Jump to content

Jaish-e-Mohammed

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Khuddam ul-Islam)
Not to be confused with Jeish Muhammad.
"JeM" redirects here. For other uses, see Jem (disambiguation).

Jaish-e-Mohammed
جيشِ محمدؐ
LeaderMaulana Masood Azhar
Supreme CommanderAbdul Rauf Azhar
Dates of operation2000–present
Group(s)Al-Akhtar Trust (Active in Pakistan)
Lashkar-e-Mustafa (Active in Kashmir)[1]
HeadquartersBahawalpur, Pakistan
IdeologyDeobandi jihadism[2]
Sunni Islamism[3]
Islamic fundamentalism[3]
Notable attacks2016 Uri attack
2019 Pulwama attack
Part ofUnited Jihad Council Operation Tupac[4]
AlliesState allies

Non-State allies

OpponentsState opponents
Battles and wars
Designated as a terrorist group by

Jaish-e-Mohammed (Urdu: جيشِ محمدؐ, romanized: Jaysh-i Muḥammad, lit. 'Army of Muhammad'; abbreviated as JeM) is a Pakistan-based Deobandi jihadist terrorist group active in Kashmir.[14][15][16][17][18] The group's primary motive is to separate Kashmir from India and merge it into Pakistan.

Since its inception in 2000, the group has carried out several attacks in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It portrays Kashmir as a "gateway" to the entire India, whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation. It has carried out several attacks primarily in the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir.[3][19] It also maintained close relations with the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and continues to be allied with these groups.[20][6][7]

JeM was apparently created with the support of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI),[2][21][22] which uses it to fight in Kashmir and other places, and continues to provide it backing.[23][24] The JeM has been banned in Pakistan since 2002, but resurfaced under other names.[25][26][27] Its apparent variants openly continue to operate several facilities in the country.[28][29]

According to B. Raman, Jaish-e-Mohammed is viewed as the "deadliest" and "the principal Islamic terrorist organisation in Jammu and Kashmir".[16][30] The group was responsible for several terror attacks: the 2001 attack on Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly, the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, the 2016 Pathankot airbase attack, the 2016 attack on the Indian Mission in Mazar-i-Sharif, the 2016 Uri attack, and the 2019 Pulwama attack, each of which has had strategic consequences for India–Pakistan relations.[31] The group has been designated as a terrorist organisation by Pakistan, Russia, Australia, Canada,[11] India, New Zealand, the United Arab Emirates, the European Union,[32] the United Kingdom,[33] the United States, and the United Nations.[34]

In 2016, JeM was suspected of being responsible for an attack on the Pathankot airbase in India. The Indian government,[35] and some other sources, accused Pakistan of assisting JeM in conducting the attack.[23][24] Pakistan denied assisting JeM, and arrested several members of JeM in connection with the attack,[36] who were then released by the security establishment according to a report in Dawn.[37] Pakistan called the report an "amalgamation of fiction and fabrication".[38] In February 2019, the group took responsibility for a suicide bombing attack on a security convoy in the Pulwama district that killed 40 security personnel, named as one of the largest attacks in recent years.[39][40]

Origins

[edit]

Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) is said to have created Jaish-e-Mohammed by working with several Deobandi Islamic jihadis associated with Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.[41][42][43] By the late 1990s, states Ahmed Rashid, the Pakistani military justified jihad in Kashmir as a legitimate part of its foreign policy. Harkat had been set up in mid-1990s with ISI support to carry out "spectacular acts of terrorism". The United States declared it an Islamic jihadist group in 1998 and bombed its training camps in Afghanistan.[44]

In December 1999, Harkat Islamic jihadis hijacked the Indian Airlines Flight 814 scheduled to fly from Kathmandu to Delhi, and diverted it to Kandahar, where they were looked after by the Afghan Taliban and the Pakistani officials stationed at the airport. After they slit the throat of a passenger, the Indian government agreed to their demands and released Maulana Masood Azhar, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar, three Harkat operatives previously imprisoned in India.[45] The released prisoners were escorted to Pakistan by the ISI,[41] and Masood Azhar was chosen to head the new group Jaish-e-Mohammed. The ISI is said to have paraded him on a victory tour through Pakistan to raise money for the new organisation.[46] Some analysts argue that ISI built up the JeM to counter the growing power of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT).[47] Many analysts believed that around 1999, Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) used JeM to fight in Kashmir and other places, and continues to provide it backing.[45][48][41] Although the JeM has been officially banned in Pakistan since 2002, it continues to openly operate several facilities in the country.[28]

Azhar's leadership is said to be nominal. The group has a largely decentralised structure. JeM's membership, drawn from the former members of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, was allied to the Taliban in Afghanistan and Al Qaeda. The members had shared the Al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan and carried loyalty to Al Qaeda.[6][16][49] A majority of the members of Harkat are said to have followed Azhar into the newly founded group, leaving Harkat under-funded and under-supported.[16][30]

