Empire Dmitry Bogrov
Ramón Cáceres President of the Dominican Republic November 19, 1911 Santo Domingo  Dominican Republic Rebels
José Canalejas y Méndez Prime Minister of Spain November 12, 1912 Madrid  Spain Manuel Pardiñas
Manuel Enrique Araujo President of El Salvador February 9, 1913 San Salvador  El Salvador Mulatilo Virgilio, Fermin Perez and Fabian Graciano
Francisco I. Madero President of Mexico February 22, 1913 Mexico City  Mexico Francisco Cárdenas [102]
George I King of Greece March 18, 1913 Thessaloniki  Greece Alexandros Schinas
Further information: Assassination of George I of Greece
Mahmud Shevket Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire June 11, 1913 Istanbul  Ottoman Empire Relative of Nazım Pasha
Vilbrun Guillaume Sam President of Haiti July 27, 1915 Port-au-Prince  Haiti Numerous assailants
Karl von Stürgkh Minister-President of Cisleithania October 21, 1916 Vienna  Austria-Hungary Friedrich Adler
Sidónio Pais President of Portugal December 14, 1918 Lisbon  Portugal José Júlio da Costa
Habibullah Khan Emir of Afghanistan February 20, 1919 Laghman  Afghanistan Mustafa Seghir
Alexander Kolchak Supreme Ruler of Russia February 7, 1920 Irkutsk  Russia Bolsheviks
Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid Emir of Jabal Shammar March 1920  Emirate of Jabal Shammar Abdullah bin Talal Al Rashid
Venustiano Carranza President of Mexico May 21, 1920 Tlaxcalantongo  Mexico Rodolfo Herrero [103]
Eduardo Dato Prime Minister of Spain March 8, 1921 Madrid  Spain Lluís Nicolau, Pere Mateu, Ramon Casanelles
António Granjo Prime Minister of Portugal October 19, 1921 Lisbon  Portugal Bloody Night
Hara Takashi Prime Minister of Japan November 4, 1921 Tokyo  Japan Nakaoka Kon'ichi
Gabriel Narutowicz President of Poland December 16, 1922 Warsaw  Poland Eligiusz Niewiadomski
Aleksandar Stamboliyski Prime Minister of Bulgaria June 14, 1923 Slavovitsa  Bulgaria Military coup d'état
Lee Stack Governor of Sudan November 19, 1924 Cairo  Egypt Egyptian Students
Symon Petliura President of Ukraine May 25, 1926 Paris  France Sholom Schwartzbard
Zhang Zuolin President of the Republic of China June 4, 1928 Shenyang  China Kwantung Army
Paul Doumer President of France May 7, 1932 Paris  France Paul Gorguloff
Inukai Tsuyoshi Prime Minister of Japan May 15, 1932 Tokyo  Japan May 15 Incident
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro President of Peru April 30, 1933 Lima  Peru Abelardo de Mendoza [104]
Mohammed Nadir Shah King of Afghanistan November 8, 1933 Kabul  Afghanistan Abdul Khaliq Hazara
Ion G. Duca Prime Minister of Romania December 30, 1933 Sinaia  Romania Nicolae Constantinescu
Engelbert Dollfuss Chancellor of Austria July 25, 1934 Vienna  Austria July Putsch
Alexander I King of Yugoslavia October 9, 1934 Marseille  France Vlado Chernozemski
Armand Călinescu Prime Minister of Romania September 21, 1939 Bucharest  Romania Iron Guard members
Ahmad Maher Pasha Prime Minister of Egypt February 24, 1945 Cairo  Egypt Mahmoud El Essawy
Ananda Mahidol King of Siam June 9, 1946 Grand Palace, Bangkok  Siam Unknown
Gualberto Villarroel President of Bolivia July 21, 1946 La Paz  Bolivia By an organized mob
Aung San Premier of Burma July 19, 1947 Rangoon British Burma U Saw
Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din Imam of Yemen February 17, 1948 Sanaa  Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen Al-Qardaei
Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha Prime Minister of Egypt December 28, 1948 Cairo  Egypt Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan
Husni al-Za'im President of Syria August 14, 1949 Damascus  Syria Coup d'état
Muhsin al-Barazi Prime Minister of Syria
Abdolhossein Hazhir Prime Minister of Iran November 5, 1949 Tehran  Iran Fada'iyan-e Islam
Duncan Stewart Governor of Sarawak December 10, 1949 Sibu British Sarawak Rukun 13
Sami al-Hinnawi President of Syria October 31, 1950 Beirut  Lebanon Hersho al-Barazi
Carlos Delgado Chalbaud President of Venezuela November 13, 1950 Caracas  Venezuela Rafael Simón Urbina and Domingo Urbina.
