Jump to content

Kumasi

Coordinates: 06°42′00″N 01°37′30″W / 6.70000°N 1.62500°W / 6.70000; -1.62500
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Kumasi, Ashanti Region)

For the administrative subdivision of Iran, see Kumasi Rural District.
Kumasi
City
Top to Bottom; Left to Right: Kronom suburb in Kumasi, Prempeh I International Airport, Manhyia Palace, Armed Forces Museum
Flag of Kumasi
Flag
Official seal of Kumasi
Seal
Etymology: Twi: Kumase ('under the kum tree')
Nickname(s): 
The Garden City, Oseikrom
Kumasi is located in Ashanti
Kumasi
Kumasi
Location of Kumasi in Ashanti, Central Ghana
Kumasi is located in Ghana
Kumasi
Kumasi
Kumasi (Ghana)
Kumasi is located in Africa
Kumasi
Kumasi
Kumasi (Africa)
Coordinates: 06°42′00″N 01°37′30″W / 6.70000°N 1.62500°W / 6.70000; -1.62500
Country Ghana
Region Ashanti
DistrictKumasi Metropolitan
Historic countriesAshanti Empire
Founded1680
Government
[1]
 • TypeMayor–council
 • Metropolitan mayorSamuel Pyne
Area
[2]
 • City299 km2 (115 sq mi)
Elevation
250 m (820 ft)
Population
 (2021)[3][4][5]: 5, 36 
 • City443,981
 • Density1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)
 • Urban
3,490,030
 • Ethnicities
 • Religion
Time zoneUTC
Postal codes
AK000-AK911
Area code032 20
ClimateAw
Websitekma.gov.gh

Kumasi,[a] also spelled as Comassie or Coomassie,[8] is a city and the capital of the Kumasi Metropolitan district and the Ashanti Region of Ghana.[9]: 1, 3  It is the second largest city in the country,[10]: 9  with a population of 443,981 as of the 2021 census.[3] Kumasi is located in a rain forest region near Lake Bosomtwe[5]: 2  and is located about 200 kilometres (120 mi) from Accra.[11] The city experiences a tropical savanna climate, with two rainy reasons which range from minor to major. Major ethnic groups who lived in Kumasi are the Asante, Mole-Dagbon and Ewe.[5]: 5  The current mayor of the metropolitan is Samuel Pyne.[1][12]

The city was the capital of the Asante Empire, which at its peak covered large parts of present day Ghana and the Ivory Coast.[10]: 9  After getting taken over by the British in 1896, Kumasi rapidly grew with improvements to infrastructure, such as roads and the additions of railways. After Ghana got its independance in 1957, the city became the capital of the Ashanti Region.[12] The city is often regarded as "The Garden City" after Maxwell Fry released his 1945 “Garden City of West Africa” plan for the city.[13] It is also due to the abundant of gardens and forestry in the city.[14]

Kumasi is a commercial, economic, and trading hub in Ghana, home to the biggest market in West Africa: the Kejetia Market. The city is the centre of Asante culture, hence also being nicknamed "Osei-Krom" or simply "Oseikrom", along with attracting many visitors.[10]: 9  The city is also home to numerous trade associations, such as the Aboabo Talia Producers’ Association. Half of the country's timber processing takes place in the city. The Centre for National Culture, Wesley College of Education, and Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital are all located in the city.[9]: 10 [12]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Kumasi

Etymology

[edit]

Kumasi derived from the Twi word Kumase, meaning 'under the kum tree' in which kum meant 'the tree' and ase means 'under'. The word was the name of a Okum tree in Kwaman, planted by Okomfo Anokye.[7]

Early settlement

[edit]
Kente weaver on Adum Street in Kumasi, Ghana, 1819

Kumasi was founded around 1680 or in the 1680s by Asantehene Osei Kofi Tutu I as the capital of the Ashanti Empire.[15][16][17][18] Various accounts exist on the formation of the city. One states that Osei Tutu negotiated for the land under a Kum Tree. Hence, from which the name Kumasi derived from.[12] Other oral sources state it was Nana Oti Akenten who negotiated with the chief of Tafo for a plot of land under a Kum tree.[19] Other traditions indicate that Oti built Kwaman and it was his son Nana Obiri Yeboa who created Kumasi instead. The majority of oral sources attribute the choice of site to Okomfo Anokye who was said to have planted two Kum seeds; one in Kwaman and another in Kumawu as he decreed that the one which grew would be designated as the capital of Osei Tutu’s empire.[20] Kumasi was built over the eastern slopes of a ridge, rising from the marshes of the Nsuben rivers.[21]