History

[edit]

2000–2001

[edit]

On 20 April 2000, JeM carried out the first suicide bombing in Kashmir, exploding a bomb in an Indian army barracks. Five Indian soldiers were killed.[44]

Part of a series on
Jihadism
Practices and concepts
Islamic fundamentalism
Notable jihadist organisations
Jihadism in Africa
Jihadism in Asia
Jihadism in the West
Islam portal
Part of a series on
Islamism
Fundamentals
Ideologies
Islamic fundamentalism
Concepts
Influences
Movements
Scholastic

Political

Militant

Key texts
Heads of state
Key ideologues
Criticism of Islamism
Related topics

Islam portal

icon Politics portal

Following the September 11 attacks in the United States, the Musharraf government joined the United States in the War on Terror, assuming that the move would give it a free hand in supporting militancy in Kashmir.[44] In October 2001, JeM carried out a bombing near the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly, killing 38 people and claiming responsibility for it.[50] In December 2001, JeM and LeT militants launched a fidayeen attack on the Indian Parliament waging a battle with the security personnel.[42] Eight security personnel and a gardener were killed, but the attack was foiled. JeM claimed responsibility for the attack, but removed the announcement a day later under pressure from the ISI.[47] The Indian Government accused the LeT and JeM of being involved in the attack. Subsequently, four JeM members were caught by Indian authorities and put on trial. All four were found guilty of playing various roles in the incident. One of the accused, Afzal Guru, was sentenced to death.[51]

Security specialist Bruce Riedel comments that even by the standards of modern terrorism, this was an extraordinary attack. If the Prime Minister or a senior party leader of India was killed in the attack, India would have been forced to retaliate militarily.[52] In the event, India called the terror attack an "attack on democracy" and began large-scale troop mobilisation at the India-Pakistan border, launching the largest war games in fifteen years. Pakistan retaliated by launching its own war games, moving troops from the Afghan border to the Indian border. The United States, annoyed with the dilution of the War on Terror as well as the threat of an Indo-Pakistani war, delivered an ultimatum to Musharraf, asking him to make "a clear statement to the world that he intends to crack down on terror". Pushed to a corner, Musharraf announced on 12 January 2002 that no organisation would be allowed to indulge in terrorism in the name of Kashmir. He declared a ban on five extremist groups including the JeM. Hundreds of militants were rounded up, states Ahmed Rashid, giving rise to severe hostility and derision from them. However, by March 2002, all the arrested militants were freed and curbs on them were quietly lifted.[44] Financial and intelligence inputs to JeM were resumed. Masood Azhar was released under a court order.[53]

Bans, revolts and split

[edit]

Earlier in 2001, when the group anticipated that the US State Department would declare it a foreign Islamic jihadist organisation, it renamed itself Tehrik-ul-Furqan and transferred its assets to low-profile supporters. JeM was declared a foreign Islamic jihadist organisation by the United Nations in October 2001 and by the US in December 2001.[54]

In response to the January 2002 ban by Pakistan, JeM changed its name to Khuddam ul-Islam. Khuddam was also banned in 2003, after which it re-branded itself as a charity called Al-Rehmat Trust through which they are accused of raising funds for their activities.[55][16][56]

By this time, the JeM had split into two groups, due to conflicts among the members. Three JeM commanders, Abdul Jabbar, Maulana Umar Farooq and Abdullah Shah Mazhar, left the group and formed Jamaat ul-Furqan. The remaining group that stayed with Masood Azhar used the name Khuddam ul-Islam.[54]

The rank and file of the JeM were angered by Musharraf's U-turn in joining the War on Terror. By staying loyal to the Pakistani state, Masood Azhar lost majority support in the JeM Supreme Council, who demanded his resignation. Particularly influential among the rebels was Maulana Abdul Jabbar, whose faction led a jihad against what they called the "slave" government of Pakistan and the US influence upon it. They were supported by Al Qaeda, and joined by members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Harkatul Mujahideen.[53]

From March to September 2002, the rebels carried out suicide missions on Pakistani officials in cities like Islamabad, Karachi, Murree, Taxila and Bahawalpur. After the fall of the Taliban government, the JeM activists returning from Afghanistan attacked Christian churches, Shia mosques and diplomatic missions inside Pakistan. The ISI demanded Masood Azhar to rein in the rank-and-file. However he had lost control over them. He maintained that they were already expelled from the organisation and the state should arrest them. In fact, most of the factions remained within the JeM and competed with the parent organisation for authority and resources. Some rebellious factions gathered around Abdul Jabbar who launched Jamaat-ul-Furqan in late 2002. The rebel factions were supported by "rogue" members of the ISI.[57]

