Jump to content

List of allergens

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of allergies, which includes the allergen, potential reactions, and a brief description of the cause where applicable.

Allergens

[edit]

Food

[edit]
Main article: Food allergy
Name Potential reaction(s) Remarks
Balsam of Peru Redness, swelling, itching, allergic contact dermatitis reactions, stomatitis (inflammation and soreness of the mouth or tongue), cheilitis (inflammation, rash, or painful erosion of the lips, oropharyngeal mucosa, or angles of their mouth), pruritus, hand eczema, generalized or resistant plantar dermatitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and blisters. Present in many foods, such as coffee, flavored tea, wine, beer, gin, liqueurs, apéritifs (e.g. vermouth, bitters), soft drinks including cola, juice, citrus, citrus fruit peel, marmalade, tomatoes and tomato-containing products, Mexican and Italian foods with red sauces, ketchup, spices (e.g. cloves, Jamaica pepper (allspice), cinnamon, nutmeg, paprika, curry, anise, and ginger), chili sauce, barbecue sauce, chutney, pickles, pickled vegetables, chocolate, vanilla, baked goods and pastries, pudding, ice cream, chewing gum, and candy.
Buckwheat[1] Asthma, rhinitis, pruritus, gastrointestinal disturbances, urticaria, angioedema, shock, anaphylaxis[2] Allergenicity is highest in Japan and Korea.[3] It is estimated that buckwheat causes 5% of all immediate-type allergic reaction cases (from food) in Japan.[4] Hazard extends to inhalation of milled flour particles (aeroallergen). Irrespective of the nomenclature, it is not a wheaten cereal; the name refers to its viability as a pseudocereal. Relating or conflating buckwheat allergy with wheat allergy or Triticeae hypersensitivities should be avoided.[5]
Celery Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, oral allergy syndrome, urticaria, neck or facial swelling, severe asthma symptoms, exercise induced anaphylaxis, potentially fatal anaphylactic shocks[6] Higher risk of provoking life-threatening reactions compared to most other food allergies. Celery seeds and celeriac are more allergenic than celery stalks.[7][8] Some individuals become cross-sensitized to other spices and herbs in the parsley family. Prevalence is high among adults in Central Europe. It is estimated that two-fifths of all Swiss food-allergy patients react to celery tubers and nearly a third of severe food allergy reactions in France may be due to celery.[9]
Egg Anaphylaxis, swelling, sometimes flatulence and vomiting An allergic individual may not have any reaction to consuming food only prepared with egg yolk and not egg white, or vice versa.[10] Due to high protein content, egg white allergy is more common than the reverse.[11] The majority of children with this allergy become tolerant by adulthood.[12]
Fish Respiratory reactions, Anaphylaxis, oral allergy syndrome, sometimes vomiting One of three allergies to seafood, not to be conflated with allergies to crustaceans and mollusks.[13] People with fish allergies have a 50% likelihood of being cross reactive with another fish species,[14] but some individuals are only allergic to one species, such as; tilapia[15] salmon,[13] or cod. A proper diagnosis is considered complicated due to these cross reactivity between fish species and other seafood allergies.[16] Hazard extends to exposure to cooking vapors or handling.[17]
Fruit Mild itching, rash, generalized urticaria, oral allergy syndrome, abdominal pain, vomiting, anaphylaxis Mango, strawberries, banana,[18] avocado, and kiwi are common problems.[19] Severe allergies to tomatoes have also been reported.[20][21] Stone fruits are highly cross-reactive with one another, as are the rosaceae fruits [22][10] Reaction to hot peppers, a kind of botanical berry, is another specific type of fruit allergy.
Garlic Dermatitis, rhinitis, asthma, urticaria, asymmetrical pattern of fissure, thickening/shedding of the outer skin layers,[23] rarely anaphylaxis Very few garlic allergens have been reported, and garlic allergy has been rarely studied. Some garlic-allergic individuals may cross-react with leek, shallot and onion. Garlic that has been heated/cooked is less allergenic than raw garlic.[24][25]
Oats Dermatitis, respiratory problems, anaphylaxis Risk extends to respiratory inhalation. Oat is not a triticeae cereal but it is possible for individuals with gluten-related disorders to be misdiagnosed as having a hypersensitivity to pure oat because cross-contamination is very common in the western world.
Maize Hives, pallor, confusion, dizziness, stomach pain, swelling, vomiting, indigestion, diarrhea, cough, tightness in throat, wheezing, shortness of breath, anaphylaxis Often a difficult allergy to manage due to the various food products which contain various forms of corn.
Milk[26] Skin rash, hives, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, stomach pain, flatulence, colitis, nasal congestion, dermatitis, blisters, migraine, anaphylaxis Not to be confused with lactose intolerance.[27] Allergy to cow's milk is the most common food allergy in infants and young children[11] but most outgrow the allergy in early childhood. Introducing baked cow's milk to allergic patients is associated with accelerated resolution of milk allergy.[28] Some evidence suggests goat's milk has less allergenic potential than cow's milk[29] and reduced risk of allergy development if infants are weaned with goat's milk.[30] Due to adult-onset sensitization it is estimated to be the second most common food allergy in American adults.[31]
Mustard Eczema, Rash, Hives, Facial swelling, Other skin reactions, Oral allergy syndrome, Conjunctivitis, Wheezing, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Nausea, Vomiting, Acid Reflux, Dizziness, Asthma, Chest pain, Respiratory problems, Anaphylaxis Mustard allergy onset is usually in infancy or toddlerhood;[32] it is seemingly very rare but true prevalence can not be established due to several tests producing high rates of false positives.[33] Due to a gradual increase in prevalence[34] and the severity of known reactions it became recognized as the 11th priority allergen by Canada in 2009,[35] and a top 14 priority allergen by the European Union in 2014.[36][37]
