List of Pi Beta Phi chapters
Pi Beta Phi is an international women's fraternity founded in 1867. it was the first national secret college society for women based on Greek-letter fraternities for men.
Chapter types
[edit]Originally, Pi Beta Phi recognized three types of chapters: College, Associate, and Alumnae. "College" chapters were equivalent to today's Active, collegiate chapters. "Associate" was defined, not as a "colony" as some organizations use the term today, but as a non-collegiate chapter where "members could be obtained possessing the same educational attainments as those possessed by members of the collegiate chapters." By 1884 no further Associate chapters (~Community-based) were created, with the fraternity's determination that none would be created in the future.[a] "Alumnae" chapters had similar privileges as College chapters, except that they did not initiate new members. Alumnae chapters soon evolved into the modern alumnae clubs found today.[1][2][3]
Discontinuation of Associate chapters (~Community chapters) and the adoption of a state naming system occurred during the period 1884-1888.[1][3]
Naming convention
[edit]For the first 21 years, chapters were granted names from the same series, without a "state" modifier. Some of these names were reused, as indicated by a (1) or (2) next to a chapter name. By 1888, a critical juncture was reached where any currently active chapters were renamed with a state modifier, a practice that continues today. Several Associate (~Community) chapters from the earlier, I.C. Sorosis period were granted state-series names even if they were dormant; but most were at small schools that had been closed for a decade or more. For clarity, these are listed in a separate section at the end of this list. By 1888 too, the Fraternity had fully shifted away from creating chapters at women's finishing schools, 2-yr schools, small seminaries, or simply non-academic "Associate (~Community) chapters", placing all its focus on 4-year schools.[1][2]
Chapters
[edit]Following is a list of Pi Beta Phi chapters.[4][5][6][2][3] Active chapters noted in bold, inactive chapters and dormant schools noted in italics.
Chapter | Charter date and range | Institution | City or county | State or province |
Country | Status | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Illinois Alpha | April 28, 1867–1884; May 25, 1928 | Monmouth College | Monmouth | Illinois | US | Active | [b][c][d] |
Iowa Alpha | December 21, 1868–2004 | Iowa Wesleyan University | Mount Pleasant | Iowa | US | Inactive | [e][f] |
Indiana Epsilon (Originally Epsilon) |
1870–1877; September 1, 1942 | DePauw University | Greencastle | Indiana | US | Active | [g][h][i][j] |
Illinois Beta (see Illinois Beta-Delta) |
November 7, 1872–June 1930 | Lombard College | Galesburg | Illinois | US | Merged | [k] |
Kansas Alpha | April 1, 1873 | University of Kansas | Lawrence | Kansas | US | Active | [l][m] |
Iowa Beta | October 13, 1874 | Simpson College | Indianola | Iowa | US | Active | [n][o] |
Iowa Gamma | May 11, 1877–1894; February 24, 1906 | Iowa State University | Ames | Iowa | US | Active | [p][q] |
Iowa Epsilon | January 1, 1881–1887 | Southern Iowa Normal School | Bloomfield | Iowa | US | Inactive | [r] |
Iowa Zeta | February 8, 1882 | University of Iowa | Iowa City | Iowa | US | Active | [s] |
Illinois Gamma | September 13, 1882–1888 | Carthage College | Carthage[t] | Illinois | US | Inactive | [t][u] |
Illinois Beta-Delta (see Illinois Beta) |
March 7, 1884 | Knox College | Galesburg | Illinois | US | Active | [v] |
Nebraska Alpha | January 1, 1884–1892 | York Methodist College | York | Nebraska | US | Inactive | [w][7][x] |
Colorado Alpha | October 15, 1884 | University of Colorado Boulder | Boulder | Colorado | US | Active | [y][z] |
Colorado Beta | February 12, 1885–1980 | University of Denver | Denver | Colorado | US | Inactive | [aa] |
Iowa Lambda | October 26, 1886–1888 | Callanan College (see Drake) |
Des Moines | Iowa | US | Inactive | [ab][8] |
Michigan Alpha | May 21, 1887 | Hillsdale College | Hillsdale | Michigan | US | Active | |
Nebraska Beta (1) | November 17, 1887–1888 | Hastings College ? | Hastings | Nebraska | US | Inactive | [ac] |
Indiana Alpha | January 16, 1888 | Franklin College | Franklin | Indiana | US | Active | [ad] |
Michigan Beta | April 7, 1888 | University of Michigan | Ann Arbor | Michigan | US | Active | |
D.C. Alpha | April 27, 1889–1968; January 27, 2007 | George Washington University | Washington | District of Columbia | US | Active | |
Ohio Alpha | December 16, 1889 | Ohio University | Athens | Ohio | US | Active | [ae] |
Minnesota Alpha | May 30, 1890–1896; September 8, 1906 | University of Minnesota | Minneapolis | Minnesota | US | Active | [af] |
Louisiana Alpha | October 29, 1891 | Tulane University/Newcomb College | New Orleans | Louisiana | US | Active | |
New York Alpha (1) (see New York Delta) |
1892–1893 | Cornell University | Ithaca | New York | US | Reassigned | [ag] |
Pennsylvania Alpha | October 12, 1892–1934 | Swarthmore College | Swarthmore | Pennsylvania | US | Inactive | [ah] |
Indiana Beta (see Eta) | April 13, 1893 | Indiana University | Bloomington | Indiana | US | Active | [ai] |
California Alpha | September 13, 1893–1897; February 11, 1903–1944; November 11, 1978 | Stanford University | Stanford | California | US | Active | [aj] |
Vermont Alpha | December 1, 1893–1969 | Middlebury College | Middlebury | Vermont | US | Inactive | |
Ohio Beta | April 5, 1894 | Ohio State University | Columbus | Ohio | US | Active | |
Illinois Epsilon | May 26, 1894–2021 | Northwestern University | Evanston | Illinois | US | Inactive | |
Wisconsin Alpha | November 1, 1894–1970; October 11, 1986 | University of Wisconsin–Madison | Madison | Wisconsin | US | Active | |