Ashanti Empire

[edit]
Bowdich's sketch of Kumasi c. 1817[22]
Historical affiliations

The city rose to prominence in 1695, when it became the capital of the Ashanti Empire due to the activities of its ruler, Osei Tutu.[8] The ruler of Kumasi, known as the Asantehene, also served as the ruler of the empire. With their 1701 victory over Denkyira, the Ashanti empire became the primary state among the Ashantis.[23] In 1718–19, Aowin King Ebirimoro invaded Kumasi and sacked the capital.[24] Asantehene Opoku Ware I was able to "beat back" this invasion.[25]

European sources in the late 19th century mentioned the city's neatness such as the account of F. Boyle in 1874 who stated that Kumasi's smells "are never those of sewage" as well as Brackenbury, who wrote around 1873 that "the streets are generally very broad and clean, and ornamented with many beautiful banyan-trees affording grateful shade from the powerful rays of the sun."[26] In contrast, William Butler described the city as 'a filthier, and far more blood-stained collection of mud and wattle hovels than any other village in the forest.'[27] Parts of the city, including the then royal residence, were burnt by the British in the Third Anglo-Ashanti War of 1874.[28]

Burning of Kumasi in 1874 depicted by Henry Morton Stanley

In 1888, R. Austin Freeman was disappointed with the ruins of Kumasi following the British destruction in 1874 and the Ashanti civil war before 1888.

Kumasi was a great disappointment to me, and my disappointment increased as I walked round and examined the town. It was not merely that so little existed, but that so much had been destroyed. As it stands, or then stood, the town was nothing more than a large clearing in the forest, over which were scattered, somewhat irregularly, groups of houses. The paths were dirty and ill kept, and between the groups of houses large patches of waste ground intervened, and on these, amidst the tall, coarse grass that covered them, were to be seen the remains of houses that had once occupied them. These houses once stood in wide and regular streets, but since the destruction of the city in 1874 the natives do not seem to have had heart to rebuild them. Yet there remained some few vestiges to show what Kumasi had been in its palmy days... A few broad, well-kept streets still existed, lined by houses, [of] ... admirable construction, careful and artistic finish and excellent repair...

— R. Austin Freeman.[29]

Population of Kumasi during the time of the Ashanti Empire varied. In the early 19th century, Ashanti sources estimated a populace of 100,000 while European sources gave a figure around 12–15,000.[29] According to historian Ivor Wilks, the city may have had a population of 40,000 in the 1860s.[30]

Lady Mary Alice Hodgson, the first English lady to visit Ashanti, wrote "The Siege of Kumasi", an account of the siege of the fort by the nationals of Ashanti and of the subsequent march to the coast.[31] (She was the daughter of Hon. W. A. G. Young, C.M.G., former governor of the Gold Coast, and the wife of Sir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson, K.C.M.G., the governor of the Gold Coast in 1900.[31])

Colonial era

[edit]
Kings Way Road in Kumasi (1925)

In 1926, following the return of the Ashanti King Prempeh I after 30-year in exile in Seychelles Island, Kumasi was vested with ceremonial control over the Ashanti sub-states. The full role of king was restored by the colonial administration in 1935. The city holds an important place in the history of the Ashanti people, as legend claims that it was here Okomfo Anokye received the golden stool, an embodiment of the soul of Ashanti nation.[32]

Present Era

[edit]
For the modern history of Kumasi, see History of Kumasi § Ghana (1957–Present).

Geography

[edit]

Metropolitan area

[edit]
Satellite view of Kumasi Metropolitan taken during ISS Expedition 16

Kumasi is located in the Kumasi Metropolitan, one of more than thirty districts in the Ashanti Region. It covered a land area of 214.3 km2 (2.307×109 sq ft) and is elevated 250 to 300 mm (0.82 to 0.98 ft) above sea level. The metropolitan bordered the Kwabre East Municipal District and Afigya Kwabre North District to the north, the Atwima Kwanwoma District and Atwima Nwabiagya Municipal District to the west, the Ejisu Municipal District and Asokore Mampong Municipal District towards the east and the Bosomtwe District to the south.[5]: 1 

Environmental issues

[edit]

Due to large amounts of encroachment, water pollution in the city is increasing, threatening rivers such as the Wiwi and the Subin. A 2024 report said that in the Kumasi Metropolitan, "more land alongside the rivers was being used for industrial, residential and commercial purposes than for green spaces." The researchers criticized that "city authorities were ineffective in controlling development in these areas" and recommended that "there should be a buffer of 100 feet (30 metres) along water bodies."[33]

Climate

[edit]

Kumasi has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw), with two distinct rainy seasons, major and minor. The major season usually occurs from March to July whilst the minor season is from September to November. The annual rainfall clocks in at around 1,200 mm (3.9 ft) while the relative humidity ranges around 53% to 93%. The average monthly mean temperatures are around 31 °C (88 °F) while the monthly minimum temperatures are about 22 °C (72 °F).[34]

