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Lambic

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Lambic
Bottled lambic beers
Country of originBelgium
Yeast typeSpontaneous fermentation
Alcohol by volume2–8%
Color (SRM)Yellow or pale to deep gold or dark red (when made with certain fruits, see below)
Malt percentage66%

Lambic (English: /ˈlæmbɪk/ LAM-bik, French: [lɑ̃bik] ⓘ; Dutch: lambiek [lɑmˈbik] ⓘ) is a type of beer brewed in the Pajottenland region of Belgium southwest of Brussels and in Brussels itself since the 13th century.[1] Types of lambic beer include gueuze, kriek lambic, and framboise.[2] Lambic differs from most other beers in that it is fermented through exposure to wild yeasts and bacteria native to the Zenne valley, as opposed to exposure to carefully cultivated strains of brewer's yeast. This process gives the beer its distinctive flavour: dry, vinous, and cidery, often with a tart aftertaste.[3]

Etymology

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This beverage is first mentioned in 1794 as allambique. The initial 'a' was dropped early on so that in an 1811 advertisement it was called lambicq, though it was sometimes referred to as alambic as late as 1829. The name may stem from alembic, a type of still used for producing local spirits such as cognac and jenever (but not used in the production of lambic).[4] Breweries in and around Lembeek, a village near Halle, Belgium, have attempted to associate lambic with that name,[2] including through the legend of local saint Veronus of Lembeek.

Brewing

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A coolship at Brouwerij Omer Vander Ghinste [nl]
Kriek is a variety of lambic aged with cherries.

Lambic is generally brewed from a grist containing about 60–70% barley malt and 30–40% unmalted wheat. The wort is cooled overnight in a shallow, flat, metal pan (generally copper or stainless steel) called a coolship, where it is left exposed to the open air so more than 120 different types of microorganisms may inoculate the wort.[5] This cooling process requires night-time temperatures between −8 and 8 °C (18 and 46 °F).[6] While this cooling method of open-air exposure is a critical feature of the style, the key yeasts and bacteria that perform the fermentation reside within the breweries' timber fermenting vessels.[7] Over 80 microorganisms have been identified in lambic beer, the most significant being Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pastorianus, and Brettanomyces bruxellensis. The process is generally only possible between October and May as in the summer, too many unfavourable organisms that are in the air could spoil the beer.[8] In Brussels dialect, lambic produced after this traditional brewing season is referred to as bezomerd, meaning that it has had "too much summer".[6] Climate change is further shortening this limited brewing window; in the early 1900s, lambic brewers enjoyed roughly 165 days a year in the ideal temperature range, whereas by 2018, that number has shrunk to 140.[6]

Aged, dried hops

Since at least the 11th century, and probably earlier, hops have been used in beer for their natural preservative qualities and for the pleasant bitterness, flavour, and aroma they impart. Since the method of inoculation and long fermentation time of lambic beers increases the risk of spoilage, lambic brewers use large amounts of hops for their antibacterial properties. Lambic in the early 19th century was a highly hopped beer, using 8–9 g/L of the locally grown 'Aalst' or 'Poperinge' varieties.[9] Modern lambic brewers, however, try to avoid making the beer extremely hop-forward and use aged, dry hops, which have lost much of their bitterness, aroma, and flavour.[10] Consequently, lambics often have a strong, cheese-like, "old hop" aroma, in contrast to the resiny, herbal, earthy hop bitterness found in other styles.[11][12] The favourite hop used for lambic in the nineteenth century was a variety called Coigneau which was cultivated in the Aalst-Asse area in Belgium.[13]

After the fermentation process starts, the lambic is siphoned into barrels, mostly old port wine or sherry barrels (of chestnut or oak) from Portugal or Spain. Some brewers prefer used wine barrels. The lambic is left to ferment and mature for one or several years. It forms a velo de flor of yeast that gives some protection from oxidation, in a similar way to vin jaune and sherry; the barrels are not topped up.