Peanut[38] Anaphylaxis and swelling, sometimes vomiting Includes some cold-pressed peanut oils. Distinct from tree nut allergy, as peanuts are legumes. Reactions are often severe or fatal.
Poultry Meat[39] Hives, swelling of, or under the dermis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe oral allergy syndrome, shortness of breath, rarely anaphylactic shock Very rare allergies to chicken, turkey, squab, and sometimes more mildly to other avian meats. Not to be confused with secondary reactions of bird-egg syndrome. The genuine allergy has no causal relationship with egg allergy, nor is there any close association with red meat allergy. Prevalence still unknown as of 2016.[40]
Red Meat[41] Hives, swelling, dermatitis, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath,[42] anaphylaxis Allergies to the sugar carbohydrate found in beef, venison, lamb, and pork called alpha-gal. It is brought on by tick bites.[43] Allergic reaction to pork is an exception, as it may also be caused by pork-cat syndrome instead of alpha-gal allergy.
Rice Sneezing, runny nose, itching, stomachache, eczema. People with a rice allergy can be affected by eating rice or breathing in rice steam.
Sesame Possible respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal reactions which can trigger serious systemic anaphylactic responses.[44][45] By law, foods containing sesame must be labeled so in European Union, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.[44] Increasing prevalence has led to it being deemed the ninth most common food allergen in the United States in 2019. Highest prevalence by age was among 18-29 year olds and an estimated 80% of all sesame-allergic patients had a comorbid food allergy.[46] In 2018, the US FDA issued a request for information for the consideration of labeling for sesame to help protect people who have sesame allergies.[47] A decision was reached in November 2020 that food manufacturers voluntarily declare that when powdered sesame seeds are used as a previously unspecified spice or flavor, the label be changed to "spice (sesame)" or "flavor (sesame)".[48] Via congressional act, it was declared that food manufacturers must acknowledge sesame as a priority food allergen by the 2023 deadline.[49]
Shellfish Respiratory symptoms, Anaphylaxis, oral allergy syndrome, gastrointestinal symptoms, rhinitis, conjunctivitis Shellfish allergies are highly cross reactive, but its prevalence is much higher than that of fish allergy. Shellfish allergy is the leading cause of food allergy in U.S adults.[31] As of 2018 six allergens have been identified to prawn alone; along with crab, it is the major culprit of seafood anaphylaxis.[13] In reference to it as one of the "Big 8"[50] or "major 14" allergens it is sometimes specified as a "crustacean shellfish" allergy, or more simply, a "crustacean allergy".[51][52] Sometimes it is conflated with an allergy to molluscan shellfish but complete tolerance to one but not the other is not uncommon. Most usually, a mono-sensitive individual will experience a crustacean allergy alone with tolerance to mollusks, rather than vice versa.[13] The symptoms of an allergic reaction to molluscan shellfish should not be confused with the effects of shellfish poisoning which are a medical reactions that manifest after eating contaminated mollusks from certain areas of the world and lasts for several hours or days after onset.[53]
Soy Anaphylaxis, asthma exacerbation, rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, hives, atopic dermatitis, swelling of, or under the dermis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting Overall is lower in prevalence than both peanut allergy and cow's milk allergy. However, due to similar protein structures soya is a common cross-reactive allergen in both peanut-allergic individuals and milk-allergic individuals; especially infants.[54]
Sulfites Hives, rash, redness of skin, headache (particular frontal), burning behind eyes, asthma-like breathing difficulties, anaphylaxis Sulfites (also spelled "sulphites") are used as a preserving agents in many different foods, such as raisins, dried peaches, various other dried fruit, canned or frozen fruits and vegetables, wines, vinegars and processed meats. Allergy appears to be very rare in the general population but it is still often considered to be one of the top 10 food allergies.[55] It is debated whether reaction to sulfites is a true allergy.[56]
Tartrazine Skin irritation, hives, rash A synthetic food dye used in processed foods like confections, soft drinks, flavoring syrups, condiments and convenience foods in order to create a potent yellow or bright green coloring. Prevalence of allergenicity is unclear but it is the most likely azo dye to cause hypersensitivity and reactions may occur from ingestion or skin contact. It is possible for some individuals to become desensitized. There is no strong evidence suggesting that tartrazine can cause hypersensitivity or intolerance in non-allergic individuals.
Tree nut[57] Anaphylaxis, swelling, rash, hives, sometimes vomiting Hazard extends to exposure to cooking vapors, or handling. Distinct from peanut allergy, as peanuts are legumes.
Wheat[58] Eczema (atopic dermatitis), Hives, asthma, "baker's asthma", hay fever, oral allergy syndrome, angioedema, abdominal cramps, Celiac disease, diarrhea, temporary (3 or 4 day) mental incompetence, anemia, nausea, vomiting and exercise induced anaphylaxis [59] Risk extends to wheat hybrids like triticale.[55] True wheat allergies are very rare; it is estimated to effect 0.1%-2.2% of individuals depending on region.[60] The allergy does not commonly persist into adolescence. Gluten-free foods are safer for wheat allergic patients but they still may theoretically contain wheat's other allergenic proteins.[61] Wheat allergy symptoms should not be confused with celiac disease, gluten ataxia or non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). While wheat allergies are "true" allergies, celiac disease and gluten ataxia are an autoimmune diseases.[62] NCGS is more similar to food intolerances but as of 2021 its pathogenesis is still not well understood.