In November 2003, the Musharraf government banned the renamed Khuddam ul-Islam as well as Jamaat-ul-Furqan. Then the rebels carried out two assassination attempts on President Musharraf himself, on 14 December and 25 December 2003. There was evidence of Pakistan military members providing logistical support for the attempts. The explosives used in the bombings were traced to an Al Qaeda camp in South Waziristan. Masood Azhar too had publicly called for the assassination of Musharraf.[58]

Eventually, the government cracked down on the rogue elements in the military and intelligence establishments. More than a hundred members were apprehended and dismissed, with some members being sentenced to death. However, the majority of the militant infrastructure was left intact. Azhar's group, which had fallen into relative obscurity by 2004, was allowed to rebuild itself after the problematic portions of the leadership were purged.[59] The rebellious factions eventually realigned themselves with Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (Pakistani Taliban) in 2007.[41]

Revival

[edit]

Masood Azhar stayed loyal to the Pakistani state after 2004. Pakistan in turn protected his group despite the official bans. The group continued to grow in Bahawalpur.[41] In 2009, it was reported to have built a large 6.5 acre walled complex in Bahawalpur, along with a swimming pool and a stable for a dozen horses, which could be used for training militants.[28] India Today later revealed that the complex has been branded as 'Jamia Masjid Subhan Allah' and that it was 8 km. away from the headquarters of Pakistan Army's 31 Corps.[60] In the centre of the city, the group runs an "imposing" madrassa, attended by hundreds of children every year. In 2008, the organisation held a massive three-day rally in the city, with its own armed security guards posted at all the entrances to the city centre. The police were conspicuous by their absence.[28]

Masood Azhar kept a low profile for several years until he resurfaced in 2014, giving fiery speeches calling for more attacks on India and the United States. He boasted of having 300 suicide attackers at his command and threatened to kill Narendra Modi if he were to become the Prime Minister.[42][61]

Bruce Riedel connects the revival of JeM to the return to office of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, who had long advocated a 'détente' with India. The developing links between him and the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, especially following the latter's visit to Lahore on the Christmas Day in 2015, angered the group.[42]

2016

[edit]

A week after Narendra Modi's visit, in January 2016, the group launched an attack on the Pathankot air base in which seven security personnel were killed. This was immediately followed by an attack on the Indian consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif in Afghanistan.[42] Both India and Pakistan condemned the attack and stayed on course with their peace process. Pakistan has also followed on the leads provided by India and carried out raids on the offices of JeM. It announced the formation of a joint investigation team with India to investigate the attack.[62] It was also announced that Masood Azhar was taken into "protective custody".[63] However, JeM issued a statement denying that anybody had been arrested.[64]

In April 2016, the JeM chief Masood Azhar was said to be free but "within reach, if needed". According to Riaz Hussain Pirzada, the Member of National Assembly from Bahawalpur, the "breeding grounds" still remained and the madrassas were still being financed.[29] According to an official, Nawaz Sharif ordered the Counterterrorism Department to crack down on the organisation but, in a high-level meeting, the army chief General Raheel Sharif pressured the Prime Minister to hand over the crackdown to the Army, after which "no one knows what happened".[56] Dawn reported the Punjab Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif as saying that, whenever civilian authorities took action against certain groups, the security establishment worked behind the scenes to set them free. The government however denied the accuracy of the report.[65]

Following the onset of the 2016 Kashmir unrest in Indian Jammu and Kashmir, all the jihadi groups in Pakistan held rallies in major cities like Lahore. The JeM was seen openly raising funds for jihad.[56]

In September 2016, jihadi militants attacked the Indian brigade headquarters in Uri, close to the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir. The attack resulted in the death of 19 soldiers, described as the deadliest attack in over two decades. India suspected JeM for the attack. It also made its feelings felt with heavy rhetoric, the Indian Home Minister calling Pakistan a "terrorist state" and noting that the perpetrators were "highly trained, heavily armed, and specially equipped". Pakistan denied involvement.[66] India then launched a diplomatic offensive, trying to isolate Pakistan in the world community. On 28 September, it declared that it had carried out "surgical strikes" on alleged JeM camps in Pakistani-administered Kashmir. The claim was however denied by Pakistan.[67]

2019

[edit]

On 14 February 2019, Jaish-e-Mohammed carried out and claimed responsibility [68] for a suicide attack in Lathpora near Awantipora in Pulwama District in Kashmir on a convoy of security forces that killed at least 40 Indian personnel. A bus carrying 39 Central Reserve Police Force personnel was rammed by a car carrying 350 kg of explosives.[69]

On 26 February 2019, 12 Indian Air Force Mirage 2000 jets crossed the Line of Control, and dropped precision-guided bombs on an alleged Jaish-e-Mohammed training camp in Balakot, a town in the Khyber province of Pakistan.[70][71] The Pakistani government denied that any damage was caused by the bombs.[72][73][74] In the process, Pakistan shot down an Indian Aircraft capturing its pilot and releasing him back to the Indian government as a Peace gesture.[75]

On 27 August 2019, two members of a nomadic community were killed by terrorists believed to be members of Jaish-e-Mohammed in the higher reaches of Tral in south Kashmir after they were abducted from their temporary shelter.[76]

2021

[edit]

After the Taliban seizure of Afghanistan, many JeM cadres were released, the JeM and Taliban have held meetings and the JeM has been assured of all support in carrying out its activities in India.[77] The Hindustan Times reported on Oct 27, 2021 that JeM's leader Masood Azhar met w/ Taliban leaders including Mullah Baradar in Khandar in late August 2021 seeking their help in the Kashmir fight.

