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LGBTQ rights in Botswana

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LGBTQ rights in Botswana
Botswana
StatusLegal since 2019[1]
Gender identityTransgender people are allowed to change legal gender without surgery or hormone therapy
MilitaryAllowed to serve
Discrimination protectionsConstitutional protections for sexual orientation
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNo
AdoptionNo

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in Botswana face legal issues not experienced by non-LGBTQ citizens. Both female and male same-sex sexual acts have been legal in Botswana since 11 June 2019 after a unanimous ruling by the High Court of Botswana.[1][2] Despite an appeal by the government, the ruling was upheld by the Botswana Court of Appeal on 29 November 2021.

In recent years, the LGBTQ community has become more visible and accepted among Botswana's population.[3] The Botswana High Court has been at the forefront of LGBTQ rights in the country. In 2016, it ordered the Government to register Botswana's main LGBTQ organisation, LEGABIBO, and in 2017 it ruled that transgender people have a constitutional right to change their legal gender.[4] In 2019, it struck down colonial-era laws banning homosexuality, and ruled that "sex", as defined in Section 3 of the Botswana Constitution, should be "generously and purposively interpreted" to include sexual orientation. Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has been banned since 2010 in Botswana, making it one of the few African countries to have such protections for LGBTQ people.

LEGABIBO is the country's main LGBTQ advocacy group, and promotes awareness and acceptance of LGBTQ people.

History

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Homosexuality and same-sex relations have been documented among various modern-day Botswana groups. In the 18th century, the Khoikhoi people recognised the terms koetsire, which refers to a man who is sexually receptive to another man, and soregus, which refers to mutual masturbation, usually among friends. Anal intercourse and sexual relations between women also occurred, though more rarely. The San people similarly did not regard homosexuality negatively, and various rock paintings depicting anal intercourse between men exist to this day.[5] The Tswana people, a Bantu ethnic group who make up the majority of Botswana's population, also have a local term to refer to homosexuality. The Tswana term matanyola, which literally translates to "anal sex", has long been used to refer to men who have sex with men. Prior to colonisation, Tswana society did not share the Western concepts of sexuality and gender. Many Tswana men would have sex with men, but also have wives. Homosexuality was not viewed as an antithesis to heterosexuality. Indeed, there was widespread liberty to engage in sexual activity with both men and women.[6] Traditional dikgosi (local Tswana chiefs) argue that homosexuality has always existed in Tswana society, and that such individuals should be respected.[7]

This relative openness and indifference towards homosexuality disappeared after Botswana (then known as the Bechuanaland Protectorate) became a British protectorate in the 19th century and began enforcing Victorian era laws and social policies.

Legality of same-sex sexual acts

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Same-sex sexual acts became legal on 11 June 2019. Previously, sodomy, whether heterosexual or homosexual, was criminalised, punishable by up to seven years' imprisonment. The law criminalising such sexual activity applied to both men and women. Initially, its application was limited to men only (similar to other colonies of the British Empire), however, a Botswana court found this to be discriminatory and that the law should apply to women as well.[8]

Although same-sex sexual acts remained illegal until June 2019,[9] their prosecution was rare according to a 2004 publication.[10]

On March 30th 2016, the Gaborone City Council unanimously approved a motion calling for the repeal of Botswana's criminalisation of same-sex sexual acts.[11]

Letsweletse Motshidiemang, a student at the University of Botswana, was the lead plaintiff in a case to legalise homosexuality in Botswana. In November 2017, LeGaBiBo successfully applied to join the case as a friend of the court. The lawsuit sought to declare Section 164(a) and 167 of the Penal Code unconstitutional because "they interfere with his [the student's] fundamental right to liberty, freedom of privacy, as well as his right to use his body as he sees fit." However, the Deputy Attorney General argued that these sections were constitutional because they prohibited certain sexual acts which may be conducted by those of all sexual orientations, whether heterosexual or homosexual, and thus that these laws do not discriminate based on sexual orientation. Initially, the High Court was supposed to hear the case in March 2018.[12][13] In February, however, the Deputy Attorney General asked for more time to respond to the plaintiffs' claims. As such, the High Court moved the hearing to 31 May 2018.[14] The case was then postponed again.[15] On 6 December 2018, the Court rescheduled the hearing for 14 March 2019.[16][17][18] LGBTQ activists presented their arguments at the hearing and were given a date of 11 June for the judgement.[19][4]

On 11 June, the High Court decriminalized same-sex sexual activity by unanimously declaring that section 164 of Botswana's Penal Code was unconstitutional.[20][1] The judgement was welcomed by the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP).[21] Judge Michael Leburu further said that such laws "deserve a place in the museum or archives and not in the world".[22]

"Human dignity is harmed when minority groups are marginalized." ... "Sexual orientation is not a fashion statement. It is an important attribute of one's personality".