Medical

[edit]
Main article: Drug allergy
Name Possible reaction(s) Remarks
Balsam of Peru Redness, swelling, itching, allergic contact dermatitis reactions, stomatitis (inflammation and soreness of the mouth or tongue), cheilitis (inflammation, rash, or painful erosion of the lips, oropharyngeal mucosa, or angles of their mouth), pruritus, hand eczema, generalized or resistant plantar dermatitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and blisters. Present in many drugs, such as hemorrhoid suppositories and ointment (e.g. Anusol), cough medicine/suppressant and lozenges, diaper rash ointments, oral and lip ointments, tincture of benzoin, wound spray (it has been reported to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as the common ulcer-causing bacteria H. pylori in test-tube studies), calamine lotion, surgical dressings, dental cement, eugenol used by dentists, some periodontal impression materials, and in the treatment of dry socket in dentistry.
Tetracycline Many, including: severe headache, dizziness, blurred vision, fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms, severe blistering, peeling, dark colored urine[63][64]
Dilantin Many, including: swollen glands, easy bruising or bleeding, fever, sore throat[65][66][67]
Tegretol (carbamazepine) Shortness of breath, wheezing or difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, lips, tongue etc., hives[68][69][70]
Penicillin Diarrhea, hypersensitivity, nausea, rash, neurotoxicity, urticaria
Cephalosporins Maculopapular or morbilliform skin eruption, and less commonly urticaria, eosinophilia, serum-sickness–like reactions, and anaphylaxis.[71]
Sulfonamides Urinary tract disorders, haemopoietic disorders, porphyria and hypersensitivity reactions, Stevens–Johnson syndrome toxic epidermal necrolysis
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (cromolyn sodium, nedocromil sodium, etc.) Many, including: swollen eyes, lips, or tongue, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate[72]
Intravenous contrast dye Anaphylactoid reactions and contrast-induced nephropathy
Local anesthetics Urticaria and rash, dyspnea, wheezing, flushing, cyanosis, tachycardia[73]