Pennsylvania Beta | January 4, 1895–2013 | Bucknell University | Lewisburg | Pennsylvania | US | Inactive | |
Nebraska Beta (2) | January 19, 1895 | University of Nebraska | Lincoln | Nebraska | US | Active | [ac] |
Illinois Zeta | October 26, 1895 | University of Illinois | Champaign–Urbana | Illinois | US | Active | |
New York Alpha (2) | February 12, 1896–1984; April 31, 1988–2013 | Syracuse University | Syracuse | New York | US | Inactive | [ak][al] |
Massachusetts Alpha | March 7, 1896–1985 | Boston University | Boston | Massachusetts | US | Inactive | |
Maryland Alpha | January 9, 1897–1950 | Goucher College | Towson | Maryland | US | Inactive | [am][an] |
Indiana Gamma | August 27, 1897 | Butler University | Indianapolis | Indiana | US | Active | [ao] |
Vermont Beta | November 24, 1898 | University of Vermont | Burlington | Vermont | US | Active | |
Missouri Alpha | May 27, 1899 | University of Missouri | Columbia | Missouri | US | Active | [ap] |
California Beta | August 23, 1900 | University of California | Berkeley | California | US | Active | |
Texas Alpha | February 19, 1902 | University of Texas | Austin | Texas | US | Active | [aq] |
Pennsylvania Gamma | December 21, 1903 | Dickinson College | Carlisle | Pennsylvania | US | Active | [ar] |
New York Beta | May 28, 1904–1915 | Barnard College (Columbia) | Manhattan | New York | US | Inactive | [as] |
Washington Alpha | January 5, 1907 | University of Washington | Seattle | Washington | US | Active | [at] |
Missouri Beta | March 22, 1907–2020 | Washington University in St. Louis | St. Louis | Missouri | US | Inactive | [au] |
Ontario Alpha | December 11, 1908 | University of Toronto | Toronto | Ontario | Canada | Active | [av] |
Arkansas Alpha | December 29, 1909 | University of Arkansas | Fayetteville | Arkansas | US | Active | [aw] |
Oklahoma Alpha | September 1, 1910 | University of Oklahoma | Norman | Oklahoma | US | Active | [ax] |
Wyoming Alpha | September 8, 1910–2013 | University of Wyoming | Laramie | Wyoming | US | Inactive | [ay] |
Ohio Gamma | September 20, 1910–1913 | College of Wooster | Wooster | Ohio | US | Inactive | [9][az][ba] |
Illinois Eta | March 29, 1912 | Millikin University | Decatur | Illinois | US | Active | [bb] |
Washington Beta | July 6, 1912–2012; January 24, 2015 | Washington State University | Pullman | Washington | US | Active | [bc] |
Florida Alpha | January 30, 1913 | Stetson University | DeLand | Florida | US | Active | [bd] |
Virginia Alpha | May 13, 1913–1960 | Randolph College | Lynchburg | Virginia | US | Inactive | [be][bf] |
Missouri Gamma | January 9, 1914 | Drury University | Springfield | Missouri | US | Active | [bg] |
New York Gamma | March 20, 1914–1993 | St. Lawrence University | Canton | New York | US | Inactive | [bh] |
Kansas Beta | June 3, 1915 | Kansas State University | Manhattan | Kansas | US | Active | [bi] |
Oregon Alpha | October 29, 1915 | University of Oregon | Eugene | Oregon | US | Active | [bj] |
Nevada Alpha | November 13, 1915–2013; September 2017 | University of Nevada, Reno | Reno | Nevada | US | Active | [bk] |
Texas Beta | June 10, 1916 | Southern Methodist University | University Park | Texas | US | Active | [bl] |
Virginia Beta | June 1, 1917–1930 | Hollins University | Hollins | Virginia | US | Inactive | [bm] |
Oregon Beta | July 23, 1917–2006 | Oregon State University | Corvallis | Oregon | US | Inactive | [bn] |
California Gamma | July 27, 1917 | University of Southern California | Los Angeles | California | US | Active | [bo] |
Arizona Alpha | August 1, 1917 | University of Arizona | Tucson | Arizona | US | Active | [bp] |
Pennsylvania Delta | September 19, 1918–1931 | University of Pittsburgh | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | US | Inactive | [10][bq] |
West Virginia Alpha | September 21, 1918 | West Virginia University | Morgantown | West Virginia | US | Active | [br] |
New York Delta (see New York Alpha (1)) |
June 14, 1919 | Cornell University | Ithaca | New York | US | Active | [bs][bt] |
Oklahoma Beta | August 12, 1919 | Oklahoma State University | Stillwater | Oklahoma | US | Active | [bu] |
Wisconsin Beta | August 20, 1919–1971 | Beloit College | Beloit | Wisconsin | US | Inactive | [bv][bw] |
Maine Alpha | May 25, 1920 | University of Maine | Orono | Maine | US | Active | [bx] |
Indiana Delta | January 1, 1921 | Purdue University | West Lafayette | Indiana | US | Active | [by] |
Montana Alpha | September 30, 1921 | Montana State University | Bozeman | Montana | US | Active | [bz] |
North Dakota Alpha | October 7, 1921 | University of North Dakota | Grand Forks | North Dakota | US | Active | [ca] |
Florida Beta | October 14, 1921 | Florida State University | Tallahassee | Florida | US | Active | [cb] |
Tennessee Alpha | September 26, 1923–1989 | University of Tennessee at Chattanooga | Chattanooga | Tennessee | US | Inactive | [cc] |
Idaho Alpha | September 28, 1923 | University of Idaho | Moscow | Idaho | US | Active | [cd] |
North Carolina Alpha | September 28, 1923 | University of North Carolina | Chapel Hill | North Carolina | US | Active | [ce] |
Virginia Gamma | September 26, 1925 | College of William & Mary | Williamsburg | Virginia | US | Active | [cf] |
Ohio Delta | October 3, 1925–1992 | Ohio Wesleyan University | Delaware | Ohio | US | Inactive | [cg] |
Kentucky Alpha | October 9, 1925 | University of Louisville | Louisville | Kentucky | US | Active | [ch] |
California Delta | September 9, 1927 | University of California, Los Angeles | Los Angeles | California | US | Active | [ci] |
South Dakota Alpha | September 30, 1927 | University of South Dakota | Vermillion | South Dakota | US | Active | [cj] |
Alabama Alpha | October 7, 1927–1989; February 10, 1991–2024 | Birmingham–Southern College | Birmingham | Alabama | US | Inactive | [ck] |
