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José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino

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In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Zamanillo and the second or maternal family name is González-Camino.
José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino
Born
José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino

1903
Santander, Spain
Died1980 (aged 76–77)
Madrid, Spain
Occupation(s)Lawyer, politician
Known forPolitician
Political partyCT, FET, UNE

José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino (1903–1980) was a Spanish Traditionalist politician. He was the leader of Carlist paramilitary Requeté structures during the Republic and a champion of Carlist collaborationist policy during mid-Francoism, though in the 1940s he maintained a firm anti-regime stand. He was also a representative of the post-Francoist hard core in the course of early transition to parliamentary democracy. He served in the parliament in two strings of 1933-1936 and 1961–1976; in 1961-1976 he was also a member of the Francoist Consejo Nacional. In 1972-1976 he was a member of Consejo de Estado.

Family and youth

[edit]
Santander, around 1907

José Luis' paternal ancestors originated from Biscay; the great-grandfather was a pharmacist.[1] His son Gregorio Zamanillo del Campo also ran a pharmacy, first in the Biscay Carrantza[2] and later in the Cantabrian Laredo.[3] Politically he sympathized with Carlism, though after the 1888 Integrist breakup he followed the secessionists.[4] Gregorio was married twice;[5] José Luis' father, José Zamanillo Monreal (1866-1920),[6] was born out of the second marriage. He also became a pharmacist and owned a business in Santander; like his predecessor, he also developed Integrist sympathies. At the turn of the centuries he emerged as a recognized local Traditionalist activist; he co-organized Centro Católico Montañés, the Integrist outpost in Cantabria, co-founded urban and rural Catholic trade unions,[7] and became president of La Propaganda Católica de Santander, a publishing house issuing El Diario Montañés, a militantly anti-liberal daily affiliated with the Santander bishopry.[8] President of the Integrist Junta Provincial[9] and member of the regional Castilla La Vieja executive,[10] in 1909-11 he served as concejal in the Santander ayuntamiento and in 1915 briefly as diputado provincial.[11]

Zamanillo Monreal married María González-Camino y Velasco,[12] descendant to a bourgeoisie family originating from Esles de Cayón. It was founded by an enriched indiano, Francisco González-Camino, and has traditionally remained in the first row of business, politics and culture in the region, holding stakes in companies from banking, insurance, industry, railways, electrify, utilities and other businesses.[13] José and María settled in Santander and had 6 children;[14] they were brought up "en un hogar español cristiano y montañes", learning "to prey to God and to love Spain"[15] and with a sense of local Cantabrian pride.[16] José Luis was born as the second oldest son.[17] His older brother Nicolás followed in the footsteps of 3 generations and also became a pharmacist,[18] his younger brother Gregorio became a physician.[19] Two of his sisters tried their hand in letters, Matilde[20] more successful than María;[21] all were active in Traditionalism.[22]

Marcial Solana

Little is known about education of José Luis; at one point he left family home to join the Jesuit college of the Biscay Orduña, where he obtained bachillerato.[23] Then he commenced law studies and one source claims he graduated at Deusto;[24] date of his graduation is not known, normally it would have fallen on the mid-1920s. He commenced law career in his native Santander; details are not clear, except that in 1930 he already practiced on his own handling civil cases[25] and in 1931 was referred to as "joven abogado".[26] In 1931[27] José Luis married Luisa Urquiza y Castillo (1905-2002);[28] none of the sources consulted provides any information on her family. The couple settled in Santander and had 12 children; 2 of them died in infancy.[29] None of them grew to prominence, though some were active Traditionalists.[30] The best-known relative of José Luis is his older cousin, Marcial Solana González-Camino; an Integrist Cortes deputy in 1916, he made his name in the 1920s and 1930s as Traditionalist philosopher and author.[31]

Cortes deputy and paramilitary leader (1931-1936)

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Zamanillo speaking, 1935

José Luis engaged in unspecified Integrist activity already during last years of the monarchy.[32] When in late 1931 the party commenced re-integration into Carlism, the three Zamanillo brothers followed suit[33] and joined the united Comunión Tradicionalista.[34] It seems that José Luis remained in the shadow of Nicolás, who led Juventud Integrista,[35] was noted as public speaker in 1932[36] and grew to head of Juventud Tradicionalista in Santander.[37] During the run-up to the 1933 elections it seemed that Nicolás would emerge at the forefront,[38] but in unclear circumstances it turned out that José Luis represented the Carlists on the joint Santander list of Unión de Derechas Agrarias.[39] He was comfortably elected[40] and somewhat unexpectedly he emerged among 20-odd Carlist deputies, most distinguished figures of the Comunión, and one of the few representing a new generation.[41] Zamanillo's rise was so startling that to acknowledge it, editors celebrating 100 years of Carlism[42] had to hastily amend their publications.[43]