Haj Ali Razmara Prime Minister of Iran March 7, 1951 Tehran  Iran Fada'iyan-e Islam
Abdullah I King of Jordan July 20, 1951 East Jerusalem Jerusalem Mustapha Shukari Usho
Henry Gurney High Commissioner for Malaya October 6, 1951 Fraser's Hill Malaya Malayan Communist Party
Further information: Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney
Liaquat Ali Khan Prime Minister of Pakistan October 16, 1951 Rawalpindi  Pakistan Saad Akbar Babrak
José Antonio Remón Cantera President of Panama January 2, 1955 Panama City  Panama Unknown
Anastasio Somoza García President of Nicaragua September 21, 1956 León  Nicaragua Rigoberto López Pérez
Carlos Castillo Armas President of Guatemala July 26, 1957 Guatemala City  Guatemala Romeo Vásquez Sánchez [105]
Ibrahim Hashem Prime Minister of Jordan June 14, 1958 Baghdad  Iraq By revolutionaries
Faisal II King of Iraq July 14, 1958  Arab Federation Military coup d'état
S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike Prime Minister of Ceylon September 26, 1959 Colombo  Ceylon Talduwe Somarama
Hazza' Majali Prime Minister of Jordan August 29, 1960 Amman  Jordan Killed in a bomb explosion
Abebe Aregai Prime Minister of Ethiopia December 17, 1960 Addis Ababa  Ethiopia Failed military coup d'état
Rafael Trujillo President of the Dominican Republic May 30, 1961 Ciudad Trujillo  Dominican Republic Juan Tomás Díaz, Antonio de la Maza, Amado García Guerrero, Antonio Imbert Barrera
Louis Rwagasore Prime Minister of Burundi October 13, 1961 Bujumbura Belgium Ruanda-Urundi Jean (Ioannis) Kageorgis
Sylvanus Olympio President of Togo January 13, 1963 Lomé  Togo Military coup d'état
Abd al-Karim Qasim Prime Minister of Iraq February 9, 1963 Baghdad  Iraq Military coup d'état
Ngo Dinh Diem President of the Republic of Vietnam November 2, 1963 Saigon  South Vietnam Military coup d'état
John F. Kennedy President of the United States November 22, 1963 Dallas  United States Lee Harvey Oswald
Further information: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
 [106]
Jigme Palden Dorji Prime Minister of Bhutan April 6, 1964 Phuntsoling  Bhutan Royal Bhutan Army
Hassan Ali Mansur Prime Minister of Iran January 27, 1965 Tehran  Iran Fada'iyan-e Islam
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Prime Minister of Nigeria January 15, 1966 Lagos  Nigeria Military coup d'état
Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi Head of State of Nigeria July 29, 1966 Lalupon
Hendrik Verwoerd Prime Minister of South Africa September 6, 1966 Cape Town  South Africa Dimitri Tsafendas
Abdirashid Shermarke President of Somalia October 15, 1969 Las Anod  Somalia His personal bodyguards
Wasfi Tal Prime Minister of Jordan November 28, 1971 Cairo  Egypt Black September
Abeid Karume President of Zanzibar April 7, 1972 Zanzibar City  Zanzibar Four unnamed gunmen
Luis Carrero Blanco Prime Minister of Spain December 20, 1973 Madrid  Spain ETA
Richard Ratsimandrava President of Madagascar February 11, 1975 Antananarivo  Madagascar Republican Security Forces
Faisal I King of Saudi Arabia March 25, 1975 Riyadh  Saudi Arabia Faisal bin Musaid
François Tombalbaye President of Chad April 13, 1975 N'Djamena  Chad Military coup d'état
Long Boret Prime Minister of Cambodia April 17, 1975 Phnom Penh  Cambodia Execution by shooting
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman President of Bangladesh August 15, 1975 Dhaka  Bangladesh Bangladesh Army
Muhammad Mansur Ali Prime Minister of Bangladesh November 3, 1975 Dhaka  Bangladesh Bangladesh Army
Murtala Muhammed Head of State of Nigeria February 13, 1976 Lagos  Nigeria Buka Suka Dimka
Marien Ngouabi President of the Republic of Congo March 18, 1977 Brazzaville  Congo-Brazzaville Suicide Commando
Ibrahim al-Hamdi President of North Yemen October 11, 1977 Sana'a  North Yemen Unknown