Types of lambic and derived beers

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Lambic is usually a blend of at least two different beers; many producers are blenders who buy beer from other brewers and blend them together to create the desired result. A gueuze may have occupied space in several different cellars over six years or more. While those outside Belgium are likely to find bottled gueuze and fruited versions, a wider variety of styles is available to local drinkers. Beers are often blended again or sweetened with sugar or flavoured syrups before drinking, as some can be extremely tart.[14] Most, if not all, of the varieties listed below, have Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) status. This status does not specify that a product has a link to a specific geographical area.[15]

Unblended lambic

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Unblended lambic is a cloudy, uncarbonated, bracingly sour beverage that is rarely available on tap. Draught releases are generally regarded as either jonge (young) or oude (old), depending on the age and discretion of the brewer. Bottled offerings from Cantillon and De Cam can be found outside Belgium.

Gueuze

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Main article: Gueuze

A mixture of young (one-year-old) and old (two- and three-year-old) lambics have been bottled. Because the young lambics are not yet fully fermented, they undergo secondary fermentation in the bottle and produce carbon dioxide. A gueuze is given at least a year to carbonate in the bottle, but can be kept for 10–20 years.

Mars

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Mars traditionally referred to a weaker beer made from the second runnings of a lambic brewing.[16] It is no longer commercially produced. In the 1990s, Boon Brewery made a modern Mars beer called Lembeek's 2% (the 2% referring to the alcohol content),[16] but it is now only produced for use of Tilquin as a component of their keg beers.

Faro

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A glass and bottle of Lindemans Faro

Historically, faro [wa] is a low-alcohol, sweetened beer made from a blend of lambic and a much lighter, freshly brewed beer to which brown sugar (or sometimes caramel or molasses) was added. The fresh beer was referred to as meertsbier, and was not necessarily a lambic.[17] Sometimes herbs were added as well. The use of meertsbier (or water) and of substandard lambic in the blend made this a cheap, light, sweet drink for everyday consumption. The 19th-century French poet Charles Baudelaire commented on faro's disagreeable aftertaste in saying, "It's beer that you drink twice", believing that the faro in Brussels was brewed from the waters of a river (the Senne or Zenne) that was also used as a sewer.[18]

The sugar was originally added shortly before serving, so does not add carbonation or alcohol to the beverage, as the sugar did not have the time to ferment. Modern faro beer is still characterized by the use of brown sugar and lambic, but is not always a light beer. The use of meertsbier has disappeared, and modern faro is not viewed as cheap or light. Today, faro is bottled, sweetened, and pasteurized to prevent refermentation in the bottle. Examples are produced by Cantillon, Boon, Oud Beersel, Lindemans or Mort Subite.

Kriek

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Main article: Kriek lambic

Lambic refermented in the presence of sour cherries (usually the morello variety, or a bitter variety known as the Schaarbeek cherry) and with secondary fermentation in the bottle results in kriek.[2][14] Traditional versions of kriek are dry and sour, just as with traditional gueuze.

Fruit

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A bottle of Belgian raspberry lambic as sold in the United States
Raspberry and peach lambic

Lambic may be made with the addition of raspberry (framboise), peach (pêche), blackcurrant (cassis), grape (druif), or strawberry (aardbei), as either whole fruit or syrup. Other, rarer fruit lambic flavorings include apple (pomme), banana (banane), pineapple (ananas), apricot (abricot), plum (prune), cloudberry (plaquebière), lemon (citron), and blueberry (myrtille). Fruit lambics are usually bottled with secondary fermentation. Although fruit lambics are among the most famous Belgian fruit beers, the use of names such as kriek, framboise or frambozen, cassis, etc. does not necessarily imply that the beer is made from lambic. The fruit beers produced by the Liefmans Brewery, for example, use an oud bruin, rather than a lambic, as a base.