Environmental

[edit]
Main article: Allergy § Other environmental factors
Name Possible reaction(s) Remarks
Balsam of Peru Redness, swelling, itching, allergic contact dermatitis reactions, stomatitis (inflammation and soreness of the mouth or tongue), cheilitis (inflammation, rash, or painful erosion of the lips, oropharyngeal mucosa, or angles of their mouth), pruritus, hand eczema, generalized or resistant plantar dermatitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and blisters. A number of national and international surveys have identified Balsam of Peru as being in the "top five" allergens causing patch test reactions in people referred to dermatology clinics.[74][75]
Pollen Sneezing, body ache, headache (in rare cases, extremely painful cluster headaches may occur due to allergic sinusitis; these may leave a temporary time period of 1 and a half to 2 days with eye sensitivity), allergic conjunctivitis (includes watery, red, swelled, itchy, and irritating eyes), runny nose, irritation of the nose, nasal congestion, minor fatigue, chest pain and discomfort, coughing, sore throat, facial discomfort (feeling of stuffed face) due to allergic sinusitis, possible asthma attack, wheezing
Cat Sneezing, itchy swollen eyes, rash, congestion, wheezing
Dog Rash, sneezing, congestion, wheezing, vomiting from coughing, Sometimes itchy welts. Caused by dander, saliva or urine of dogs, or by dust, pollen or other allergens that have been carried on the fur.[76] Allergy to dogs is present in as much as 10 percent of the population.[76]
Insect sting Hives, wheezing, possible anaphylaxis Possible from bee or wasp stings, or bites from mosquitoes or flies like Leptoconops torrens.
Mold Sneeze, coughing, itchy, discharge from the nose, respiratory irritation, congested feeling,[77] joint aches, headaches, fatigue[78]
Perfume Itchy eyes, runny nose, sore throat, headaches, muscle/joint pain, asthma attack, wheezing, chest pain, blisters
Cosmetics Contact dermatitis,[79] irritant contact dermatitis, inflammation, redness,[80] conjunctivitis,[81] sneezing
Semen Burning, pain and swelling, possibly for days, swelling or blisters, vaginal redness,[82] fever, runny nose, extreme fatigue[83][84][85][86][87] In a case study in Switzerland, a woman who was allergic to Balsam of Peru was allergic to her boyfriend's semen following intercourse, after he drank large amounts of Coca-Cola.[88]
Latex Contact dermatitis, hypersensitivity
Water (see note) Epidermal itching, swelling of the oral cavity after drinking water, anaphylaxis (in severe cases) [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] Strictly aquagenic pruritus or aquagenic urticaria, but cold water may also cause cold urticaria
Cold stimuli Hives, itching Known as cold urticaria
House dust mite[94] Asthma Home allergen reduction may be recommended
Nickel (nickel sulfate hexahydrate) Allergic contact dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema[95][96]
Gold (gold sodium thiosulfate) Allergic contact dermatitis
Chromium Allergic contact dermatitis
Cobalt chloride Allergic contact dermatitis
Formaldehyde Allergic contact dermatitis
Photographic developers Allergic contact dermatitis
Fungicide Allergic contact dermatitis, fever, anaphylaxis

Contact

[edit]

Many substances can cause an allergic reaction when in contact with the human integumentary system.