Ideology and goals

[edit]

The declared objective of the JeM is to liberate Kashmir and merge it with Pakistan. However, it projects Kashmir as a "gateway" to the entire India, whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation. After liberating Kashmir, it aims to carry its jihad to other parts of India, with an intent to drive Hindus and other non-Muslims from the Indian subcontinent.[78][79][80]

JeM also aims to drive the United States and Western forces from Afghanistan.[79][81] The JeM leader Masood Azhar is reported to have said in a speech in Karachi:

Marry for jihad, give birth for jihad and earn money only for jihad till the cruelty of America and India ends.[82]

In late 2002, Christians were targeted across Pakistan and the gunmen belonging to JeM were caught for the acts.[83] Some members have attacked members of the Pakistani state and western targets inside Pakistan.[78] The American journalist Daniel Pearl was abducted and murdered by Ahmed Omar Sheikh.[83]

Organisation

[edit]

Leadership

[edit]

JeM's founder and leader (emir) is Maulana Masood Azhar, who had earlier been a leader of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. Having trained at the same religious seminary (Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia in Karachi) as the Taliban founder Mullah Omar, he had long-standing connections to Taliban and Al Qaeda.[84] He had fought in Afghanistan and set up Harkat affiliates in Chechnya, Central Asia and Somalia. He was reputed to have taught the Somalis how to shoot down American Black Hawk helicopters.[44] He was regarded as a close associate of Osama bin Laden, when he was sent to Britain for fund raising in the early 1990s.[85] In 1994 Azhar went to Indian-administered Kashmir on a "mission" and got arrested by Indian security forces. Reportedly, Osama bin Laden wanted Azhar freed and ordered Al Qaeda to arrange the hijacking that led to his release. Subsequently, Azhar was lionized in Pakistan and promoted by the ISI as the leader of the new group Jaish-e-Mohammed.[44] Azhar was specially designated as a "global Islamic terrorist" by the US Treasury Department in 2010.[84]

JeM is run by Azhar's family like a family enterprise.[86] Masood Azhar's brother, Abdul Rauf Asghar, is a senior leader of JeM and its intelligence coordinator. He was one of the hijackers of the flight IC 814 and served as the "acting leader" of JeM in Masood Azhar's absence in 2007. Since 2008, he has been involved with organising suicide attacks in India, including the 2016 Pathankot attack, where he was found to have directed the militants via telephone. Abdul Rauf Asghar has also been designated as a "global terrorists" by the US Treasury department.[87][88] In 2023 one of it commander Shahid

Latif was mysteriously assassinated in Daska town, Sialkot district[89]

Membership

[edit]

The launch of JeM in Karachi in 2000 was attended by 10,000 armed followers.[90] The majority of the early membership was drawn from Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.[16] Having fought in Afghanistan alongside the Taliban and Al Qaeda, these members carried loyalty to those organisations and enmity towards the United States.[6]

Approximately three-quarters of JeM's membership is drawn from Punjab in Pakistan, from Multan, Bahawalpur and Rahim Yar Khan districts. This region being the main ethnic origin of the Pakistani military corps, ISI believed that the shared ethnicity would make the JeM aligned to the military's strategic goals. There are also a large number of Afghans and Arabs.[47][91] Several western militants of Pakistani origin have also joined the organisation. Prominent among them are Rashid Rauf, who was involved with a 2006 plot to blow up transatlantic airliners, Shehzad Tanweer, who was involved with the 2005 London Underground bombings, and Ahmed Omar Sheikh, convicted of murdering Daniel Pearl.[28]

Following the split in 2002, the majority of the original fighters left the parent organisation and joined renegade groups. When the organisation was revived by 2009, JeM was believed to have between one and two thousand fighters and several thousand supporting personnel.[59] Masood Azhar claimed having 300 suicide attackers at his command.[42]

Infrastructure

[edit]

JeM originally operated training camps in Afghanistan, jointly with the other militant groups. After the fall of the Taliban government, it relocated them to Balakot and Peshawar in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Muzaffarabad in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.[92] By 2009, it developed a new headquarters in Bahawalpur in Pakistani Punjab, 420 miles south of Islamabad. These include a madrassa in the centre of the city and a 6.5 acre walled complex that serves as a training facility, including water training and horse back riding. Bahawalpur also serves as a rest and recuperation facility for jihadists fighting in Afghanistan, away from the areas of US drone attacks. It is also close to the bases of other militant groups with which JeM is believed to have operational ties: Lashkar-e-Taiba in Muridke, Sipah-e-Sahaba in Gojra, and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi also based in Punjab. There are at least 500–1000 other madrassas in Bahawalpur, most of which teach a violent version of Islam to children.[28][93]