Mohammed Daoud Khan President of Afghanistan April 28, 1978 Kabul Afghanistan Saur Revolution
Ali Soilih President of the Comoros May 29, 1978 Moroni  Comoros French Colonel Bob Denard
Ahmad al-Ghashmi President of North Yemen June 24, 1978 Sana'a  North Yemen bomb
Salim Rubai Ali Chairman of the Presidential Council June 26, 1978 Aden  South Yemen Coup d'état
Francisco Mendes Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau July 7, 1978 Bissau  Guinea-Bissau PAIGC dissidents
Nur Muhammad Taraki Chairman of the Revolutionary Council September 14, 1979 Kabul Afghanistan Military coup d'état
Park Chung-hee President of South Korea October 26, 1979 Seoul  South Korea Kim Jae-gyu (president's security chief)
Further information: Assassination of Park Chung Hee
Hafizullah Amin Chairman of the Revolutionary Council December 27, 1979 Kabul Afghanistan Operation Storm-333
William Tolbert President of Liberia April 12, 1980 Monrovia  Liberia Military coup d'état
Sultan Ibraimov Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan December 4, 1980 Cholpon Ata  Kirghiz SSR KGB (suspected)
Francisco Sá Carneiro Prime Minister of Portugal December 4, 1980 Camarate  Portugal Camarate plane crash
Ziaur Rahman President of Bangladesh May 30, 1981 Chittagong  Bangladesh A faction of officers of the Bangladesh Army
Mohammad-Javad Bahonar Prime Minister of Iran August 30, 1981 Tehran  Iran People's Mujahedin of Iran
Mohammad-Ali Rajai President of Iran
Anwar Sadat President of Egypt October 6, 1981 Cairo  Egypt Khalid Islambouli
Further information: Assassination of Anwar Sadat
Bachir Gemayel President-elect of Lebanon September 14, 1982 Achrafieh, Beirut  Lebanon Habib Shartouni
Maurice Bishop Prime Minister of Grenada October 19, 1983 St. George's  Grenada Coup d'état
Indira Gandhi Prime Minister of India October 31, 1984 New Delhi  India Satwant Singh and Beant Singh (personal bodyguards)
Further information: Assassination of Indira Gandhi
Haruo Remeliik President of Palau June 30, 1985 Koror  Palau Unknown
Olof Palme Prime Minister of Sweden February 28, 1986 Stockholm  Sweden Official suspect: Stig Engström
Further information: Assassination of Olof Palme
Rashid Karami Prime Minister of Lebanon June 1, 1987 Beirut  Lebanon Killed by a car bomb planted by unidentified militant
Thomas Sankara President of Burkina Faso October 15, 1987 Ouagadougou  Burkina Faso Soldiers under the command of Gilbert Diendéré
René Moawad President of Lebanon November 22, 1989 Beirut  Lebanon Killed by a car bomb
Ahmed Abdallah President of the Comoros November 26, 1989 Moroni  Comoros Coup d'état
Nicolae Ceaușescu President of Romania December 25, 1989 Târgoviște  Romania Execution by firing squad
Further information: Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu
Samuel Doe President of Liberia September 9, 1990 Monrovia  Liberia Prince Johnson
Mohamed Boudiaf President of Algeria June 29, 1992 Annaba  Algeria Lambarek Boumaarafi
Further information: Assassination of Mohamed Boudiaf
Ranasinghe Premadasa President of Sri Lanka May 1, 1993 Colombo  Sri Lanka LTTE
Melchior Ndadaye President of Burundi October 21, 1993 Bujumbura  Burundi Military coup d'état
Juvénal Habyarimana President of Rwanda April 6, 1994 Kigali  Rwanda Presidential aircraft shootdown
Cyprien Ntaryamira President of Burundi
Agathe Uwilingiyimana Prime Minister of Rwanda April 7, 1994 Rwandan Armed Forces
Yitzhak Rabin Prime Minister of Israel November 4, 1995 Tel Aviv  Israel Yigal Amir
Further information: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin
Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara President of Niger April 9, 1999 Niamey  Niger Mutinous soldiers
Further information: 1999 Nigerien coup d'état
 [107]
Vazgen Sargsyan Prime Minister of Armenia October 27, 1999 Yerevan  Armenia Nairi Hunanyan