Climate data for Kumasi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1984–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.5
(99.5) 		38.9
(102.0) 		38.5
(101.3) 		36.4
(97.5) 		35.2
(95.4) 		33.9
(93.0) 		32.5
(90.5) 		32.6
(90.7) 		33.1
(91.6) 		33.9
(93.0) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.9
(96.6) 		38.9
(102.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.2
(91.8) 		34.5
(94.1) 		33.9
(93.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		32.0
(89.6) 		30.3
(86.5) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		29.6
(85.3) 		31.0
(87.8) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.2
(90.0) 		31.6
(88.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.4
(81.3) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.5
(83.3) 		28.0
(82.4) 		27.5
(81.5) 		26.3
(79.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.9
(76.8) 		25.8
(78.4) 		26.6
(79.9) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.0
(80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.3
(72.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.9
(71.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.4
(72.3)
Record low °C (°F) 11.7
(53.1) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.2
(63.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		10.6
(51.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 24.8
(0.98) 		49.0
(1.93) 		109.9
(4.33) 		163.6
(6.44) 		174.0
(6.85) 		227.3
(8.95) 		125.6
(4.94) 		68.8
(2.71) 		175.1
(6.89) 		175.6
(6.91) 		50.1
(1.97) 		27.6
(1.09) 		1,371.4
(53.99)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.4 3.7 7.7 9.5 10.9 12.3 8.3 6.9 12.0 13.2 5.6 2.2 93.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 178.5 177.4 187.8 192.3 191.5 135.2 98.8 75.9 93.7 159.4 196.2 180.5 1,867.2
Source 1: NOAA[35]
Source 2: Sistema de Classification Bioclimática Mundial (extremes 1984–1990)[36]

Cityscape

[edit]

Urban planning

[edit]

Historically, the city was planned based on traditional land settlement patterns and land use systems of the Asante Empire. Although this doesn't count as the city being 'formally' planned, it was considered to be well-organized with physical structures complying to the local culture and architecture. Some areas of Kumasi were declared as sacred. As well as being planned using traditional land settlement patterns, pre-colonial houses either did have streets or did not, and the ones that did had one were often narrow and were only used to get access neighbours houses.[37] In the present time, Kumasi is described as having unregulated informal activities, overdevelopment of slums, rapid urban growth, and poor services.[38]: 5 

Housing

[edit]
A detached house in Kumasi

Housing types occupied by households in Kumasi (2010)[38]: 12 

  Compound (54.9%)
  Detached (16.4%)
  Semi-detached (8.7%)
  Apartment (12.9%)
  Other (7.1%)

Compound houses are the most popular style of housing in Kumasi, being able to house 8 to 15 households on average. An typical compound house is usually an one-storey building containing of single rooms surrounding a square courtyard. They are usually built using low-cost construction materials and by local labour.[39] A 1996 study found that approximately 20% of home owners actually own their homes and more than 60% are migrants, either foreign or from other parts of Ghana.[40]

Government

[edit]

Although Kumasi does not have a mayor on its own, the metropolitan it is located in and administrated by has a mayor–council form of government. The mayor (executive chief) is appointed president of Ghana and approved by the city council, the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly.[41] As of 2021, the current mayor of the metropolitan is Samuel Pyne.[1]

Sub-Metros

[edit]

The metro is split up into 10 sub-metropolitan areas: Manhyia, Tafo, Suame, Asokwa, Oforikrom, Asawase, Bantama, Kwadaso, Nhyiaeso and Subin. The metro is also split up into 5 health districts: Asokwa, Subin, Bantama, Manhyia North and Manhyia South.[42]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1970346,336—    
1984496,628+43.4%
20001,170,270+135.6%
20102,035,064+73.9%
20213,490,030*—    
*estimate
Note: This does not count for the city of Kumasi, rather the metropolitan as a whole.
Source: Ghana Statistical Service.[b]

The population of the city of Kumasi is 443,981 people while the population of the metropolitan area is 3,490,030 people.[3][4] One out of every five people in Kumasi are Christian, followed by Islam and traditional African religions. The largest ethnic group in the city is the Asante, followed by the Mole-Dagbon and Ewe people. Most of the population was born outside of the municipality, with about half being born outside the region.[5]: 36, 5, 28 

Culture

[edit]
This section is about modern Ashanti culture. For information on pre-colonial Ashanti culture, see Culture of the Ashanti Empire.
See also: Asante people § Culture and traditions
Otumfuo Osei Tutu II 20th anniversary celebration