Contact allergens
Allergen Source Cross reacts with Clinical presentation
Dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) Found within cocamidopropyl betaine in liquid soaps and shampoos Eyelid dermatitis
Latex[nb 1] Avocado
Banana
Chestnut
Kiwi
Passion fruit
Peach
Mango
Pineapple
Fig
Cantaloupe
Apple
Papaya
Ethylene-ripened fruits
Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) Black hair dye
Color developer
Scuba gear
Henna[nb 2]		 Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
Azo dyes
Sulfonamides
Sulfonylureas
Thiazides
Ester anesthetics
Glyceryl monothioglycolate Permanent hair waving solutions
Toluenesulfonamide formaldehyde (Toluidine) Nail polish Eyelid dermatitis
  1. ^ Risk factors for reaction to latex include spina bifida, family history of allergy to latex, or a personal history of allergies, asthma, or eczema
  2. ^ Paraphenylenediamine may be added to henna but is not found in pure henna.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Allergenic Foods and their Allergens, with links to Informall". Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP). Nebraska: Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  2. ^ Sammut D, Dennison P, Venter C, Kurukulaaratchy RJ (November 2011). "Buckwheat allergy: a potential problem in 21st century Britain". BMJ Case Reports. 2011: bcr0920114882. doi:10.1136/bcr.09.2011.4882. PMC 3214221. PMID 22674117.
  3. ^ Yanagida N, Sato S, Takahashi K, Nagakura KI, Ogura K, Asaumi T, Ebisawa M (2017). "Reactions of Buckwheat-Hypersensitive Patients during Oral Food Challenge Are Rare, but Often Anaphylactic". International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 172 (2): 116–122. doi:10.1159/000456008. PMC 5452282. PMID 28268211.
  4. ^ Urisu A, Ebisawa M, Ito K, Aihara Y, Ito S, Mayumi M, et al. (September 2014). "Japanese Guideline for Food Allergy 2014". Allergology International. 63 (3): 399–419. doi:10.2332/allergolint.14-RAI-0770. PMID 25178179.
  5. ^ "Buckwheat - allergy information". InformAll: Communicating about Food Allergies. University of Manchester. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  6. ^ "Celery Allergy: The Facts" (PDF). Anaphylaxis Campaign. Scotland. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  7. ^ Bublin M, Radauer C, Wilson IB, Kraft D, Scheiner O, Breiteneder H, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K (September 2003). "Cross-reactive N-glycans of Api g 5, a high molecular weight glycoprotein allergen from celery, are required for immunoglobulin E binding and activation of effector cells from allergic patients". FASEB Journal. 17 (12): 1697–1699. doi:10.1096/fj.02-0872fje. PMID 12958180. S2CID 22253513.
  8. ^ Celestin J, Heiner DC (June 1993). "Food-induced anaphylaxis". The Western Journal of Medicine. 158 (6): 610–611. PMC 1311786. PMID 8337856.
  9. ^ "Celery, Celeriac - allergy information". InformAll: Communicating about Food Allergies. University of Manchester. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  10. ^ a b "You can have a food allergy, and eat it too". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  11. ^ a b Caubet JC, Wang J (April 2011). "Current understanding of egg allergy". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 58 (2): 427–43, xi. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.02.014. PMC 3069662. PMID 21453811.
  12. ^ Savage JH, Matsui EC, Skripak JM, Wood RA (December 2007). "The natural history of egg allergy". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 120 (6): 1413–1417. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.040. PMID 18073126.
  13. ^ a b c d Ruethers T, Taki AC, Johnston EB, Nugraha R, Le TT, Kalic T, et al. (August 2018). "Seafood allergy: A comprehensive review of fish and shellfish allergens". Molecular Immunology. 100: 28–57. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2018.04.008. PMID 29858102.
  14. ^ Sicherer SH, Sampson HA (February 2010). "Food allergy". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 125 (2 Suppl 2): S116–S125. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.028. PMID 20042231.
  15. ^ Ebo DG, Kuehn A, Bridts CH, Hilger C, Hentges F, Stevens WJ (2010). "Monosensitivity to pangasius and tilapia caused by allergens other than parvalbumin" (PDF). Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology. 20 (1): 84–8. PMID 20232779.