Further information: Armenian parliament shooting
Laurent-Désiré Kabila President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo January 16, 2001 Kinshasa  Democratic Republic of the Congo Rashidi Muzele
Further information: Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila
Birendra King of Nepal June 1, 2001 Narayanhiti Palace, Kathmandu  Nepal Dipendra
Further information: Nepalese royal massacre
Zoran Đinđić Prime Minister of Serbia March 12, 2003 Belgrade  Serbia and Montenegro Zvezdan Jovanović
Further information: Assassination of Zoran Đinđić
João Bernardo Vieira President of Guinea-Bissau March 2, 2009 Bissau  Guinea-Bissau Armed Forces of Guinea-Bissau
Muammar Gaddafi Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution October 20, 2011 Libya  Libya National Transitional Council
Further information: Death of Muammar Gaddafi
Jovenel Moïse President of Haiti July 7, 2021 Port-au-Prince  Haiti Unknown
Further information: Assassination of Jovenel Moïse
 [108]

Statistics

[edit]

Number of assassinated heads of state and government by month Number of assassinated heads of state and government by decade (1800s–present)

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ulla Koch-Westenholz (2000). Babylonian Liver Omens: The Chapters Manzazu, Padanu, and Pan Takalti of the Babylonian Extispicy Series Mainly from Assurbanipal's Library. Museum Tusculanum. p. 394.
  2. ^ Chronicle P, column 4, lines 10 to 11.
  3. ^ GIŠ.TUKUL.TA BA.AN.SÌG.GI.IN, “by the sword.”
  4. ^ Dynastic Chronicle v 5-6: mdÉ-a-mu-kin-NUMUN LUGAL IM.GI DUMU mḪaš-mar iti 3 in.ak, ina raq-qa-ti šá É-mḪaš-mar qí-bir.
  5. ^ J. A. Brinkman (1982). "Babylonia, c. 1000 – 748 B.C.". In John Boardman; I. E. S. Edwards; N. G. L. Hammond; E. Sollberger (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History (Volume 3, Part 1). Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–297.
  6. ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1937). Roman Antiquities vol II ch 51-52. doi:10.4159/DLCL.dionysius_halicarnassus-roman_antiquities.1937. Retrieved 13 November 2016.  – via digital Loeb Classical Library (subscription required)
  7. ^ Healy, Mark (1991). The Ancient Assyrians. London: Osprey. p. 17. ISBN 1-85532-163-7. OCLC 26351868.
  8. ^ J. A. Brinkman (2001). "Nabû-nādin-zēri". In Erich Ebeling; Bruno Meissner; Dietz Otto Edzard (eds.). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Nab-Nuzi. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 29–30.
  9. ^ J. A. Brinkman (1984). Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C. Vol. 7. Philadelphia: Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund. p. 23.
  10. ^ J. A. Brinkman (1984). Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C. Vol. 7. Philadelphia: Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund. pp. 42–43.
  11. ^ Mark, Joshua J. (2014). "Sargon II". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  12. ^ Simo Parpola (1980). "The Murderer of Sennacherib". Gateways to Babylon.
  13. ^ Albertz, R.; Israel in exile: The history and literature of the sixth century BC; Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta 2003, p.63 ISBN 1-58983-055-5.
  14. ^ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1.42, 1.46, 1.47.
  15. ^ Herodotus 1920, Book V. 55
  16. ^ Iran-e-Bastan/Pirnia book 1 p. 873
  17. ^ a b S. Zawadzki, "The Circumstances of Darius II's Accession" in Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux 34 (1995-1996) 45-49
  18. ^ Plutarch, Lives: Life of Dion. (About Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine/Wikisource)
  19. ^ Plut. Dion. 28-58
  20. ^ Diodorus Siculus. "The Library of History". 16.91-95. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010.
  21. ^ LeCoq, P. (1986). "Arses". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5. p. 548.