Kumasi is the centre of Asante culture, helping it to be nicknamed "Osei-Krom" or simply "Oseikrom". Kumasi is also known for its traditional textile, kente, usually always made using traditional practices. It is home to the largest market in West Africa, the Kejetia Market, homed to over 10,000 stores and stalls.[45] Places with cultural background(s) in the city include Fort Kumasi (built by in 1896 to replace an Asante fort and now a museum) and the Kumasi Hat Museum. Royal Asante attractions include the Centre for National Culture, Kumasi (including the Prempeh II Jubilee Museum with Asante regalia with a reproduction of the golden stool), the Okomfo Anokye Sword, the Asantehene's Palace (built in 1972), and the Manhyia Palace, dating from 1925, now a museum.[46][12]

Media

[edit]

Media in Kumasi, along with the metropolitan, is regulated by the Public Relations Unit of the Kumasi Metropolitan. In total, there are 36 media outlets in the metro, of this are 4 television organizations, 20 FM stations, and 13 print media organizations.[47]

Film

[edit]
Further information: Cinema of Ghana

Film in Kumasi, nicknamed "Kumawood", is a rapidly growing industry appealing to those who lack access to education but have a passion for acting. The industry mainly focuses on local storylines, along with being set in village surroundings usually on a low budget ranging from $6,860 to $11,440, sharing similarities with Wakaliwood. The films are spoken in the local language of Twi.[48][49]

The first documented movie theatre to open in Kumasi was the Rex cinema, constructed in 1938. It was located at the Prempeh Assembly Hall, which was at the time one of the largest gathering places in the city. A second one was built in 1951, housed about 1,500 seats. These theatres were owned by the West African Picture Company, a Lebanese-owned business which operated in the Gold Coast, Nigeria, and London. Hindi films were popular among residents, more notably the Muslim populations.[50]

Virtual stations

[edit]

The following is a selected list of radio stations and tv stations in Kumasi:[51][52][53]

AM

Note: The numbers in front of the tv station indicates the logical channel number (LCN)

  • 29 Angel TV Kumasi (Angel Broadcasting Services Limited)
  • 23 Light TV Santasi (Smart Multimedia)
  • 44 Royal TV Kumasi (Royal Image Broadcasting Limited)
FM

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of Ashanti
A meeting of the Management Comittee of the Kumasi Co-operative Union related to cacao

The Ashanti Region accounted for 21% of total national output of Ghana in 2014, of which 48% was situated in the city of Kumasi alone. This makes the city an economic centre in the country.[38]: 9  Much of the city's wealth is derived from being the middle point of many of Ghana's main roads, along with cacao farming in the hinterland. The main occupations in Kumasi are professional, such as services and manufacturing.[8]

Manufacturing

[edit]

Since the 1960, the city is home to many businesses, big and small, contributing to the city's economic growth. In fact, two-thirds of all non-household businesses in Ashanti was in Kumasi. Kaase and Suame are known as heavily industrialized areas, being the home for many mechanic shops and businesses, such as Guinness Ghana Breweries and a Coca-Cola Bottling Company United branch.[38]: 9, para. 2,3 

Energy

[edit]

Nine out of every ten households are connected to the national electricity grid. Solar panels are prevalent in Kumasi and throughout the Ashanti region. Solar energy technology is a major energy source and contributor to electricity generation in the city. Other popular forms of power include flashlights, candles, gas lamps, and kerosene lamps.[38]: 12, 13 [5]: 63, 74 

Commerce

[edit]

Much of the shopping and trading activity in the city takes place at Kumasi's shopping streets, in and around Kejetia Market and Adum. These two areas border each other. There is also heavy economic activities at Bantama and Asafo. Asafo in particular is the printing hub of Kumasi. Most of the printing done in Kumasi and Ashanti Region as a whole is done at Asafo. Kumasi's Ahwiaa (a sub-town in Kumasi) is also well noted for its wood carvings and arts.[38]: 9, para. 3 

Street hawking

[edit]

Street hawking is a popular and ever-increasing economic employer in Kumasi, with a 2013 report finding that it appealed to people who lack formal education or the proper financial status to go into other economic activities. Common things that traders sell include ding plantain chips, chewing gum, books, and puppies.[54]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Education

[edit]
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

There are a total of 2545 educational institutions in Kumasi, consisting of 919 pre-schools, 967 primary schools, 597 junior high schools, 52 senior high schools and 10 tertiary (post-secondary education) institutions as of the 2010 census.[5]: 6 

Secondary education

[edit]
See also: List of senior secondary schools in Ashanti

There are elite all-boys and all-girls senior high schools such as Prempeh College, Kumasi High School, T I Ahmadiyya School, Opoku Ware School, Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Senior High School and St. Louis Senior High School in Kumasi. There are also many elite mixed senior high schools such as Kumasi Academy and Anglican Senior High School, and a host of other public secondary schools, as well as their private counterparts in the city.[55]