Utah Alpha | September 11, 1929 | University of Utah | Salt Lake City | Utah | US | Active | [cl] |
Florida Gamma | April 28, 1929–1970 | Rollins College | Winter Park | Florida | US | Inactive | [cm] |
Manitoba Alpha | October 5, 1929–1976 | University of Manitoba | Winnipeg | Manitoba | Canada | Inactive | [cn] |
Alberta Alpha | September 22, 1931 | University of Alberta | Edmonton | Alberta | Canada | Active | [co] |
South Carolina Alpha | October 9, 1931-1985; November 22, 2014 | University of South Carolina | Columbia | South Carolina | US | Active | [cp] |
North Carolina Beta | February 17, 1933 | Duke University | Durham | North Carolina | US | Active | [cq] |
Ontario Beta | October 29, 1934 | University of Western Ontario | London | Ontario | Canada | Active | [cr] |
Nova Scotia Alpha | November 2, 1934–1976 | Dalhousie University | Halifax | Nova Scotia | Canada | Inactive | [cs] |
Louisiana Beta | October 17, 1936 | Louisiana State University | Baton Rouge | Louisiana | US | Active | [ct] |
Georgia Alpha | February 4, 1939 | University of Georgia | Athens | Georgia | US | Active | |
Wisconsin Gamma | September 12, 1940–1983 | Lawrence University | Appleton | Wisconsin | US | Inactive | [cu] |
Tennessee Beta | September 10, 1940 | Vanderbilt University | Nashville | Tennessee | US | Active | |
Connecticut Alpha | April 10, 1943 | University of Connecticut | Storrs | Connecticut | US | Active | [cv] |
Massachusetts Beta | March 4, 1944–1973 | University of Massachusetts Amherst | Amherst | Massachusetts | US | Inactive | [cw] |
Oregon Gamma | June 3, 1944–2021 | Willamette University | Salem | Oregon | US | Inactive | [cx] |
Maryland Beta | June 17, 1944–1991 | University of Maryland | College Park | Maryland | US | Inactive | [cy] |
Michigan Gamma | February 17, 1945 | Michigan State University | East Lansing | Michigan | US | Active | [cz] |
Ohio Epsilon | April 28, 1945 | University of Toledo | Toledo | Ohio | US | Active | [da] |
Ohio Zeta | May 11, 1945–2017; 2024 | Miami University | Oxford | Ohio | US | Active | [db] |
New Mexico Alpha | September 11, 1946 | University of New Mexico | Albuquerque | New Mexico | US | Active | [dc] |
Illinois Theta | May 17, 1947 | Bradley University | Peoria | Illinois | US | Active | [dd] |
Tennessee Gamma | May 15, 1948 | University of Tennessee | Knoxville | Tennessee | US | Active | [de] |
Washington Gamma | September 9, 1948 | University of Puget Sound | Tacoma | Washington | US | Active | [df] |
California Epsilon | September 1, 1949 | San Diego State University | San Diego | California | US | Active | [dg] |
Alabama Beta | September 19, 1949 | University of Alabama | Tuscaloosa | Alabama | US | Active | |
California Zeta | February 2, 1950 | University of California, Santa Barbara | Santa Barbara | California | US | Active | [dh] |
West Virginia Beta | September 21, 1950–1955 | Davis & Elkins College | Elkins | West Virginia | US | Inactive | [di] |
Indiana Zeta | August 23, 1952 | Ball State University | Muncie | Indiana | US | Active | [dj] |
Texas Gamma | April 25, 1953 | Texas Tech University | Lubbock | Texas | US | Active | [dk] |
Pennsylvania Epsilon | November 14, 1953 | Pennsylvania State University | University Park | Pennsylvania | US | Active | [dl] |
Colorado Gamma | September 8, 1954 | Colorado State University | Fort Collins | Colorado | US | Active | [dm] |
Ohio Eta | September 18, 1954 | Denison University | Granville | Ohio | US | Active | |
Texas Delta | August 30, 1956 | Texas Christian University | Fort Worth | Texas | US | Active | [dn] |
Alabama Gamma | February 2, 1957 | Auburn University | Auburn | Alabama | US | Active | |
Michigan Delta | March 7, 1959–1985 | Albion College | Albion | Michigan | US | Inactive | |
Oregon Delta | December 4, 1960–1980 | Portland State University | Portland | Oregon | US | Inactive | [do] |
Mississippi Alpha | April 8, 1961 | University of Southern Mississippi | Hattiesburg | Mississippi | US | Active | [dp] |
Kentucky Beta | March 3, 1962 | University of Kentucky | Lexington | Kentucky | US | Active | [dq] |
Mississippi Beta | March 10, 1962 | University of Mississippi | Oxford | Mississippi | US | Active | |
Tennessee Delta | February 24, 1962 | University of Memphis | Memphis | Tennessee | US | Active | |
Arkansas Beta | May 4, 1963–2008 | University of Arkansas at Little Rock | Little Rock | Arkansas | US | Inactive | [dr] |
Virginia Delta | January 9, 1965 | Old Dominion University | Norfolk | Virginia | US | Active | [ds] |
Arizona Beta | May 1, 1965 | Arizona State University | Phoenix | Arizona | US | Active | |
West Virginia Gamma | March 2, 1968–1981 | Bethany College | Bethany | West Virginia | US | Inactive | [dt] |
Florida Delta | April 19, 1969–1977; February 9, 1985 | University of Florida | Gainesville | Florida | US | Active | |
New Mexico Beta | January 22, 1972–2016 | New Mexico State University | Las Cruces | New Mexico | US | Inactive | [du] |
Illinois Iota | January 19, 1974–2018 | Illinois State University | Normal | Illinois | US | Inactive | [dv] |
California Eta | January 26, 1974–2004 | University of California, Irvine | Irvine | California | US | Active | |
Indiana Eta | October 26, 1974–2004 | Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne | Fort Wayne | Indiana | US | Inactive | [dw] |
Virginia Epsilon | April 12, 1975 | University of Virginia | Charlottesville | Virginia | US | Active | |
Texas Epsilon | January 31, 1976 | University of North Texas | Denton | Texas | US | Active | [dx] |
Kentucky Gamma | August 28, 1976–2017 | Eastern Kentucky University | Richmond | Kentucky | US | Inactive | |
South Carolina Beta | October 30, 1976–1993; November 19, 2016 | Clemson University | Clemson | South Carolina | US | Active | |
Texas Zeta | August 13, 1977 | Baylor University | Waco | Texas | US | Active | [dy] |