Many of the non-traditional fruit beers derived from lambic that was commercialized in the last decades are considered to be low-quality products by many beer enthusiasts.[2] These products are typically artificially sweetened, artificially carbonated, sterilized, and based on the juice of the fruit instead of the whole fruit.

Belgian producers

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Wooden lambic barrels at Hanssens

Lambic beers are only produced near Brussels due to that region's natural microflora.[19] The number of producers, which numbered more than 300 in 1900, shrank drastically throughout the 20th century.[14] Lambic production is generally sanctioned and promoted by HORAL.[14]

Breweries

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Blenders

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Lambiek". Hoge Raad voor Ambachtelijke Lambiekbieren (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d Jackson, Michael (1991). Michael Jackson's Great Beers of Belgium.
  3. ^ Drinkers, Thinking (18 April 2014). "What on earth is lambic beer?". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  4. ^ Thierry Delplancq, 'Les brasseurs de lambic. Données historiques et géographiques (XVIIIe S. - XXe S.) (1)', in: Archives et bibliothèques de Belgique, part 67 (1996), nr. 1-4, p. 257-320; Gazette d'Amsterdam 29 August 1811.
  5. ^ Risen, Clay (14 December 2009). "American Beer the Belgian Way". The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  6. ^ a b c Boffey, Daniel (10 September 2018). "One of world's oldest beer varieties 'at risk from climate change'". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  7. ^ Spitaels, Freek, et al. "The Microbial Diversity of Traditional Spontaneously Fermented Lambic Beer." PLoS ONE 9.4 (2014): e95384. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095384
  8. ^ "The birth of lambic". lindemans.be. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  9. ^ Lacambre, G. Traité de la Fabrication des Bières et de la Distillation des Grains, etc., Vol. 1. 1851.
  10. ^ "Lambic and the spontaneous fermentation". Cantillon.be. Brasserie Cantillon. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  11. ^ Fletcher, Janet (16 April 2013). Cheese & Beer. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-4494-3141-9.
  12. ^ "Assess Your Ingredients (II:Hops and Yeast)". beerandwinejournal.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  13. ^ Thompson, Kat (10 June 2019). "Why You Should Drink Lambics, One of Belgium's Best and Wildest Beers". Thrillist. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  14. ^ a b c d Glaser, Gregg (1 July 2001). "In Search of Lambic". All About Beer. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  15. ^ Eddings, Bryce (16 April 2020). "Lambic Beers: The Tart Brews You Need for Dinner". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  16. ^ a b Oliver, Garrett (2012). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-19-536713-3.
  17. ^ Jackson, Michael (1993). Michael Jackson's Beer Companion. Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 9781857321814.
  18. ^ Baudelaire, Charles (1993). The Flowers of Evil. Oxford University Press. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-19-283545-1.
  19. ^ De Keersmaecker, Jacques (1996). "The Mystery of Lambic Beer". Scientific American. 275 (2): 74–80. Bibcode:1996SciAm.275b..74K. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0896-74. JSTOR 24993314.
  20. ^ Van Looveren, Yoni (15 December 2017). "Heineken will sell Mort Subite internationally". Retail Detail.

Further reading

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  • Dirk Van Oevelen, Microbiology and biochemistry of the natural wort fermentation in the production of Lambic and gueuze, PhD Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium (1979)
  • H. Verachtert, Lambic and gueuze brewing: mixed cultures in action, Foundation Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation research, Vol. 7 Finland pp. 243–263.
  • Jean-Xavier Guinard, Classic Beerstyle Series nr. 3, Lambic, Brewers Publications, a division of the Association of Brewers (1990).
  • Jeff Sparrow, Wildbrews: Beer Beyond the Influence of Brewer's yeast, Brewers Publications, a division of the Association of Brewers (2005).
  • Tim Webb, Chris Pollard, and Joris Pattyn. LambicLand/LambikLand. ISBN 0-9547789-0-1
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