  16. ^ Tong WS, Yuen AW, Wai CY, Leung NY, Chu KH, Leung PS (2018-10-08). "Diagnosis of fish and shellfish allergies". Journal of Asthma and Allergy. 11: 247–260. doi:10.2147/JAA.S142476. PMC 6181092. PMID 30323632.
  17. ^ Schroeder M. "Most common food allergies". USNEWS. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  18. ^ Grob M, Reindl J, Vieths S, Wüthrich B, Ballmer-Weber BK (November 2002). "Heterogeneity of banana allergy: characterization of allergens in banana-allergic patients". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 89 (5): 513–516. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62090-X. PMID 12452211.
  19. ^ "Banana - allergy information". InformAll: Communicating about Food Allergies. University of Manchester). Retrieved 2019-12-27.
  20. ^ "Tomato - allergy information". InformAll: Communicating about Food Allergies. University of Manchester). Retrieved 2019-12-27.
  21. ^ Zacharisen MC, Elms NP, Kurup VP (2002). "Severe tomato allergy (Lycopersicon esculentum)". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 23 (2): 149–152. PMID 12001794.
  22. ^ Pastorello EA, Ortolani C, Farioli L, Pravettoni V, Ispano M, Borga A, et al. (October 1994). "Allergenic cross-reactivity among peach, apricot, plum, and cherry in patients with oral allergy syndrome: an in vivo and in vitro study". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 94 (4): 699–707. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(94)90177-5. PMID 7930303.
  23. ^ Horn TD (2003). Dermatology. Vol. 2. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-323-02578-2.
  24. ^ Kao SH, Hsu CH, Su SN, Hor WT, Chang T WH, Chow LP (January 2004). "Identification and immunologic characterization of an allergen, alliin lyase, from garlic (Allium sativum)". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 113 (1): 161–168. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2003.10.040. PMID 14713923.
  25. ^ Ma S, Yin J (August 2012). "Anaphylaxis induced by ingestion of raw garlic". Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 9 (8): 773–775. doi:10.1089/fpd.2012.1133. PMID 22817136.
  26. ^ National Institutes of Health, NIAID Allergy Statistics 2005 "Allergy Statistics". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Archived from the original on 7 February 2006.
  27. ^ "Lactose Intolerance or Milk Allergy: What's the Difference?". EverydayHealth.com. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
  28. ^ "INTRODUCING BAKED MILK". Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  29. ^ Park YW (1 August 1994). "Hypo-allergenic and therapeutic significance of goat milk". Small Ruminant Research. 14 (2): 151–159. doi:10.1016/0921-4488(94)90105-8.
  30. ^ Lara-Villoslada F, Olivares M, Jiménez J, Boza J, Xaus J (October 2004). "Goat milk is less immunogenic than cow milk in a murine model of atopy". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 39 (4): 354–360. doi:10.1097/00005176-200410000-00010. PMID 15448424. S2CID 28988549.
  31. ^ a b Clopton J. "Adult-Onset Food Allergies Increasing, Confusing". WebMD. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
  32. ^ "Mustard Allergy". News-Medical.net. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  33. ^ Rancé F (April 2003). "Mustard allergy as a new food allergy". Allergy. 58 (4): 287–288. doi:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00109.x. PMID 12708974. S2CID 10213739.
  34. ^ Sharma A, Verma AK, Gupta RK, Dwivedi PD (August 2019). "A Comprehensive Review on Mustard-Induced Allergy and Implications for Human Health". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 57 (1): 39–54. doi:10.1007/s12016-017-8651-2. PMID 29159565. S2CID 38277555.
  35. ^ "Why Mustard Added to Top Allergen List in Canada". Allergic Living. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  36. ^ "Allergens in food: scientific advice updated". European Food Safety Authority. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  37. ^ "Mustard Allergy: The Facts Mustard is one of 14 major" (PDF). Anaphylaxis Campaign. December 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  38. ^ "Food Allergy: Quick Facts". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. July 7, 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-04-06.
  39. ^ Kelso JM, Cockrell GE, Helm RM, Burks AW (July 1999). "Common allergens in avian meats". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 104 (1): 202–204. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70136-3. PMID 10400862.