Tertiary institutions

[edit]

The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (formerly the Kumasi College of Technology) is the biggest university in the Ashanti Region and the first biggest in Ghana followed by the University of Ghana. Former Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan attended this institution.[5]: 6 [56] A number of other public and private universities and tertiary institutions have since been founded in Kumasi, some of which are listed below.[55]

Institution Location Private/Public Affiliation
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Bomso to Anwomaso Public —
Wesley College of Education Tafo Public —
St. Louis College of Education Mmrom Public —
Garden City University College Kenyase Private KNUST
Christian Service University College Santasi Private University of Ghana
Ghana Baptist University College Amakom Private University of Cape Coast
Valley View University (Kumasi Campus) Oduom Private —
University College of Management Studies (Kumasi Campus) Ayeduase Private —
Christ Apostolic University College Kwadaso Private —
Kessben University Lake Road Private Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (est. 2020)
Formerly: University of Education, Winneba (Kumasi Campus), Tanoso

Sports

[edit]
Kumasi Sports Stadium

The local football team, the Asante Kotoko, has won several national and continental trophies and awards, and serves as a rival to the Accra-based Hearts of Oak. Their Kumasi Sports Stadium, also known as Baba Yara Stadium, was built in 1959, renovated in 1978, and again in 2007 with a seating capacity of 40,000.[57] The city is also the home of the King Faisal Football Club, a premier division side. There is the Royal Golf Club which has the Asantehene as president. Former Leeds United and Ghana national football team footballer Tony Yeboah and professional wrestler Kofi Kingston were born in Kumasi, by the real name Kofi Sarkodie-Mensah. The parents of Israeli Olympic sprinter, and 2022 World U20 Champion, Blessing Afrifah are from Kumasi.[58][59]

Healthcare

[edit]
See also: List of hospitals in Ashanti
Further information: Healthcare in Ghana
Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital

The city is home to 136 health facilities, most of which are privately owned.[5]: 6  The biggest hospital in Kumasi is the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, which is located on a hill that overlooks the city. It is a 750-bed facility and is the second largest hospital in the country. The hospital opened in 1954 and was initially named Kumasi Central hospital. Nurses Training College and the Midwifery Training School, both built around the 40s and 50s, became a part of the hospital upon its completion, eventually becoming the Kumasi Nurses and Midwifery Training School.[60] The city is also home to a hospital, the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, which started construction in 2008 and was completed in 2023.[61]

Places of worship

[edit]
St Peter's Cathedral Basilica, Kumasi

The majority of the places of worship in Kumasi are Christian churches and temples. Places of worship in the city are as followed: Methodist Church, Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Church of the Province of West Africa, (Anglican Communion), Seventh-day Adventist Church Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Christ Apostolic Church International (which was the first Pentecostal church in Ghana) Ghana Baptist Convention (Baptist World Alliance), Lighthouse Chapel International, Church of Pentecost, Assemblies of God, and Catholic Church Archdiocese of Kumasi (Catholic Church).[62] There are also Muslim mosques which include: Kumasi Central Mosque, Ahmadiyya mosque, Alhaj mosque, Kaase-Nhyiaeso mosque and Rahman mosque.[63]

Recreational parks and gardens

[edit]

The city is home to numerous recreational parks and gardens which are open to the public, with the per capita green spaces around 4.7 square metres (51 sq ft).[64]: 7  Some major parks are Abbey's Park, Jackson's Park, Hero's Park, located on the same premises as the Baba Yara Sports Stadium, and Rattray Park. Although, the state of most of these parks are poor at best and are barely maintained.[64]: 8  The city is also home to the Kumasi Zoo, also known as the Kumasi Zoological Garden, located at the heart of the city. It is operated by the Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission of Ghana. The conditions of the zoo's facilities are poor and are in despair need for repair, according to locals.[64]: 10, 13, 12 

Transportation

[edit]

Air

[edit]
Prempeh I International Airport

Kumasi is served by the Prempeh I International Airport. As of May 2020, two airlines offered regularly scheduled flights to Accra. Airlines servicing the airport included Africa World Airlines and Passion Air. In 2013, the Government of Ghana approved expansion plans to the Kumasi Airport to service international flights into the region. The airport was renovated and completed by October 2022.[65]

Road

[edit]

Interchanges

[edit]

The city is home to the Asokwa Interchange, an project which was a part of the Urban Environmental Sanitation Project Phase II[c]. The by-pass is one of three interchanges in Kumasi.[67] In 2021, the Government of Ghana announced the construction of a four level stack interchange in Suame. It is currently on its first phase, which is expected to be completed by the end of 2024.[68][69]