Publications

[edit]

Like other jihadi outfits in the country, JeM distills its ideology through the print media, its publications including the weekly Al-Qalam in Urdu and English, monthly Ayeshatul Binat in Urdu for women and weekly Musalman Bachy for children.[94]

Other E-publications are made on telegram channels usually stating their successes in their operations against Indian

army and publishing statements of the leadership of the organization[95]

[edit]

When JeM started, it had strong ties to the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, sharing their training camps in Afghanistan, and exchanging intelligence, training and coordination.[96] Bruce Riedel suggests that the 2001 Indian Parliament attack was possibly a "payback" to Al-Qaeda for its earlier help in getting Masood Azhar released. With the Indian reaction to the attack, Pakistan was forced to move its forces from the Afghan border to the Indian border, relieving pressure on Al-Qaeda.[97]

Most of the JeM members with loyalties to the Taliban left to join renegade groups in 2002. However, Masood Azhar's group was noticed recruiting fighters for the Afghan jihad in 2008.[84][28] In 2010, Pakistan's Interior minister Rehman Malik stated that the JeM, along with Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, were allied to the Taliban and Al-Qaeda.[7][98] Within South Punjab, the JeM is closely allied to Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Sahaba. Scholars Abou Zahab and Roy state that the three organisations appear to be "the same party" focusing on different sectors of activity.[99]

JeM continues to have links to its ancestor, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. In addition, the group has operational ties to Lashkar-e-Taiba, which it employed in launching the 2001 Indian Parliament attack.[42] It joined the ISI-sponsored United Jihad Council, an umbrella organisation of 13–16 militant organisations that fight in Indian-administered Kashmir.[100]

Khuddam ul-Islam is a militant splinter group of the Jaish-e-Mohammed. It is a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000[33] and said to be politically aligned with Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman's faction of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam.[101] Some sources believe that Khuddam ul-Islam is simply a restructuring of JeM and that the group is under the command of Mufti Abdul Rauf Asghar, the younger brother of JeM's founder, Maulana Masood Azhar.[102][103]

Al-Akhtar Trust

[edit]

Before being designated as a terrorist organization, Jaish-e-Mohammed established the Al-Akhtar Trust (Arabic: ثقة الأختر, romanized: Thiqat alʼkhtr) in Pakistan.[104] The group mostly funded Al-Qaeda and the Taliban and its associates with food, water, and clothing for orphans of "martyrs".[105][106] The organization also funded terrorism in Iraq before being designated as a terrorist organization funder by the United States on October 14, 2003.[107]