— Judge Michael Leburu

In July 2019, the Government of Botswana appealed the High Court ruling to the Botswana Court of Appeal. Attorney-General Abraham Keetshabe argued that the court was mistaken in its conclusion in overturning the sodomy law, saying, "I am of the view that the High Court erred in arriving at this conclusion and thus, I have decided to note an appeal with the Court of Appeal", without giving further details of the grounds for the appeal. LEGABIBO and LGBTQ activists slammed the appeal calling it disappointing and an affirmation of persistent homophobia and transphobia.[23][24][25] The appeal was unanimously rejected on 29 November 2021, with retiring Court of Appeal president Ian Kirby writing for the court that laws criminalizing same-sex relations "have outlived their usefulness, and serve only to incentivise law enforcement agents to become key-hole peepers and intruders into the private space of citizens".[26]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

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Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Botswana

Same-sex couples have no legal recognition, whether in the form of marriage or civil unions.

Discrimination protections

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The Employment Act 1982 (Tswana: Molao wa Thapo 1982) has prohibited employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation since 2010.[27][28]

In June 2019, the High Court of Botswana ruled that "sex", as defined in Section 3 of the Botswana Constitution, should be "generously and purposively interpreted" to include "sexual orientation". Carmel Rickard, legal columnist at the University of Cape Town, writing for the African Legal Information Institute, said, "The impact of this finding is significant and could well mean that the local LGBTI will have an even stronger, constitutionally-based argument for any further challenge to discrimination. It also has the effect that, thanks to judicial interpretation, Botswana's constitution now joins that of South Africa in outlawing discrimination based on sexual orientation."[29]

"On the basis of the formulated rules of constitutional construction or interpretation, I have no qualms whatsoever in determining that the word 'sex' in Section 3 is wide enough to include and capture 'sexual orientation', as I hereby determine."

— Judge Michael Leburu

Gender identity and expression

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In September 2017, the Botswana High Court ruled that the refusal of the Registrar of National Registration to change a transgender man's gender marker was "unreasonable and violated his constitutional rights to dignity, privacy, freedom of expression, equal protection of the law, freedom from discrimination and freedom from inhumane and degrading treatment". LGBTQ activists celebrated the ruling, describing it as a great victory.[30][31] At first, the Botswana Government announced it would appeal the ruling, but decided against it in December, supplying the trans man with a new identity document that reflects his gender identity.[32]

A similar case, where a transgender woman sought to change her gender marker to female, was heard in December 2017. The High Court ruled that the Government must recognise her gender identity.[33] She dedicated her victory to "every single trans diverse person in Botswana".

Living conditions

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Homosexuality has typically been a taboo subject in Botswana, and has been historically seen as a "Western disease" and "un-African",[10] though the early 21st century has seen major advances in the societal perceptions of LGBTQ people.[13]

In February 2011, the Deputy Speaker of the Botswana National Assembly, Pono Moatlhodi, responded to a proposal to provide condoms to prison inmates engaging in same-sex sexual acts, as a measure to fight HIV/AIDS. Moatlhodi said that if he had the power, he would have those who practice homosexuality killed. Moatlhodi further said that inmates should learn that by having chosen to break the law, they were imprisoned and thus were responsible for starving themselves of sex.[34]

In 2010 and 2011, former Botswana President Festus Mogae spoke out against sexual discrimination, saying prejudice was hindering efforts to fight HIV in a country where one in four adults had the disease. "We do not want to discriminate. Our HIV message applies to everybody. If we are fighting stigma associated with sex, let's apply it to sexual discrimination in general." He told the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) that during his 10 years in office, he had instructed police not to arrest or harass gay people. "I could not change the law because that would be unnecessarily stirring up a hornet's nest. I was not willing to lose an election on behalf of the gays. The majority of our people are still opposed [to homosexuality] so I must convince them first before changing the law unilaterally."[35]