Bus and taxicab

[edit]
A tro-tro cruising on a road in Kumasi

There is public transportation from Kumasi to major cities such as Accra; Tamale, Mim, Ahafo; Cape Coast, Sunyani; Takoradi; Tema; Ho; Wa; Bolgatanga; Elubo; Aflao, Techiman. Public transport in the city is provided by transit buses, a mix of privately owned mini-buses known as tro-tros, taxicabs and buses. Tro-tros are usually converted mini-buses that run regular, well-known routes. Some taxis also run regular routes, which cost more but provide for a more comfortable ride.[5]: 6 

In 2002, the city introduced the metro bus services, a rapid transit system for public road transport in Kumasi (MetroMass).[70] This was to reduce congestion on roads and to make a larger and more organized bus routine system in the city.[71] In 2017, Uber introduced services in Kumasi, a year after a successful introduction in Accra.[72]

Rail

[edit]
View of the Kumasi railway station in 2005

Kumasi is served by the railway lines to Sekondi-Takoradi and Accra. The train service has been suspended for several years because of damaged track, bridges and locomotives. Currently, no trains run to and from Kumasi due to the collapse of the railway corporation. A $6 billion project to upgrade the railways was due to get underway in 2011.[73]

Port

[edit]

Kumasi is located near the Boankra Inland Port, an inland port situated in the Ejisu Municipality. Construction at the port is situated into two phases, with phase one scheduled to be completed by the end of 2024. Once finish, over 7,000 people are expected to be employed at the port, boosting overall productivity of the local economy.[74]

International relations

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa § Ghana

The following is a list of settlements Kumasi is twinned with:

Notable people

[edit]
Main page: List of poeple from Kumasi

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ /kuːˈmɑːˈsiː/ koo-ma-SEE;[6] Twi: Kumase[7]
  2. ^ Sources: 2000 census,[43] 2010 census,[44] 2021 estimate[4]
  3. ^ The Second Urban Environmental Sanitation Project is one of two projects in Ghana which started in 2004, closely connected to the World Bank's agenda to addressed needs of upgrading infrastructure and services in developing countries.[66]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Arhinful, E. (19 September 2021). "Akufo-Addo nominates NPP's Ashanti Regional Secretary, Sam Pyne as Kumasi Mayor". Citi Newsroom. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  2. ^ "Demographic Characteristics". Ghanadistricts.com. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  3. ^ a b c Population of Regions and Districts Report (2021) (PDF) (Report). Ghana Statistical Service. p. 52. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b c "World Population Review". Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 2010 population & housing census (PDF) (Report). Kumasi Metropolitan: Ghana Statistical Service. 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  6. ^ Kumasi. Merriam-webster. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  7. ^ a b Brempong, O. (1991). "Twi etymology: a study in ethno-linguistlcs". Research Review. 7 (1). Retrieved 19 September 2024. ...Kumasi (the capital of Ashanti), originated when the legendary priest, Okomfo Anokye, planted Okum trees, one at Kwaman...
  8. ^ a b c "Kumasi | Ghana". Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  9. ^ a b Devas, N.; Korboe, D. (2000). "City governance and poverty: the case of Kumasi". Environment & Urbanization. 12 (1): 123–136. doi:10.1177/095624780001200109.
  10. ^ a b c Baeyens, A. (2012). "Kumasi, Ghana. Critical study of an African urban structure". Ghent University Library. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  11. ^ Straight line distances from: Daft Logic; "Google Maps Distance Calculator". Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d e Appiah, A.; Gates Jr., H., eds. (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 21, 22. ISBN 978-0195337709.
  13. ^ Schmidt, S. (2006). "Cultural Influences and the Built Environment: An Examination of Kumasi, Ghana". Journal of Urban Design. 10 (3): 353–370. doi:10.1080/13574800500297751.
  14. ^ "Kumasi: The Garden City without gardens?". Graphic Online. 31 July 2013. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  15. ^ Eyoh, Dickson; Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe (2005). Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History. Routledge. ISBN 9781134565849.
  16. ^ Abaka, Edmund; Owusu-Ansah, David (2024). Historical Dictionary of Ghana. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538145258.
  17. ^ Simpson, Richard; Zimmermann, Monika (2012). The Economy of Green Cities: A World Compendium on the Green Urban Economy. Springer Netherlands. p. 353. ISBN 9789400719699.
  18. ^ Bellegarde-Smith, Patrick (2005). Fragments of Bone: Neo-African Religions in a New World. University of Illinois Press. p. 127. ISBN 9780252029684.
  19. ^ Pescheux, Gérard (2003), p. 92
  20. ^ Pescheux, Gérard (2003), p. 94
  21. ^ Ivor Wilks (1989), p. 375
  22. ^ Ivor Wilks (1989), p. 375–377
  23. ^ McCaskie, T. C. "Denkyira in the Making of Asante" in The Journal of African History vol. 48 (2007) no. 1, p. 1
  24. ^ Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1992). Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. University of California Press. p. 419. ISBN 9780435948115. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  25. ^ Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African History: A - G.. 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 60. ISBN 9781579582456. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  26. ^ Maier, D. (1979). "Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 21 (1): 63–81. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012652. JSTOR 178452. PMID 11614369. S2CID 19587869.
  27. ^ Beckett, Ian (2009). Wolseley and Ashanti. The History Press for the Army Records Society. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-7524-5180-0.
  28. ^ David Owusu-Ansah, Historical Dictionary of Ghana, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2014, p. xliii
  29. ^ a b Joseline Donkoh, Wilhelmina (2004). "Kumasi: Ambience of Urbanity and Modernity". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (8): 167–183 (169). ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 41406712. S2CID 161253857.
  30. ^ Ivor Wilks (1989), p. 374
  31. ^ a b Morgan, Henry James, ed. (1903). Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada. Toronto: Williams Briggs. p. 160.
  32. ^ "Kumasi". Ashantibiz. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  33. ^ Takyi, S.; Amponsah, O. (7 February 2024). "Ghana: Kumasi city's unplanned boom is destroying two rivers – sewage, heavy metals and chemical pollution detected". The Conversation. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  34. ^ Bessah, E.; Amponsah, W.; Ansah, S.; et al. (23 February 2022). "Climatic zoning of Ghana using selected meteorological variables for the period 1976–2018". Meteorological Applications. 29 (1). figure 2. doi:10.1002/met.2049.
  35. ^ "Kumasi Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  36. ^ "Ghana–Kumasi". Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  37. ^ Fosu, A. (2022). "Urban Planning, Institutional Pluralism, and Indigenous Belief Systems in Peri-Urban Ghana in the Era of Land Commoditisation". African Journal on Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences. 5 (2): 273. doi:10.48346/IMIST.PRSM/ajlp-gs.v5i2.31547. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  38. ^ a b c d e f Cobbinah, P.; et al. (2020). "Kumasi: Towards a sustainable and resilient cityscape". Cities. 97. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.102567. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  39. ^ Asante, L.; Ehwi, R. (29 October 2020). "Ghana has a housing crisis: what we found in Kumasi, and what needs to change". The Coversation. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  40. ^ Sinai, I. (1998). "Using the home for income-generation: The case of Kumasi, Ghana". Cities. 15 (6). doi:10.1016/S0264-2751(98)00037-7.
  41. ^ A Guide to District Assemblies in Ghana (PDF). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Ghana. 2010. pp. 37, 38. ISBN 978-9988572136. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  42. ^ "Kumasi Maps". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  43. ^ "Population of Regions and Districts Report (2000) (Report). Vol. 1. Ghana Statistical Service. p. 126. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  44. ^ Population of Regions and Districts Report (2010) (PDF) (Report). Ghana Statistical Service. p. 107. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  45. ^ Shaikh, F. (5 August 2024). "Akoma: Embracing the Symbol of Love in Kumasi". University of Oregon. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  46. ^ "Kumasi Fort and Military Museum". Ghana Museums & Monuments Board. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  47. ^ "Public Relations Unit". Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  48. ^ Hayden, S. (18 July 2022). "Ghana's shoestring film industry struggles in a post-Covid, post-DVD world". The Irish Times. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  49. ^ Knott, S. (7 June 2017). "Hooray for... Kumawood! Ghana's fastest filmmakers". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 27 September 2024 – via Yahoo News.