Notable attacks

[edit]
  • The group, in co-ordination with Lashkar-e-Taiba, has been implicated in the 2001 Indian Parliament attack in New Delhi.[16][42]
  • It has been suspected in the murder of American journalist Daniel Pearl in Karachi.[3][28]
  • Rahul Gandhi kidnap plot was a failed plot of this militant group to kidnap a prominent Indian political personality in lieu of 42 militant imprisoned in India. Several newspapers reported that the political personality was Rahul Gandhi, scion of the India's Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty.[108][109] The three Pakistani nationals were arrested namely Mohammed Abid alias Fateh from Lahore, Yusuf alias Faisal of Multan and Mirza Rashid Beg alias Raja Kajafi of Sialkot.[110][111][112]
  • An informant, posing as a member of Jaish-e-Mohammed, helped police to arrest four people allegedly plotting to bomb a New York City synagogue as well as to shoot Stinger missiles at military aircraft in the United States. The arrest of the four took place in May 2009. One of the four, by the name of James Cromitie, allegedly expressed the desire to join Jaish-e-Mohammed. This expression allegedly took place approximately a year prior to this arrest.[113][114][115]
  • In January 2016, members of the group were suspected of carrying out the Pathankot attack.[116][117]
  • In September 2016, the group was accused of carrying out an attack over an army camp at Uri, Kashmir.[118]
  • On 14 February 2019, a suicide bomber of the group, Adil Ahmad Dar, carried out a suicide bombing attack on a convoy of security vehicles near Pulwama, Jammu & Kashmir and killed at least 40 CRPF personnel.[69]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Kashmir Tigers: Another militant outfit emerges, fourth in two years". 23 January 2021. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ a b Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement (2015), p. 98: "Deobandis like Masood Azhar, a graduate of Jamia Binouria who later set up a jihadist outfit named Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) in 2000, reportedly at the behest of Pakistan's military establishment."
  3. ^ a b c d "Jaish-e-Mohammad: A profile". BBC News. 6 February 2002. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  4. ^ John Pike (25 July 2002). "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008.
  5. ^ "Taliban's Kashmir policy: Rhetoric, ideology, and interests". Observer Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2022. Essentially, JeM maintains eight camps in Afghanistan's Nangahar—three of which are under the direct control of the Taliban.
  6. ^ a b c d Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), pp. 921, 925, 926.
  7. ^ a b c Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012): "The answer is JeM's friend and ally, Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda." (p. 69) "Or as Pakistan's interior minister Rehman Malik has put it, "They—Lashkar-e-Janghvi, the Sipah-e-Sohaba Pakistan, and Jaish-e-Mohammad—are allies of the Taliban and al Qaeda" and do indeed pursue many of the same goals." (p. 100)
  8. ^ a b Pakistan Archived 19 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Mapping Militants. Stanford University.
  9. ^ Indian Mujahideen Archived 9 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism.
  10. ^ "People's Anti-Fascist Front (PAFF) – Jammu & Kashmir". Tracking Terrorism. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  11. ^ a b "Currently listed entities". Public Safety Canada. Government of Canada. 21 December 2018. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  12. ^ Freedman, Benjamin (May 2010). "Officially Blacklisted Extremist/Terrorist (Support) Organizations: a Comparison of Lists from six Countries and two International Organizations" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 4 (2): 46–52. JSTOR 26298448. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  13. ^ "BRICS declaration names Pakistan-based terror groups in diplomatic victory for India". Mint.com. 4 September 2017. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  14. ^ Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit (19 March 2020). "The Terrorist Who Got Away". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  15. ^ Jaffrelot, The Pakistan Paradox (2015), p. 520: "as soon as he was freed, Masood Azhar was back in Pakistan where he founded a new jihadist movement, Jaish-e-Mohammed, which became one of the jihadist groups the ISI used in Kashmir and elsewhere."
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Cronin et al., Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) (2004), pp. 40–43
  17. ^ Cronin et al., Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) (2004), p. 40: "The JEM is a Pakistan-based, militant Islamic group founded by Maulana Masood Azhar in March 2000."
  18. ^ Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement (2015), p. 98: "Deobandis like Masood Azhar, a graduate of Jamia Binouria who later set up a jihadist outfit named Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) in 2000, reportedly at the behest of Pakistan's military establishment."
  19. ^ "Attack May Spoil Kashmir Summit". SpaceWar.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  20. ^ Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement (2015), p. 98: "In addition to guerilla activities in Kashmir, JeM kept close ties with the Taliban as well as al-Qaeda in Afghanistan."
  21. ^ Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Glossary: "Jaish-e-Mohammed— ... militant group... formed in 2000 by the ISI and Maulana Masud Azhar in the aftermath of the hijacking of an Air India plane to Kandahar."
  22. ^ Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012), p. 69: "the ISI-supported, if not created, Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) terror organization."
  23. ^ a b C. Christine Fair (12 January 2016), "Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase", Huffington Post, This interpretation of the attack as 'peace spoiler' misses the strategic element of the ISI's revival of Jaish-e-Mohammad...
  24. ^ a b Bruce Riedel (5 January 2016). "Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2016.: "His group is technically illegal in Pakistan but enjoys the continuing patronage of the ISI."
  25. ^ Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012), p. 70: "But the ban was only a formality; neither organization [LeT and JeM] was seriously disrupted or dismantled. Hardly touched by the crackdown, LeT was spared the most."