  22. ^ "Seleucus I Nicator". Livius.
  23. ^ "The Mausoleum of Antiochus II Theos". Archived from the original on 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
  24. ^ Han 2010, pp. 5132–5137.
  25. ^ "Seleucus III Keraunos". Livius.org.
  26. ^ Livy, 35.35
  27. ^ Lahiri, B. (1974). Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.) , Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.24-5
  28. ^ "Seleucus IV Philopator". Livius.org.
  29. ^ Diodorus 32.9d & 10.1; Zabdiel: I Maccabees 11.17; Josephus AJ 13.118.
  30. ^ Makk. 13.31; Diod. Sic. 33.28; App. Syr. 68. 357; Iust. 36.1.7.; Oros. 5.4.18.
  31. ^ Sallust, Bellum Jugurthinum 5, 9, 11, 12
  32. ^ Diod. Exc. Vales. xxxv. p. 605
  33. ^ Suetonius, Julius, c. 82.
  34. ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XIX.1.3.
  35. ^ cf. Tac. Ann. XII 66–67.
  36. ^ Suet. Claud. 43
  37. ^ Greenhalgh 1975, pp. 30, 37, 45, 47–54.
  38. ^ Tacitus, Histories III.84, III.85
  39. ^ Suetonius, Life of Domitian 14;16
  40. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book LXXII, pg. 117.
  41. ^ Lampridius, Historia Augusta. "Life of Commodus," pg. 306.
  42. ^ Dio, 74:10
  43. ^ Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 17.5; Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 8.8.
  44. ^ Gibbon, Ibid. p. 115
  45. ^ Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell: death of a superpower. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 74. ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
  46. ^ Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis (1814). The History of the Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine, Volume 8. F. C. & J. Rivington. pp. 236–237.
  47. ^ Vagi 2000, p. 290.
  48. ^ Bédoyère 2017, p. 236.
  49. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History LXXX.20
  50. ^ Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 63
  51. ^ Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 67
  52. ^ Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg.234-238.
  53. ^ a b Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg. 241
  54. ^ a b Bowman, Alan K., The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pg. 38
  55. ^ a b Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg. 252
  56. ^ Historia Augusta, The two Gallieni, XIV.4–11
  57. ^ Polfer, Michel (2000), "Postumus (A.D. 260-269)", De Imperatoribus Romanis
  58. ^ Aurelius Victor 33.8; Eutropius 9.9.1
  59. ^ Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395, Routledge, 2004, pg. 266
  60. ^ Southern, Pat (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. p. 119
  61. ^ Meijer 2004, p. 103.
  62. ^ Syvanne 2015, p. 172.
  63. ^ Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus, 37:4
  64. ^ Southern, Patricia (May 15, 2015). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. p. 193. ISBN 9781317496946.
  65. ^ Leadbetter, William (11 August 2023). Carinus (283–285 A.D.).
  66. ^ Panegyrici Latini 8:12; Aurelius Victor, Book of Caesars 39.40; Eutropius, Abridgement of Roman History 22[usurped]; Orosius, Seven Books of History Against the Pagans 7:25.6
  67. ^ Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus, 41:21:23
  68. ^ An Encyclopedia of World History, Ibid
  69. ^ Gibbon, p. 960
  70. ^ Ambrose, Patrologia Latina, Ep. 40.32
  71. ^ Susan Wise Bauer, "The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade", W. W. Norton & Company, 22 Feb 2010 (p.68)
  72. ^ Historia nova, IV. 53 which relies heavily on the history by the pagan Eunapius
  73. ^ Carr, John (2015). Fighting Emperors of Byzantium. Pen & Sword. pp. 40–43. ISBN 978-1783831166.
  74. ^ a b Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-20159-4, pg. 316
  75. ^ a b Birley, Anthony (2005), The Roman Government in Britain, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925237-4 pg. 460
  76. ^ Procopius, III.3.9; translated by Dewing, pp. 75ff
  77. ^ a b Guillaume, Alfred (1955). The Life of Muhammad, translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sira Rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0196360331.
  78. ^ Priscus of Panium 2015, p. 129.
  79. ^ Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 328–333.