  40. ^ Hemmer W, Klug C, Swoboda I (2016). "Update on the bird-egg syndrome and genuine poultry meat allergy". Allergo Journal International. 25 (3): 68–75. doi:10.1007/s40629-016-0108-2. PMC 4861744. PMID 27340614.
  41. ^ "Lone Star Tick Bite Might Trigger Red Meat Allergy: Study". MedlinePlus. 9 November 2012. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012.
  42. ^ "Alpha-gal Allergy". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 March 2022.
  43. ^ "Rare Meat Allergy Caused By Tick Bites May Be On The Rise". NPR.org. 27 November 2012.
  44. ^ a b "Allergenic Foods and their Allergens, with links to Informall | FARRP | Nebraska".
  45. ^ Permaul P, Stutius LM, Sheehan WJ, Rangsithienchai P, Walter JE, Twarog FJ, et al. (2009). "Sesame allergy: role of specific IgE and skin-prick testing in predicting food challenge results". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 30 (6): 643–648. doi:10.2500/aap.2009.30.3294. PMC 3131114. PMID 20031010.
  46. ^ Presnell A. "Sesame Now the Ninth Most Common Food Allergy in the United States". aaaai. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  47. ^ "Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on the FDA's new consideration of labeling for sesame allergies". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 29 October 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  48. ^ "FDA Issues Draft Guidance for Industry on Voluntary Disclosure of Sesame When Added as Flavoring or Spice". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  49. ^ "Sesame Seed Allergy: Symptoms, Testing, and Treatment". Food Allergy Treatment Experts - Latitude Food Allergy Care. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  50. ^ United States Public Law C. Food Allergen Labelling And Consumer Protection Act of 2004. Public Law 2004; 108-282:905-11.
  51. ^ "Allergenic Foods and their Allergens, with links to Informall | FARRP | Nebraska". farrp.unl.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  52. ^ "List of 14 Allergens | Food Information | Food Legislation | Legislation | The Food Safety Authority of Ireland". www.fsai.ie. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
  53. ^ Taylor SL (2008). "Molluscan shellfish allergy". Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 54: 139–77. doi:10.1016/S1043-4526(07)00004-6. ISBN 9780123737403. PMID 18291306.
  54. ^ Kattan JD, Cocco RR, Järvinen KM (April 2011). "Milk and soy allergy". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 58 (2): 407–26, x. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.02.005. PMC 3070118. PMID 21453810.
  55. ^ a b Randhawa S, Bahna SL (June 2009). "Hypersensitivity reactions to food additives". Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 9 (3): 278–283. doi:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32832b2632. PMID 19390435. S2CID 205434836.
  56. ^ Canada, Health (26 October 2012). "Sulphites - Priority allergens". aem. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  57. ^ National Institutes of Health, NIAID Allergy Statistics "Food Allergy: Quick Facts". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on 2010-04-06. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  58. ^ Akagawa M, Handoyo T, Ishii T, Kumazawa S, Morita N, Suyama K (August 2007). "Proteomic analysis of wheat flour allergens". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55 (17): 6863–6870. doi:10.1021/jf070843a. PMID 17655322.
  59. ^ "Allergy Society of South Africa – Wheat Allergy". Archived from the original on 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  60. ^ "Prevalence of wheat allergy". www.drschaer.com. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  61. ^ "Wheat Allergy". ECARF. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  62. ^ "Everything You Should Know About Wheat Allergy Diagnosis and Treatment". Verywell. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
  63. ^ "Tetracycline (Antibiotics) Uses, Dosage, Side Effects". Drugs.com.
  64. ^ "Healthfully". Healthfully.
  65. ^ "Dilantin: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects & Interactions". Drugs.com.
  66. ^ "What are the most serious side effects of Dilantin?: Basic". Epilepsy Therapy Project. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011.