  50. ^ McFeely, G. (2015). ""Gone Are The Days": a social and business history of cinema-going in Gold Coast/Ghana, 1910-1982". Boston University. pp. 35, 270. hdl:2144/15684. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  51. ^ "List of authorised tv broadcasting stations in ghana" (PDF). National Communications Authority. 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  52. ^ "Implement Asamang-Tamfoe community mining plan — Youth group". Joynewsplus.com. 13 January 2022. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  53. ^ Ndetei, Chris (19 July 2018). "List of radio stations in Kumasi". yen.com.gh. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  54. ^ Akuoko, Kofi Osei; Ofori-Dua, Kwadwo; Forkuo, John Boulard (2013). "Women making ends meet: street hawking in Kumasi, challenges and constraints". Michigan Sociological Review. 27: 7, 13. JSTOR 43150987. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  55. ^ a b The following is a list of high schools and tertiary institutions in Ghana: "Senior high and technical vocational schools" (PDF). Ghana Education Service. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  56. ^ "The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World". The Boston Globe. 15 May 2011. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  57. ^ Amoah, G. (27 June 2007). "Baba Yara stadium ready in October". thestatesmanonline.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  58. ^ Rakovsky, Ido (28 July 2022). "הוא שובר שוב ושוב את שיאי ישראל, אך עדיין חולם על אזרחות למשפחתו" [He repeatedly breaks Israel's records, but still dreams of citizenship for his family]. Haaretz (in Hebrew). Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  59. ^ Halickman, Joshua (12 August 2022). "Afrifah a true blessing for Israeli sprinting". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  60. ^ Govindaraj, R.; Obuobi, A.; Enyimayew, N.; Antwi, P.; Ofosu-Amaah, S. (1996). "Hospital Autonomy in Ghana: The Experience of Korle Bu and Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospitals" (PDF). Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. p. 27. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  61. ^ "KNUST Vice-Chancellor inaugurates Teaching Hospital Project Implementation Committee". Ghana News Agency. 25 June 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  62. ^ Melton, J.; Baumann, M. (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598842043.
  63. ^ William A. Shack, Elliott P. Skinner (1979), Strangers in African Societies, University of California Press, p. 186, ISBN 9780520038127
  64. ^ a b c "The state of green spaces in Kumasi City (Ghana): lessons for other African cities" (PDF). Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis. 8 (2). Bucharest University Press. 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  65. ^ "New terminal for Kumasi International Airport to be ready in October 2022". Ghana Broadcasting Corporation. 28 July 2021. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  66. ^ Ghana – Second Urban Environmental Sanitation and Second Phase of Small Towns Water and Sanitation Projects (PDF) (Report). Ghana: World Bank. p. ix. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  67. ^ Poku-Boansi, M.; Bosu, P.; Amoako, C.; et al. (2024). "Transport investments and the changing space economy in Kumasi, Ghana". Case Studies on Transport Policy. 5: 3. doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101162.
  68. ^ Ola-Morris, J. (17 November 2021). "5 interchanges to be constructed in Greater Kumasi Metro Area – Ken Ofori-Atta". myjoyonline.com. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  69. ^ "President Akufo-Addo inspects Suame Interchange Project". Ghana News Agency. 15 July 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  70. ^ "Ashanti Region". Metro Mass Transit Ltd. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  71. ^ "Bus Rapid Transit System". Metro Mass Transit Ltd. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  72. ^ "We will not adjust 25% service fee – Uber". myjoyonline.com. 4 May 2018. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  73. ^ "Ghana, China signs railway contract". Ghana News Link. 30 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  74. ^ Bampoe, D. (7 August 2024). "Boankra Inland Port Project Progresses". Daily Guide Network. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  75. ^ Owusu-Mensah, K (18 June 2004). "Ivorians commend President Kufuor and Ghanaians". Ghana News Agency. Retrieved 17 September 2024 – via Modern Ghana.
  76. ^ "Sister Cities International Alliances". Georgia Department of Economic Development. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  77. ^ "Migration, Trade and Investments". Global Forum on Migration and Development. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  78. ^ "International Relations". City of Charlotte. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  79. ^ "Colombus adds three new sister cities". The Lantern. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  80. ^ "K'si, Newark Establish Sister-City Relations". Modern Ghana. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  81. ^ "Kumasi, Ghana". Winston-Salem Sister Cities. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  82. ^ "African city partners with China's Wenzhou city for better development". China Daily. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  83. ^ Ghanaian artist uses failed football aspiration to power his way into music (interview). 10 August 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024 – via voaafrica.com.
  84. ^ "Biography". Kofi Annan Foundation. 19 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  85. ^ Guillot, Gene (6 February 2014). "WWE superstar Kofi Kingston spent part of his youth in New Orleans". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  86. ^ Sigal, Jonathan (30 July 2020). "Recruiting: Millbrook star Shakur Mohammed verbally commits to Duke". New England Soccer Journal. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  87. ^ "Ghana loses hugely talented striker Mohammed Muntari to Qatar". ghanaweb.com. 23 December 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  88. ^ Afadzinu, Nene (11 August 2020). "Mohammed Salisu: Ghana's next defensive stalwart?". 3news.com. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  89. ^ "Mrs Philomina Nyarko, wife of another prominent personality goes missing in Kumasi". MyNewsGh. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  90. ^ "Meet Asantehene, his wife and children". ghanaweb.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  91. ^ Asare, S. (11 May 2023). "Kwame Baah: The young music entrepreneur making great strides with innovative platforms". Ghana News Agency. Retrieved 17 September 2024.

Bibliography

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
Main article: Bibliography of the history of Kumasi
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumasi&oldid=1256644446"