Pennsylvania Zeta | November 10, 1979 | Washington & Jefferson College | Washington | Pennsylvania | US | Active | [dz] |
Pennsylvania Eta | October 4, 1980 | Lafayette College | Easton | Pennsylvania | US | Active | [ea] |
California Theta | November 8, 1980 | University of California, Davis | Davis | California | US | Active | [eb] |
Florida Epsilon | January 10, 1981 | University of Central Florida | Orange County | Florida | US | Active | [ec] |
Virginia Zeta | December 5, 1981 | Virginia Tech | Blacksburg | Virginia | US | Active | |
Iowa Eta (2) (see Iowa Lambda) | October 8, 1983–2005 | Drake University | Des Moines | Iowa | US | Inactive | [ed] |
New York Epsilon | November 17, 1984 | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | Troy | New York | US | Active | [ee] |
Texas Eta | April 20, 1985 | Texas A&M University | College Station | Texas | US | Active | |
Ohio Theta | April 19, 1986 | Bowling Green State University | Bowling Green | Ohio | US | Active | |
Colorado Delta | February 1, 1986 | Colorado School of Mines | Golden | Colorado | US | Active | [ef] |
New York Zeta | May 3, 1986–1992 | Colgate University | Hamilton | New York | US | Inactive | [eg] |
California Iota | September 5, 1986–2005 | California State University, Chico | Chico | California | US | Inactive | [eh] |
California Kappa | April 25, 1987 | University of California, San Diego | San Diego | California | US | Active | |
Virginia Eta | May 2, 1987 | University of Richmond | Richmond | Virginia | US | Active | |
California Lambda | November 5, 1988 | University of California, Riverside | Riverside | California | US | Active | |
Ohio Iota | October 14, 1989 | University of Dayton | Dayton | Ohio | US | Active | |
Connecticut Beta | November 11, 1989–2023 | Yale University | New Haven | Connecticut | US | Inactive | |
Pennsylvania Theta | February 10, 1990–2018 | Villanova University | Villanova | Pennsylvania | US | Inactive | |
New Jersey Alpha | March 31, 1990 | Princeton University | Princeton | New Jersey | US | Active | |
Arizona Gamma | April 21, 1990 | Northern Arizona University | Flagstaff | Arizona | US | Active | |
Wisconsin Delta | November 11, 1990 | Marquette University | Milwaukee | Wisconsin | US | Active | [ei] |
Virginia Theta | May 25, 1992 | Washington and Lee University | Lexington | Virginia | US | Active | |
Pennsylvania Iota | February 6, 1993–2000 | University of Pennsylvania | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | US | Inactive | [11] |
Nebraska Gamma | April 9, 1994 | Creighton University | Omaha | Nebraska | US | Active | |
North Carolina Gamma | January 22, 1994–2010 | Wake Forest University | Winston-Salem | North Carolina | US | Inactive | [ej][ek] |
Michigan Epsilon | April 13, 1996–2014 | Western Michigan University | Kalamazoo | Michigan | US | Inactive | [el] |
California Mu | October 19, 1996 | Pepperdine University | Malibu | California | US | Active | [em] |
Ontario Gamma | November 23, 1996 | University of Guelph | Guelph | Ontario | Canada | Active | [en] |
Pennsylvania Kappa | October 25, 1997 | Lehigh University | Bethlehem | Pennsylvania | US | Active | |
Indiana Theta | October 31, 1998 | Valparaiso University | Valparaiso | Indiana | US | Active | [eo] |
Colorado Epsilon | April 21, 2002 | University of Colorado Colorado Springs | Colorado Springs | Colorado | US | Active | [ep] |
California Nu | November 16, 2002 | Loyola Marymount University | Los Angeles | California | US | Active | |
North Carolina Delta | January 29, 2005 | North Carolina State University | Raleigh | North Carolina | US | Active | |
Massachusetts Gamma | November 15, 2008 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Cambridge | Massachusetts | US | Active | |
New York Eta | January 31, 2009 | New York University | New York City | New York | US | Active | |
Mississippi Gamma | April 4, 2009 | Mississippi State University | Starkville | Mississippi | US | Active | |
Ohio Kappa | January 23, 2010 | University of Cincinnati | Cincinnati | Ohio | US | Active | |
Maryland Gamma | November 20, 2010 | Johns Hopkins University | Baltimore | Maryland | US | Active | |
Connecticut Gamma | November 5, 2011–2019; 2021 | Quinnipiac University | Hamden | Connecticut | US | Active | |
Ohio Lambda | January 12, 2013 | Case Western Reserve University | Cleveland | Ohio | US | Active | |
Illinois Kappa | April 20, 2013 | University of Chicago | Chicago | Illinois | US | Active | |
Virginia Iota | January 25, 2014–2022 | George Mason University | Fairfax County | Virginia | US | Inactive | |
Florida Zeta | February 1, 2014–2020 | University of Tampa | Tampa | Florida | US | Inactive | |
California Xi | May 2, 2015 | University of San Diego | San Diego | California | US | Active | |
California Omicron | May 9, 2015 | Chapman University | Orange | California | US | Active | |
Georgia Beta | April 16, 2016 | Emory University | Atlanta | Georgia | US | Active | |
Delaware Alpha | May 14, 2016 | University of Delaware | Newark | Delaware | US | Active | |
Florida Eta | 2021 | University of Miami | Coral Gables | Florida | US | Active | |
Wisconsin Epsilon | 2021 | University of Wisconsin–Green Bay | Green Bay | Wisconsin | US | Active |
Notes
- ^ Pi Beta Phi is the third-oldest of the women's fraternities, pre-dating the invention of the word "sorority". Early experiments with these "Community" or "Associate" chapters marked interest by non-collegiate but nevertheless "education-friendly" women to form organizations. Some of these, like the P.E.O. soon abandoned linkages to colleges and fully embraced a town/community model. Others, like those women's fraternities that eventually formed the National Panhellenic Conference, chose to focus on 4-year schools, self-determining to close non-collegiate chapters in the run-up to the establishment of the NPC.