  26. ^ Majidyar, Could Taliban take over Punjab? (2010), p. 3: "Pakistani jails have revolving doors, and even high-profile detainees like JeM leader Maulana Masood Azhar and LeT chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed were soon free men. Banned organizations resurfaced under new names or as charities..."
  27. ^ Gregory, The ISI and the War on Terrorism (2007), pp. 1022–1023: "However, most of those arrested were subsequently released without any charges and the separatist/Islamic Jihadis groups, such as the ISI creations Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, have been permitted to re-form, some of them under different names."
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h Shah, Saeed (13 September 2009). "Terror group builds big base under Pakistani officials' noses". McClatchy newspapers. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  29. ^ a b JeM’s Azhar lives freely in Pakistan, govt never detained him: Report Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Hindustan Times, 26 April 2016.
  30. ^ a b Raman, B. (2001). "Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)—A Backgrounder". South Asia Analysis Group. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  31. ^ Praveen Swami, How significant is Jaish-e-Muhammad in Kashmir today? Archived 11 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The Indian Express, 10 November 2017.
  32. ^ "Parliament of Australia – Jaish e Mohammed (JeM)" (PDF). Parliament of Australia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  33. ^ a b "Proscribed Organisations". Terrorism Act 2000 (sched. 2). UK Public General Acts. Vol. 2000 c. 11. 20 July 2000. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013.
  34. ^ "Sanctions List Materials—United Nations Security Council". un.org. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  35. ^ "pathankot terror attack case" (PDF). National Investigation Agency.
  36. ^ "Pakistan arrests Jaish members in connection with India air base attack". Dawn. 13 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  37. ^ Cyril Almeida (6 October 2016), "Exclusive: Act against militants or face international isolation, civilians tell military", Dawn, archived from the original on 17 September 2023, retrieved 6 October 2016
  38. ^ "Pakistan: Cyril Almeida of Dawn 'on Exit Control List'". Al Jazeera. 11 October 2016. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  39. ^ "India will 'completely isolate' Pakistan". BBC News. 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  40. ^ Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (20 February 2019). "What happened at Pulwama and history of terror attacks on convoys". The Economic Times. India. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  41. ^ a b c d e C. Christine Fair, Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase, Huffington Post, 12 January 2016.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h Bruce Riedel (5 January 2016). "Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  43. ^ Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012): "formed in 2000 by ISI and Maulana Masud Azhar in the aftermath of the hijacking of an Air India plane to Kandahar"
  44. ^ a b c d e f Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Chapter 6.
  45. ^ a b Jaffrelot, The Pakistan Paradox (2015), p. 520.
  46. ^ Barzilai, Yaniv (2014), 102 Days of War: How Osama bin Laden, al Qaeda & the Taliban Survived 2001, Potomac Books, Inc., p. 97, ISBN 978-1-61234-533-8
  47. ^ a b c Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), p. 926.
  48. ^ Moj, Deoband Madrassah Movement (2015), p. 98.
  49. ^ Sanskar Shrivastava (10 March 2011). "JeM top commander killed in encounter in Kashmir". World Reporter. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  50. ^ Militants attack Kashmir assembly Archived 7 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 1 October 2001
  51. ^ 4 convicted in attack[usurped]. The Hindu, 17 December 2002, Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  52. ^ Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012), p. 69.
  53. ^ a b Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), p. 927.
  54. ^ a b Gunaratna & Kam, Handbook of Terrorism (2016), p. 230.
  55. ^ "How Jaish-e-Mohammed funds terror acts. Here's a look at its source of income". 28 February 2019. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  56. ^ a b c Umer Ali (18 August 2016), "Pakistan: The Rebirth of Jihad", The Diplomat, archived from the original on 3 October 2016, retrieved 2 October 2016
  57. ^ Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), pp. 927–928.
  58. ^ Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), pp. 928.
  59. ^ a b Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), p. 929.
  60. ^ JeM chief gets Osama-style protection: India Today zeroes in on Jaish den in Pakistan Archived 16 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine, India Today, 16 February 2019.
  61. ^ Michael Kugelman (1 May 2014), "Five Pakistani Militants we should be Paying More Attention to", War on the Rocks, archived from the original on 10 October 2016, retrieved 7 October 2016
  62. ^ Sumit Kumar (12 January 2016), "The Pathankot Airbase Attack and the Future of India-Pakistan Relations", The Diplomat, archived from the original on 10 September 2016, retrieved 7 October 2016
  63. ^ Ankit Panda (29 March 2016), "Post-Pathankot Attack, Pakistani Investigative Team Arrives in India", The Diplomat, archived from the original on 6 October 2016, retrieved 7 October 2016
  64. ^ Praveen Swami (15 January 2016). "No one arrested, we are still in business, says Jaish-e-Mohammad". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  65. ^ Cyril Almeida (7 October 2016), "Exclusive: Act against militants or face international isolation, civilians tell military", Dawn, archived from the original on 6 October 2016, retrieved 6 October 2016