  80. ^ John of Antioch, fragment 203; Marcellinus, sa 461; Fasti vindobonenses priores, No 588. Procopius (VII.14–15) does not mention the Emperor's return from Hispania and said that Majorian died of dysentery: it is possible that the news has been put about by Ricimer (Fik Meijer, Emperors Do not Die in Bed, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-31201-9, p. 155). Victor of Tonnena erroneously claims that Majorian reached Rome and was killed there, and puts this event in 463 (Chronica, s.a. 463).
  81. ^ Cassiodorus, Chronicles, s.a. 465.
  82. ^ Cassiodorus, Chronicle, 1293; Marcellinus Comes, Chronicon, s.a.472; Procopius of Caesarea, Bellum Vandalicum, vii.1–3. Chronica gallica anno 511 (n. 650, s.a. 472) records both versions.
  83. ^ Fasti vindobonenses priores, n. 606, s.a. 472.
  84. ^ Halsall, Guy (2007). Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376-568. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 282.
  85. ^ Amory, Patrick (1997). People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-51152-306-9. pg. 69
  86. ^ Wolfram, Herwig (1988). History of the Goths. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05259-5. pg. 283
  87. ^ Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1988). "Bahrām VI Čōbīn". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5. London et al. pp. 514–522.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  88. ^ Ostrogorsky, G (March 1958). "G. Ostrogorsky: History of the Byzantine State". The Classical Review. 8 (1): 93–94. doi:10.1017/s0009840x00164169. ISSN 0009-840X. S2CID 162401925.
  89. ^ "Theophanes Continuatus". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle. doi:10.1163/9789004184640_emc_sim_02417. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  90. ^ Kelly, J.N.D.; Walsh, Michael J. (2010). "John VIII". A Dictionary of Popes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199295814.001.0001. ISBN 9780199295814. (Note: This source disputes the claim John was assassinated).
  91. ^ "Edward The Martyr". Historic UK. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
  92. ^ Cook, David (1 January 2012). "Were the Ismāʿīlī Assassins the First Suicide Attackers? An Examination of Their Recorded Assassinations". The Lineaments of Islam: 97–117. doi:10.1163/9789004231948_007. ISBN 978-90-04-21885-7.
  93. ^ "Erik 2. Emune". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  94. ^ "Blodgildet i Roskilde". www.roskildehistorie.dk. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
  95. ^ Acharya 2012, p. 34.
  96. ^ Popkin, Jeremy D. (2011). A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution. Viewpoints: Themes and Interpretations in Latin American History. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 142. ISBN 9781405198219.
  97. ^ Pentland, Gordon (2012). ""Now the great Man in the Parliament House is dead, we shall have a big Loaf!" Responses to the Assassination of Spencer Perceval". Journal of British Studies. 51 (2): 343. doi:10.1086/663838. hdl:20.500.11820/f4af4290-0ec0-4721-b568-dc1790b6a6d4. JSTOR 23265479. S2CID 159663176 – via JSTOR.
  98. ^ Foner, Eric (2014). A Short History of Reconstruction: 1863-1877 (Updated ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 33. ISBN 9780062370860.
  99. ^ Moss, Walter G. (2002). Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. Anthem Series on Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies. London: Anthem Press. pp. 237–238. ISBN 9781898855590.
  100. ^ Rosen, Fred (2016). Murdering the President: Alexander Graham Bell and the Race to Save James Garfield. Lincoln, Neb.: Potomac Books. pp. 124–125. ISBN 9781612347684.
  101. ^ Mu, Eric. Reformist Emperor Guangxu was Poisoned, Study Confirms". Danwei. 3 November 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  102. ^ Martin, Cheryl E.; Wasserman, Mark (2012). Latin America and Its People. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. p. 322. ISBN 9780205054701.
  103. ^ Edmonds-Poli, Emily; Shirk, David A. (2016). Contemporary Mexican Politics (3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 35. ISBN 9781442220263.
  104. ^ Martin & Wasserman 2012, p. 343.
  105. ^ Schlesinger, Stephen; Kinzer, Stephen (2005). Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (Revised and Expanded ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 067401930X.
  106. ^ Dallek, Robert (2011). John F. Kennedy (Abridged ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-19-975436-6.
  107. ^ "1999: President of Niger 'killed in ambush'". BBC. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  108. ^ Hu, Caitlin; Smith-Spark, Laura (July 8, 2021). "Haiti's leader has been killed. Here's what you need to know". CNN. Retrieved July 8, 2021.

Works cited

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