The U.S. Department of State's 2011 Human Rights Report found that "[t]he country has no law explicitly criminalizing consensual same-sex sexual activity. However, what the law describes as 'unnatural acts' are criminalized, and there is widespread belief this is directed toward gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender persons. Police did not target same-sex activity, and there were no reports of violence against persons based on their sexual orientation or gender identity during the year."[36]

In September 2016, responding to the deportation of American anti-gay pastor Steven Anderson from Botswana, President Ian Khama said that "we don't want hate speech in this country. Let him do it in his own country."[37]

In November 2018, President Mokgweetsi Masisi, speaking to a crowd, said:[38]

There are also many people of same sex relationships in this country, who have been violated and have also suffered in silence for fear of being discriminated. Just like other citizens, they deserve to have their rights protected.

On 11 June 2019, the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) welcomed the judgement of the High Court that decriminalised homosexuality.[21]

Civil society organizations

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Botswana's primary LGBTQ rights organization is LEGABIBO. The Government has twice rejected its application to be registered; therefore, the group's ability to raise funds was limited. The registrar said that it could not register any group that "is likely to be used for any unlawful purpose or any purpose prejudicial to or incompatible with peace, welfare or good order in Botswana".[39] In 2013, fourteen members of LeGaBiBo engaged Unity Dow to sue the Botswana Government to force it to register the organisation.[40] The High Court ruled in November 2014 that LEGABIBO must be registered.[41] The Government appealed the ruling and on 16 March 2016, the Botswana Court of Appeal unanimously ruled that the refusal to register LEGABIBO was unlawful.[42][43] LEGABIBO has since managed to open its main office in Gaborone, followed by Drop In Centres (DIC) in Francistown, Kasane, Selebi Phikwe and Letlhakane.[44]

Public opinion

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A 2016 Afrobarometer opinion poll found that 43% of respondents would welcome or would not be bothered by having 'a homosexual neighbour,' well above the average for the countries surveyed.[45]

Studies conducted by the Afrobarometer have found that young Batswana are more tolerant of gays than the older generation.[13]