- ^ Anti-fraternity sentiment forced the group to relinquish its charter in 1884. At its 1928 restoration, the chapter absorbed Zeta Epsilon Chi (local), which had originated in 1890.
- ^ This chapter's name under the former I.C Sorosis system became the Alpha chapter. Curiously though, for the first fifteen years, it called itself the Beta chapter under the ruse that it was a branch of an earlier, Eastern society. This is why the second chapter was named Gamma (Pi Beta Phi 1936 History, p.6).
- ^ I.C. Sorosis wasn't the first women's fraternity on campus. The 1936 History notes an earlier "A" Society, visible at Monmouth in the 1860s, which, while not a direct predecessor of the I.C. Sorosis, contributed one of its members, Emma Brownlee Kilgore to the nascent Pi Beta Phi. Emma Brownlee would become one of the founders of I.C. Sorosis in 1867, and its first president. p.24ff
- ^ Iowa Wesleyan University closed in 2023 due to financial challenges.
- ^ This chapter's name under the former I.C Sorosis system was Gamma chapter.
- ^ This school was named Indiana Ashbury University when its original chapter of I.C. Sorosis was established. It was renamed DePauw University in 1884 to honor a significant donor.
- ^ This chapter's original name was Epsilon chapter, a group that died out before the state name shift in 1888.
- ^ At its 1942 restoration, the new chapter absorbed Pi Phi Epsilon (local), which had been created for this purpose in 1941; its creation as Indiana Epsilon was coincidental, per the Arrow 2017 reference, not designed to reflect its earlier name on the campus.
- ^ Pi Beta Phi notes Indiana Epsilon as a wholly new chapter, fully independent from the original chapter on that campus. For Wikipedia purposes, we combine instances of previous chapters under a single school line.
- ^ This chapter formed at Lombard College in Galesburg, Illinois in 1872 as Iota chapter, under the former naming structure used by I.C Sorosis. It was soon renamed Illinois Beta with the new naming structure. When Lombard College closed in 1930, many of its students, including members of ΠΒΦ, transferred to nearby Knox College, joining ΠΒΦ's Delta chapter. The combined group is now called Illinois Beta-Delta chapter.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Oread Society (local) before 1873.
- ^ This chapter's name under the former I.C Sorosis system was Kappa chapter.
- ^ There were two Lambda chapters before the completion of the shift to the state naming convention. Lambda (1) was the name of the Simpson College chapter from installation in 1874 until about 1884 (?), under the old I.C. Sorosis system until that group was renamed Iowa Beta chapter. This allowed the chapter at Coe College to adopt the name Lambda (2) in 1884.
- ^ Briefly named Lambda (1) chapter from installation until the state name shift which for the Simpson chapter occurred no later than 1884.
- ^ The chapter closed in 1894 due to anti-fraternity laws. This chapter absorbed Iota Theta (local) at the 1906 restoration, a group that had originated in 1904.
- ^ This chapter's name under the former I.C Sorosis system was Mu chapter.
- ^ This school closed in 1919.
- ^ This chapter's name under the former I.C Sorosis system was Chi chapter at creation, but some months later, still in 1882, it was changed to Sigma chapter. The installation date noted here, Feb. 8, 1882, is from the 1936 History; other sources may show a date four days later.
- ^ a b This school has had several locations during its long history. In 1962 it moved to its present location in Kenosha, Wisconsin, keeping the Carthage name, which it adopted from that Illinois city.
- ^ This chapter's name under the former I.C Sorosis system was Tau chapter.
- ^ This chapter formed at Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois in 1884, called Upsilon chapter under the old I.C. Sorosis system, until that group was renamed Illinois Delta chapter. A neighboring school, Lombard College was also home to the Beta chapter of ΠΒΦ. When Lombard closed in 1930 most of Lombard's students transferred to Knox. Transferring ΠΒΦ members affiliated with the Illinois Delta chapter, which was re-christened Illinois Beta-Delta chapter to mark the combination. The chapter celebrates its founding year as the installation year of the Delta chapter, not the Beta chapter, even though Beta's origination came twelve years earlier.
- ^ Nebraska Methodist College is listed incorrectly in Baird's as the location of this early chapter. The 4th ed. of that book has it more correctly, as York Methodist. Indicating the thinnest of connections, in 1884, Nebraska Methodist College of Omaha became a subsidiary branch of York Methodist, but this only lasted for four/five years until the closure of York Methodist.
- ^ Briefly, according to the Larson dissertation, a Methodist college was platted and built in York, Nebraska in 1879, with classes beginning in 1880. That school grew quickly with several departments, but floundered in 1887/88 due to financial pressure with its grounds trading hands several times prior to their eventual dispersal. Its single brick building and nearby women's dorm first went to the Ursuline Academy in 1889, then to St. Joseph's Academy. There appeared no continuing linkage to the Nebraska Methodist College, a medical college, which had in Baird's been noted as the location of this chapter. Other references note that early medical school was only formed in 1891, but the Larson reference suggests a predecessor. Clearly, ΠΒΦ's Nebraska Alpha chapter, active between 1884 and 1888 (I think the chapter's closure date of 1892 in the Baird's Archive is a mistake) got its start at the York school. The 1936 History notes that the school moved, with the Convention of 1888 ordering transfer of the chapter's charter to the "University at Lincoln". York, Nebraska was the location of the women's dorm that had been associated with the college. Wikipedia's list of Nebraska schools does not list an earlier, nor even dormant school of this name, however, the 2017 Arrow reference citation notes that "Nebraska Methodist College closed in 1892," probably a stand-in for what should have been noted as "York Methodist College." Also suggesting an answer, the 4th ed. of Baird's calls the home of this chapter "York Methodist College", as does a biography of Minnie Mae (Freeman) Penney, an early member who, as a 19-yr old teacher was credited with saving her 13 pupils from a surprise blizzard on January 12, 1888. As she entered the teaching field, it is reasonable to assume the ΠΒΦ chapter was in service to the literary or music departments, not the medical department.
- ^ There were two Nu chapters prior to the shift to the state naming convention. The first was a community chapter in Clarinda, Iowa, and the second, briefly, was at the University of Colorado before that group was renamed Colorado Alpha chapter.
- ^ Briefly named Nu (2) chapter from installation until the 1888 name shift.