  66. ^ Ankit Panda (19 September 2016). "Gurdaspur, Pathankot, and Now Uri: What Are India's Options?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  67. ^ Ankit Panda (29 September 2016). "Indian Forces Cross Line of Control to Carry Out 'Surgical Strikes': First Takeaways". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  68. ^ "Kashmir Pulwama Terror Attack LIVE News Updates". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  69. ^ a b "Jaish terrorists attack CRPF convoy in Kashmir, kill at least 40 personnel". The Times of India. 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  70. ^ "Highlights: France Strongly Supports India's Fight Against Cross-Border Terrorism". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  71. ^ "'Get ready for our surprise': Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes". The Guardian. 27 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  72. ^ "Abhinandan: Captured Indian pilot handed back by Pakistan". BBC News. 1 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  73. ^ "Pakistan returns Indian pilot shot down over Kashmir in peace gesture". The Guardian. 1 March 2019. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  74. ^ Safi, Michael; Zahra-Malik, Mehreen (March 2019). "Pakistan returns Indian pilot shot down over Kashmir in 'peace gesture'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  75. ^ "India-Pakistan crisis: Live updates". Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  76. ^ "Two nomads abducted, killed in suspected militant attack in Kashmir's Tral: Police". Hindustan Times. 28 August 2019. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  77. ^ "JeM planning attacks in India, say reports". The Hindu. New Delhi. 26 August 2021. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  78. ^ a b Gunaratna & Kam, Handbook of Terrorism (2016), p. 229.
  79. ^ a b "Jaish-e-Mohammed". Mapping Militant Organizations. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  80. ^ Hashim, Asad (1 May 2019). "Profile: What is Jaish-e-Muhammad?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  81. ^ "Jaish-e-Mohammed". Counter Terrorism Guide. United States National Counter Terrorism Center. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  82. ^ Quoted in Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Chapter 6; See also Innes, Inside British Islam (2014), Chapter 1
  83. ^ a b Rashid, Descent into Chaos (2012), Chapter 8.
  84. ^ a b c Bill Roggio (16 January 2016). "Pakistan again puts Jaish-e-Mohammed leader under 'protective custody'". The Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2016. 'In 2008, JEM recruitment posters in Pakistan contained a call from Azhar for volunteers to join the fight in Afghanistan against Western forces,' according to the US Treasury's 2010 designation of the group's emir.
  85. ^ Innes, Inside British Islam (2014), ?.
  86. ^ "India fortifying case to put Jaish on ban list". The Hindu. 4 March 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  87. ^ Bill Roggio (2 December 2010). "US designates Pakistan-based leaders of Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, Jaish-e-Mohammed as terrorists". The Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 7 December 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  88. ^ India giving 'final touches' to its UNSC proposal on Masood Azhar Archived 1 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Hindu, 1 October 2016.
  89. ^ "2016 Pathankot attack handler Shahid Latif gunned down in Pakistan mosque". The Times of India. 12 October 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  90. ^ Innes, Inside British Islam (2014), Chapter 1.
  91. ^ Honawar, Jaish-e-Mohammed (2005), p. 2.
  92. ^ Honawar, Jaish-e-Mohammed (2005), p. 3.
  93. ^ Praveen Swami (3 January 2016). "Behind terror attack, a reborn jihad empire". The Indian Express.
  94. ^ Muhammad Amir Rana, "Jihadi Print Media in Pakistan: An Overview" in Conflict and Peace Studies, vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct-Dec 2008), p. 3
  95. ^ "Telegram Channel Urges Muslims To Join Jaish-e-Muhammad, Says: 'Jaish-e-Muhammad Is The Name Of Kashmir's Freedom And Pakistan'". MEMRI. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  96. ^ Popovic, The Perils of Weak Organization (2015), p. 925.
  97. ^ Riedel, Deadly Embrace (2012), p. 70.
  98. ^ Jane Perlez (2 June 2010), "Official Admits Militancy's Deep Roots in Pakistan", The New York Times, archived from the original on 29 October 2016, retrieved 22 October 2016
  99. ^ Abou Zahab & Roy, Islamist Networks (2004), p. 30.
  100. ^ Snedden, Christopher (2013) [first published as The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir, 2012], Kashmir: The Unwritten History, HarperCollins India, p. 198, ISBN 978-9350298985
  101. ^ "Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) (Army of MohammedTehrik ul-Furqaan, Khuddam-ul-Islam )". Overseas Security Advisory Council. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
  102. ^ Subramanian, Nirupama (18 December 2008). "Restrictions put on Masood Azhar". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
  103. ^ "JeM chief Masood Azhar under house arrest". Times of India. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  104. ^ "JAISH-I-MOHAMMED | United Nations Security Council". United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  105. ^ "Pakistan bans 25 militant organisations". Dawn. 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  106. ^ "QE.A.121.05. AL-AKHTAR TRUST INTERNATIONAL". United Nations Security Council. 6 April 2009. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  107. ^ "U.S. DESIGNATES AL AKHTAR TRUST Pakistani Based Charity is Suspected of Raising Money for Terrorists in Iraq". U.S. Department of the Treasury. 25 January 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  108. ^ "Police foil Rahul Gandhi kidnap plot". Reuters. 16 November 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  109. ^ "Plot to kidnap Rahul foiled". Times of India. 17 November 2007. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  110. ^ "JeM 'plot' to abduct Rahul Gandhi foiled". Hindustan Times. 16 November 2007. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  111. ^ "Indian police foil plot to kidnap Rahul Gandhi". gulfnews.com. 16 November 2007. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  112. ^ "Plot to abduct Rahul Gandhi foiled | India News". The Times of India. 17 November 2007. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  113. ^ Kelly: 4 arrested in terror plot 'wanted to commit jihad' Newsday. Archived 23 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  114. ^ "Synagogue targeted in NY plot, four charged". Reuters. 21 May 2009. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  115. ^ "US men charged over synagogue plot". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  116. ^ "Pathankot attack: First terrorist was killed while he was climbing 10 ft high wall". The Indian Express. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  117. ^ "NIA registers case in Pathankot terror strike". Rediff. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  118. ^ "Viewpoint: How far might India go to 'punish' Pakistan?". 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.

General bibliography

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaish-e-Mohammed&oldid=1252624430"