Summary table

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Same-sex sexual activity legal Yes (Since 2019)
Equal age of consent (18) Yes (Since 2019)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only Yes (Since 2010)
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services Yes (Since 2019)[29]
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (Incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) Yes (Since 2019)[29]
Same-sex marriages No
Recognition of same-sex couples No
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples No
Joint adoption by same-sex couples No
LGBTQ allowed to serve openly in the military Yes (Since 2010)
Right to change legal gender Yes (Since 2017)
Access to IVF for lesbians Yes
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples Unclear/Botswana currently does not have a law that regulates surrogacy for all sexual orientations.[46][47]
MSMs allowed to donate blood Yes[48][49]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Fox, Kara (11 June 2019). "Botswana scraps gay sex laws in big victory for LGBTQ rights in Africa". CNN. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  2. ^ "Botswana decriminalises homosexuality". BBC. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  3. ^ "Batswana warm up to gays, study shows". 11 March 2016.
  4. ^ a b "Botswana High Court postpones ruling on decriminalizing gay sex". Gay Star News. 14 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  5. ^ "Boy-Wives and Female Husbands". www.willsworld.org.
  6. ^ Scott Long, A. Widney Brown, Gail Cooper. More Than a Name: State-sponsored Homophobia and Its Consequences in Southern Africa, Human Rights Watch, 2003
  7. ^ Botswana chiefs: 'Homosexuality has always been here'. Erasing 76 Crimes, 26 July 2013
  8. ^ Marusic 2/22/2017, Kristina. "Why More And More Countries Are Making It Illegal To Be A Lesbian Or Bi Woman". LOGO News.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Powys Maurice, Emma (11 June 2019). "Botswana LGBT activists present arguments to decriminalise gay sex". Pink News. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  10. ^ a b Mookodi, Godisang (2004). "Botswana" (PDF). Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  11. ^ "City of Gaborone calls for an end to gay ban in Botswana". MambaOnline. 1 April 2016.
  12. ^ For LGBT Rights, 2018 Will Be the Year of the Courts, Human Rights Watch
  13. ^ a b c Fresh bid to decriminalise homosexuality, Mmegi Online
  14. ^ Staff WRITER (6 March 2018). "Mmegi Online :: LEGABIBO files evidence in sodomy case". Mmegi Online.
  15. ^ "Gays recognition case postponed". Mmegi Online. 31 May 2018.
  16. ^ "Botswana High Court sets new date to consider decriminalising homosexuality". MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online. 6 December 2018.
  17. ^ "Botswana High Court to hear landmark case on decriminalising homosexuality". Mambaonline. 5 March 2019.
  18. ^ "Gay sex case before full High Court bench next week". TheVoiceBW. 6 March 2019.
  19. ^ "Botswana LGBT activists present arguments to decriminalise gay sex · PinkNews". www.pinknews.co.uk. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  20. ^ "In the matter between: LETSWELETSE MOTSHIDIEMANG and ATTORNEY GENERAL" (PDF). African Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  21. ^ a b The Ruling Party Welcomes Judgement Ddrciminalization Of Consensual Same-Sex In Botswana, Botswana People's Daily Newspaper, Facebook
  22. ^ "Botswana legalises gay sex". The Economist. 15 June 2019.
  23. ^ "Botswana wants to make gay sex illegal again". Erasing 76 Crimes. 9 July 2019.
  24. ^ "Botswana seeks to overturn ruling that legalized gay sex". Reuters. Gaborone. 6 July 2019.
  25. ^ Tracy, Matt (9 July 2019). "Botswana Appeals Sodomy Repeal". Gay City News.
  26. ^ "Botswana appeals court upholds ruling that decriminalised gay sex". Reuters. 29 November 2021.
  27. ^ State-sponsored Homophobia A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults Archived 17 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ "Botswana's LGBT community marches through the capital's streets to mark the International Day against Homophobia and Transphobia - International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia". Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  29. ^ a b c Carmel Rickard (13 June 2019). "It's Not Just Sex: Sexual Orientation Discrimination No Longer Allowed By Botswana's Constitution". AfricanLII.
  30. ^ "Botswana: Activists Celebrate Botswana's Transgender Court Victory". Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  31. ^ "NEWS RELEASE: BOTSWANA HIGH COURT RULES IN LANDMARK GENDER IDENTITY CASE – Southern Africa Litigation Centre".
  32. ^ “Sweet closure” as Botswana finally agrees to recognise trans man, Mambaonline
  33. ^ "Botswana to recognise a transgender woman's identity for first time after historic High Court ruling". independent. 18 December 2017.
  34. ^ ""Just like Mugabi I hate gays – MP Moatlhodi", The Botswana Gazette, reported by Daniel Kenosi, 9 February 2011" (PDF). 11 January 2010.
  35. ^ ""Sticky sodomy case has Botswana gays flustered", Sapa-AFP, reprinted on the Internet by TimesLive, 16 March 2011".
  36. ^ "2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, page 19" (PDF).
  37. ^ Botswana to deport anti-gay US pastor Steven Anderson BBC News
  38. ^ Botswana | New president acknowledges LGBTI people's rights. Mambaonline, 10 December 2018
  39. ^ ""Botswana Gay Group Denied Registration - Again", Mambaonline.com, 23 April 2012". Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  40. ^ ""Gays enlist Dow to sue govt for non-recognition", Sunday Standard, reported by Khonani Ontebetse, 7 April 2013". Archived from the original on 14 April 2013.
  41. ^ "Botswana gay group wins court battle". BBC News. 14 November 2014.
  42. ^ Hogan, Ashley (17 March 2016). "Botswana court rules in favor of LGBT rights group". JURIST.
  43. ^ "Botswana's top court rejects government bid to ban gay rights group". Reuters. 16 March 2016 – via www.reuters.com.
  44. ^ "A Celebration of Courage: Previous Awardees 2000-2003". OutRight Action International. 1 May 2003. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  45. ^ "Africa's most and least homophobic countries". 9 March 2016.
  46. ^ Kuhlmann, Mpho (18 November 2019). "Legislators caught flatfooted as Batswana women rent out their wombs". Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  47. ^ "Pioneering surrogacy case tests local judiciary". Pioneering surrogacy case tests local judiciary. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  48. ^ "LGBT Rights in Botswana". Equaldex. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  49. ^ "Govt denies barring gays and lesbians from donating blood". 26 May 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
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