- ^ This chapter's name under the former I.C Sorosis system was Beta chapter.
- ^ Callanan College was organized in 1879. It became an autonomous unit of Drake University in 1886. The chapter did not survive this merger, and died out in 1888. The college was fully absorbed by Drake by 1895. The terms of the merger allowed it to operate as Drake's Normal (~Teachers) school under its original name, until that department was absorbed into the university proper (~1895). Later, the Drake Music Department maintained its headquarters in the original Callanan building, located at 12th and Pleasant.
- ^ a b The 2017 Arrow notes that there were two chapters named Nebraska Beta, the first at Hastings and the second at the University of Nebraska. It further states that Hastings College closed (?) in 1888, which is the reason given for the first chapter's closing. --Yet the school remains open today and its online history and its Wikipedia article do not mention an 1888 closure. Needs clarification.
- ^ This chapter originated as Alpha Xi Theta (local) in 1887.
- ^ This chapter originated as Omega Gamma Chi (local) in 1888.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Secret Six Club (local) in 1889. Pi Phi records note it was closed due to "effects of the Panic of 1873", which occurred some years prior. At its restoration it absorbed Beta Iota Gamma (local) formed in c.1904.
- ^ The original chapter at Cornell University was named New York Alpha, but was renamed New York Delta upon its return to the Cornell campus. Not to be confused with the chapter at Syracuse University, also called New York Alpha.
- ^ This chapter closed as a result of anti-fraternity legislation from the college. Occasionally, Greek Letter activity resumes on the campus.
- ^ A short-lived Eta chapter was installed in 1872 at the precursor school to Indiana University. It closed in 1885.
- ^ The Arrow 2017 reference notes that the Stanford chapter was restored for the first time on Feb. 11, 1905, which conflicts with the Baird's archive, which notes the restoration year as 1903. Which is correct? The chapter was closed due to anti-fraternity pressure in 1944, and restored for a second time when that policy was lifted.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Philokalean Club in 1895.
- ^ The chapter at Cornell University had been named New York Alpha between 1892 and 1893, but was closed. That name was reassigned to the Syracuse group where it remains. Upon the Cornell chapter's restoration, that group was re-christened as New York Delta.
- ^ This chapter closed due to anti-fraternity legislation by school trustees.
- ^ This school was originally named the Women's College of Baltimore. It was renamed in 1910 to honor its co-founder, benefactor and second president, John F. Goucher.
- ^ This chapter originated as Alpha Phi Psi (local) in 1894.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Iazug Club earlier in 1899.
- ^ This chapter originated as Delta Delta Delta (local) in 1898. The name similarity to national sorority ΔΔΔ appears to be coincidental. They appeared on the Texas campus a decade later.
- ^ This chapter originated as Phi Alpha Pi (local) in 1898.
- ^ This chapter originated as Tau Beta (local) in 1902. Its charter was finally relinquished in 1915 after the college suspended all fraternities in 1913, two years prior.
- ^ This chapter originated as Kappa Tau Tau (local) in 1900.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Jeserah Club in 1905.
- ^ This chapter originated as Zeta Tau (local) in 1900.
- ^ This chapter originated as Gamma Epsilon Delta (local) in 1906.
- ^ This chapter originated as Phi Delta Gamma (local) in 1907.
- ^ This chapter originated as Alpha Omega (local) in 1905.
- ^ More information about the closure of Wooster's national Greek chapters may be found here: List of College of Wooster fraternities and sororities.
- ^ This chapter originated as Alpha Delta Psi (local) in 1908.
- ^ This chapter originated as Delta Theta Psi (local) in 1904.
- ^ This chapter originated as Phi Alpha Epsilon (local) in 1909.
- ^ This chapter originated as Delta Alpha Delta (local) in 1910.
- ^ Originally named Randolph-Macon Women's College; renamed in 2007 when the school became co-educational.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Iota chapter of Alpha Sigma Alpha on May 23, 1908. Because of laws abolishing fraternities, the Iota chapter disbanded but its members persisted and petitioned Pi Beta Phi for membership. This was accepted, and the new chapter was installed on May 13, 1913. Again, anti-fraternity regulations provoked the chapter's closure in 1960.
- ^ This chapter originated as Mu Beta (local) in 1906.
- ^ This chapter originated as Omega Gamma Sigma (local) in 1904.
- ^ This chapter originated as Phi Kappa Phi (local) in 1904.
- ^ This chapter originated as Mu Phi Epsilon (local) earlier in 1915.
- ^ This chapter originated as Delta Rho (local) in 1900.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Beta (local) in 1915.
- ^ This chapter originated as Lambda Gamma (local) in 1914.
- ^ This chapter originated as Delta Mu (local) in 1915.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Entre Nous Club (local) in 1895.
- ^ This chapter originated as Gamma Delta (local) in 1906.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Dianthian Club (local) in 1916.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Circle Club (local) in 1916.
- ^ The original chapter at Cornell University (1892-1893) was named New York Alpha, but was renamed New York Delta upon its 1919 return to the Cornell campus.
- ^ This chapter originated as Beta Phi (local) in 1918.
- ^ This chapter originated as Beta Phi (local) in 1915.
- ^ This chapter originated as Chi Epsilon (local) in 1905.
- ^ A recolonization at Beloit was attempted in 1979, but withdrawn in 1980 prior to installation.
- ^ This chapter originated as Beta Phi (local) in 1917.
- ^ This chapter originated as Delta Rho (local) in 1915.
- ^ This chapter originated as Phi Gamma (local) in 1912.
- ^ This chapter originated as Psi Omega Psi (local) in 1916.
- ^ This chapter originated as Alpha Omega (local) in 1913.
- ^ This chapter originated as Alpha Sigma Phi (local) in 1917.
- ^ This chapter originated as Omega Phi Alpha (local) in 1920.
- ^ This chapter originated as Beta Alpha Pi (local) in 1921.
- ^ This chapter originated as Delta Phi Kappa (local) in 1920.
- ^ This chapter originated as Tri Sigma (local), forming in 1899. It was unrelated to the later-formed national sorority nicknamed Tri Sigma, which had started only a year prior. Possibly due to concern over rights to that name, the local Ohio Wesleyan chapter renamed itself Sigma Delta Pi (local) in 1922.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Tri Xi Club (local) in 1921.