  67. ^ "Anticonvulsant Drug Therapy: Dilantin: Neurology". UI Health Topics. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009.
  68. ^ "Trileptal" (PDF).
  69. ^ Marshall H (2 September 2017). "Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Carbagen): uses, dosage, side effects, warnings". netdoctor.co.uk.
  70. ^ "Carbamazepine". Nemours KidsHealth. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011.
  71. ^ Kelkar PS, Li JT (September 2001). "Cephalosporin allergy". The New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (11): 804–809. doi:10.1056/NEJMra993637. PMID 11556301.
  72. ^ "Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Medicines (NSAIDs)". Cleveland Clinic. 25 January 2020.
  73. ^ Andrew H. Chen (September 1998). "Toxicity and Allergy to Local Anesthesia". Journal of the California Dental Association. Archived from the original on December 4, 2011.
  74. ^ Schmalz G, Bindslev DA (2008). Biocompatibility of Dental Materials. Springer. ISBN 9783540777823. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
  75. ^ Bope ET, Kellerman RD (2013). Conn's Current Therapy 2014: Expert Consult. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323225724. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  76. ^ a b Dog Allergy at American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. References up to 2011
  77. ^ "Mold Allergies Preventative Tips". Total Health Guide. Jan 3, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-11-15. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  78. ^ Kung'u J. "Mold allergies, allergic response, and allergy symptoms". Mould Facts.
  79. ^ "Two Types of Cosmetic Allergy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  80. ^ "The Downside To Cosmetics – Cosmetic Allergy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  81. ^ Conjunctivitis – allergic and infectious – information, symptoms and treatment |Bupa UK
  82. ^ "Infertility: Sperm and Semen Allergy". Getting Pregnant.
  83. ^ "Flu-like symptoms actually semen allergy". Times LIVE. Reuters. 17 January 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011.
  84. ^ Tweed C (17 January 2011). "Semen Allergy Can Cause Flu-like Symptoms in Men". TopNews.
  85. ^ Beasley G. "Semen Allergy Can Be Treated, Study Shows". Daily Health Report. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011.
  86. ^ Haran C (2005). "Reacting to Semen: An Intimate Allergy". Sex Ed 101.
  87. ^ "UPDATE 1-Semen allergy suspected in rare post-orgasm illness". AlertNet. Reuters. 17 Jan 2011. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011.
  88. ^ Walker H (1990). Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery, 1989: Staplefoods: Proceedings. Oxford Symposium. ISBN 9780907325444. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
  89. ^ "JUST ONE CUP OF WATER COULD KILL LITTLE HEIDI; Girl's deadly allergy means she cannot weep, wash, drink, play or even stand in the rain. - Free Online Library".
  90. ^ "Girl allergic to water". 14 December 2018.
  91. ^ "The woman who is allergic to water".
  92. ^ Seol, Jung Eun; Kim, Do Hyeong; Park, So Hee; Kang, Jeong Nan; Sung, Ho Suk; Kim, Hyojin (June 2017). "Aquagenic Urticaria Diagnosed by the Water Provocation Test and the Results of Histopathologic Examination". Annals of Dermatology. 29 (3): 341–345. doi:10.5021/ad.2017.29.3.341. PMC 5438944. PMID 28566914.
  93. ^ "Here's What Happens when You Develop an Allergy to Water". 15 December 2015.
  94. ^ Basagaña X, Sunyer J, Kogevinas M, Zock JP, Duran-Tauleria E, Jarvis D, et al. (July 2004). "Socioeconomic status and asthma prevalence in young adults: the European Community Respiratory Health Survey". American Journal of Epidemiology. 160 (2): 178–188. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh186. PMID 15234940.
  95. ^ Veien NK, Kaaber K (December 1979). "Nickel, cobalt and chromium sensitivity in patients with pompholyx (dyshidrotic eczema)". Contact Dermatitis. 5 (6): 371–374. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1979.tb04907.x. PMID 160856. S2CID 27067276.
  96. ^ Kaaber K, Veien NK, Tjell JC (February 1978). "Low nickel diet in the treatment of patients with chronic nickel dermatitis". The British Journal of Dermatology. 98 (2): 197–201. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1978.tb01622.x. PMID 629873. S2CID 35632022.

Further reading

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_allergens&oldid=1257008640"