- ^ This chapter originated as Alpha Tau Zeta (local) in 1918.
- ^ This chapter originated as Zeta Chi Delta (local) in 1920.
- ^ This chapter originated as Theta Pi (local) in 1923.
- ^ This chapter originated as Gamma Phi (local) in 1897.
- ^ This chapter originated as Sigma Phi (local) in 1920.
- ^ This chapter originated as Delta Phi (local) in 1925.
- ^ This chapter originated as Alpha Upsilon (local) in 1928.
- ^ This chapter originated as Gamma Sigma (local) in 1927.
- ^ This chapter originated as Mu Lambda (local) in 1929.
- ^ This chapter originated as Upsilon Iota Sigma (local) in 1920.
- ^ This chapter originated as Sigma Theta Pi (local) in 1929.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Beta (local) in 1935.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Phi Gamma (local) in 1939.
- ^ This chapter originated as Sigma Upsilon Nu (local) in 1931.
- ^ This chapter originated as Alpha Lambda Mu (local) in 1931.
- ^ This chapter originated as Beta Chi (local) in 1919.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Phi Beta (local) in 1944.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Phi Gamma (local) in 1944.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Delta Chi (local) in 1915.
- ^ This chapter originated as Gamma Pi (local) in 1944.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Beta Alpha (local) in 1946.
- ^ This chapter originated as Lambda Phi (local) in 1901.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Gamma Phi (local) in 1947.
- ^ This chapter originated as Kappa Sigma Theta (local) in 1922.
- ^ This chapter originated as Phi Sigma Nu (local) in 1925.
- ^ This chapter originated as Delta Zeta Delta (local) in 1924.
- ^ This chapter originated as Phi Chi (local) in 1922.
- ^ This chapter originated as Gamma Gamma (local) in 1920.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Koshari Club (local) in 1930.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Aye Sees Club (local) in 1952.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Phi Gamma (local) in 1953.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Phi Alpha (local) in 1955.
- ^ This chapter originated as Chi Gamma (local) in 1954.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Phi Alpha (local) in 1960.
- ^ This chapter originated as Phi Kappa Phi (local) in 1904.
- ^ This chapter originated as Beta Chi (local) in 1932.
- ^ This chapter originated as Kappa Kappa Kappa (local) in 1930.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Alpha Theta (local) in 1966.
- ^ This chapter originated as Kappa Chi Upsilon (local) in 1970.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Beta Coop (local) in 1967.
- ^ This chapter originated as Kappa Delta Theta (local) in 1968.
- ^ This chapter originated as Omicron (local) in 1971.
- ^ This chapter originated as Alpha Omega (local) in 1924.
- ^ W&J's Greek system is discussed further at Washington & Jefferson College fraternities and sororities.
- ^ This chapter originated as Delta Psi (local) in 1978.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pianta Su (local) in 19xx ?
- ^ This chapter originated as the Tyes Club (local) in 1968.
- ^ As Callanan College was absorbed into Drake University, its former Iowa Lambda chapter could be considered a predecessor to the later-formed Iowa Eta (2) chapter.
- ^ This chapter originated as Kappa Phi (local) in 1982.
- ^ This chapter originated as Omega Delta Phi (local) in 1983.
- ^ This chapter originated as Kappa Psi Lambda (local) in 1984.
- ^ This chapter originated as Gamma Nu (local) in 1984.
- ^ This chapter originated as Kappa Xi Kappa (local) in 1988.
- ^ Originally located in Wake Forest, the school moved to Winston-Salem in 1956 after a period of building construction.
- ^ This chapter originated as the Strings Society (local) in 1946.
- ^ This chapter originated as Gamma Phi Sigma (local) in 1993.
- ^ This chapter originated as Pi Gamma Phi (local) in 1984.
- ^ This chapter originated as Delta Sigma Chi (local) in 1992.
- ^ This chapter originated as Alpha Xi Epsilon (local) in 1919.
- ^ This chapter originated as Phi Alpha Omega (local) in 1997.
I.C. Sorosis chapters
[edit]The name the Fraternity first used was I.C. Sorosis, with "Pi Beta Phi" being a motto indicated on its crest.[a] After the 1888 Ottumwa Convention usage of these was reversed so that the fraternity would be known as Pi Beta Phi, as it is today. This choice came about, apparently, to better align with the Greek Letter model popular with other men's and women's fraternities. The naming structure for chapters was also changed by the 1888 Ottumwa Convention, adopting a "state series" model. The following table lists chapters formed under an I.C. Sorosis charter, which went dormant about the time of the adoption of the state naming system. Many were what Pi Beta Phi then called "Associate chapters", not colonies, but rather 'Community' chapters not linked to a school, or "Alumnae chapters" that did not initiate new members.[2][3]
Following is a list of I.C. Sorosis chapters from before the name change, which were either Associate (~Community) chapters or Alumni chapters that did not continue among the collegiate ranks. Inactive chapters and dormant schools noted in italics.
Original name | New name | Charter date and range | Institution | City or county | State or province |
Country | Status | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delta | 1869–1871 | Mount Pleasant Female Seminary | Mount Pleasant | Iowa | US | Consolidated | [b][c] | |
Epsilon | Indiana Epsilon | 1870–1877; September 1, 1942 | DePauw University | Greencastle | Indiana | US | Active | [d][e][f] |
Zeta | NA | 1870–1871 | Baptist Ladies’ Seminary | Indianapolis | Indiana | US | Inactive | [b] |
Theta | NA | February 18, 1872–187x ? | Illinois Wesleyan University | Bloomington | Illinois | US | Inactive | [g] |
Eta | Indiana Beta | 1872–1885 | State Institute (see IU) | Bloomington | Indiana | US | Inactive | |
Nu (1) | NA | 1881–1885 | Clarinda, IA Community Chapter | Clarinda | Iowa | US | Inactive | [b][h] |
Xi | NA | 1881–1892 | Iowa East Normal School | Columbus Junction | Iowa | US | Inactive | [b][12] |
Omicron | Iowa Delta | 1881–1885 | Burlington, IA Community Chapter | Burlington | Iowa | US | Inactive | [b][i] |
Phi | NA | 1881–1883 | Jacksonville Female Academy | Jacksonville | Illinois | US | Inactive | [j] |
Rho | NA | 1881–1883 | Dearborn Seminary | Chicago | Illinois | US | Inactive | [k] |
Sigma (1) | NA | 1881–1881 | Pella College ? | Pella | Iowa | US | Inactive | [l][m] |
Omega | NA | 1882–1893 | Des Moines, IA Community Chapter | Des Moines | Iowa | US | Inactive | [b] |
Beta Omega | Iowa Eta (1) | October 12, 1882–1890 | Fairfield, IA Community Chapter | Fairfield | Iowa | US | Inactive | [b][n] |
Sigma (2) | NA | October 1883–188x ? | Cedar Rapids, IA Community Chapter | Cedar Rapids | Iowa | US | Inactive | [o] |
Lambda (2) | NA | 1884–1886 | Coe College | Cedar Rapids | Iowa | US | Inactive | [p][q] |
Zeta Omega | Iowa Theta | August 22, 1884–1892 | Ottumwa, IA Community Chapter | Ottumwa | Iowa | US | Inactive | [b][r] |
Delta Omega | Iowa Kappa | September 1884–1884 | Iowa City, IA Community Chapter | Iowa City | Iowa | US | Inactive | [b][s] |
Gamma Omega | Iowa Iota | August 1884–1894 | Mt. Pleasant, IA Community Chapter | Mount Pleasant | Iowa | US | Inactive | [b][t][u] |
Psi | NA | January 14, 1885–1886 | Cincinnati Wesleyan College ? | Cincinnati | Ohio | US | Inactive | [v] |
- ^ Per the 1936 History, the word "sorosis" was a rival, coined term and thus a synonym to the word "sorority" which was eventually adopted to describe this entire class of women's organizations. Hence, the esoteric name of this particular organization is "I.C.", which remains in use internally. Pi Beta Phi members may call themselves the I.C. Sorosis, where had others adopted the word there could also have been an "A.B. Sorosis", or an "X.Y.Z. Sorosis."
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j This early chapter was at a finishing school or seminary, not a college.
- ^ After relinquishing its charter in 1871 due to "serious disapproval" by the faculty (1936 History, p.43), most of its members were absorbed into the Iowa Alpha chapter at Iowa Wesleyan University.
- ^ This school was named Indiana Ashbury University when its original chapter of I.C. Sorosis was established. It was renamed DePauw University in 1884 to honor a significant donor.
- ^ This chapter's original name was Epsilon chapter, a group that died out prior to the state name shift in 1888.
- ^ At its 1942 restoration, the new chapter absorbed Pi Phi Epsilon (local), which had been created for this purpose in 1941; its creation as Indiana Epsilon was coincidental, per the Arrow 2017 reference, not designed to reflect its earlier name on the campus.
- ^ An early I.C.Sorosis group, this chapter didn't survive past 187x.
- ^ There were two Nu chapters prior to the shift to the state naming convention. The first was a community chapter in Clarinda, Iowa, and the second, briefly, was at the University of Colorado before that group was renamed Colorado Alpha chapter.
- ^ Later named Iowa Delta chapter to give it a state-series name, though the chapter was dormant.
- ^ This school merged into Illinois College in 1903, making that a co-ed institution twenty years after the demise of the Jacksonville Female Academy.
- ^ This school merged into the University of Chicago in 1899.
- ^ A very short-lived chapter, this school may have been Central College rather than "Pella College" as is listed in the Baird's Manual Archive.
- ^ Not to be confused with the ministry-oriented "Pella College" located in Glendale, AZ. This church-based organization was formed over 100 years later.
- ^ Later briefly named Iowa Eta (1) chapter to give it a state-series name, though the chapter was dormant. The Iowa Eta (2) chapter designation was later given to the chapter at Drake.
- ^ This community chapter took the name of a very short-lived chapter in Pella, Iowa that had died out two years prior.
- ^ Was there a connection between this group and the Sigma (2) chapter, also located in Cedar Rapids?
- ^ There were two Lambda chapters prior to the shift to the state naming convention. The first was at Simpson College, briefly, before that group was renamed Iowa Beta chapter. Once that name became available it appears the Coe College chapter adopted it, in 1884 until closure in 1886.
- ^ Named Iowa Theta chapter to give it a state-series name.
- ^ Briefly designated Iowa Kappa chapter to give it a state-series name, though the chapter was dormant. This group relinquished its charter within a few months of installation.
- ^ There may be a connection between this chapter and two of ΠΒΦ's earliest chapters, Iowa Alpha chapter and Delta chapter.
- ^ Briefly named Iowa Iota chapter to give it a state-series name.
- ^ The school name is presently a redirect to Ohio Wesleyan Female College, but this may be in error as the dates don't line up. Possibly, Cincinnati Wesleyan College, which remained open until 1892, then merged itself into Ohio Wesleyan University.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Baird, William Raimond, ed. (1890). American College Fraternities (4th ed.). New York: James P. Downs. pp. 240–243 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d "The Arrow" (PDF). Issuu.com. Pi Beta Phi. Spring 2017. pp. 36–86. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d Spring, Agnes Wright (February 1936). Pi Phi History 1936 (Vol 52, No. 3 - part 1 ed.). Pi Beta Phi. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ^ William Raimond Baird; Carroll Lurding (eds.). "Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities (Baird's Manual Online Archive), document listing Pi Beta Phi chapters". Student Life and Culture Archives. University of Illinois: University of Illinois Archives. Retrieved 6 March 2024. The main archive URL is The Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage.
- ^ Pi Beta Phi Chapter List, accessed 7 Mar 2024
- ^ Hearts that are Bound by the Wine & Silver Blue. Harmony House Publishers, Prospect, Kentucky, Pi Beta Phi Fraternity. 2005. ISBN 1564691241.
- ^ Larson, Dale Russell (1966). "Dissertation: A History of York College". University of Nebraska Teachers College. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "Drake submission, National Register of Historic Places". 25 July 1988. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ "The College of Wooster GLO Situation, February 13, 1913". Retrieved Dec 27, 2020.
- ^ "University of Pittsburgh - Owl Yearbook (Pittsburgh, PA) - Class of 1921". p. 322.
- ^ The Daily Pennsylvanian October 6, 1992
- ^ "The Iowa Normal Monthly, August 1886, Vol. X, No. 1". Hatha Trust. p. 38. Retrieved 4 March 2024.