Zamanillo remained moderately active as a deputy. He joined Comisión de Comunicaciones[44] and formed a group advancing the interests of Cantabrian fishermen,[45] later growing to head of its Junta Directiva.[46] During general sessions he was noted as following the overall Carlist strategy, highly suspicious towards the CEDA-Radical governments,[47] at times taking part in parliamentary obstruction[48] and rather occasionally making it to the headlines of the Carlist press.[49] It was not Cortes activity which gained him recognition in the party. Following a general overhaul of Comunión command layer in 1934 the former Integrists gained a strong position and their man Manuel Fal Conde rose to Jéfe Delegado. It was Fal who in May 1934 appointed Zamanillo head of Special Delegation for the Requeté,[50] section of the party executive co-ordinating growth of the Carlist paramilitary.[51] With neither military training nor combat experience, Zamanillo was entrusted with general organization, financing, logistics, recruitment, personal policy and overall guidance.[52] His key objective was to re-format[53] requeté into a nationwide Frente Nacional de Boinas Rojas,[54] the task successfully carried out in course of 1935.[55] Himself involved in logistics,[56] he was however focused on recruitment,[57] with the overall Requeté strength growing from 4,000 in late 1934[58] to 25,000 in mid-1936.[59]

Carlist meeting, 1930s

Politically Zamanillo remained among the Carlist hawks; though he signed the Bloque Nacional funding act,[60] in 1935 he developed enmity towards the monarchist alliance advanced by the likes of Rodezno and Pradera.[61] On the other hand, he remained on excellent terms with the Cantabrian Falange and its leader Manuel Hedilla.[62] The policy backfired when in 1936 the Carlists were left out of the local Cantabrian Candidatura Contrarrevolucionaria;[63] standing on their own[64] they fared badly and Zamanillo lost his Cortes ticket with just 12,000 votes gathered.[65] He could have focused on buildup of requete structures, considered its "protagonista fundamental";[66] he was touring the country, delivering addresses,[67] attending meetings[68] and mobilizing support.[69] At that time initially defensive Requeté format was rapidly being re-defined to embrace a new, insurgent strategy.[70]

Conspirator and insurgent (1936)

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in Vienna, October 1936

In March 1936 Zamanillo entered a Carlist body[71] co-ordinating preparations to a rising[72] and based in Sant-Jean-de-Luz.[73] He was among key architects[74] of a so-called "Plan de los Tres Frentes",[75] a project of toppling the Republic by means of an exclusively Carlist coup;[76] it crashed in early June when security unearthed a depot with hundreds of false Guardia Civil uniforms.[77] Preparations were re-formatted as negotiations with the military conspiracy. Since 1935 engaged in noncommittal talks with UME[78] he took part in key debates of early summer,[79] meeting general Mola on June 11[80] and July 2.[81] In conspiracy using the alias of "Sanjuan",[82] Zamanillo was cruising between Sant-Jean-de-Luz, his temporary headquarters of Elizondo,[83] Irun[84] and Estella. He adhered to the line advocated by Fal, who demanded that political deal is concluded first and who opposed unconditional access to military coup.[85] Details are not entirely clear;[86] at one point it seemed that negotiations with increasingly desperate Mola[87] have crashed,[88] but eventually the Navarrese outmaneuvered Fal and closed an ambiguous deal. On July 15 Zamanillo ordered requeté mobilization[89] and 2 days later[90] he issued the order to rise.[91]

As the hostilities broke out Zamanillo was flown together with Fal from southern France to the Nationalist zone.[92] In August 1936[93] he entered Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra, the new wartime executive Carlist structure;[94] he co-headed[95] Delegación Nacional de Requeté, a sub-unit of Sección Militar, with his duties related to recruitment, personal appointments[96] and general administration.[97] In September he toured the frontlines,[98] hailing common Carlist-Falangist comradeship,[99] lambasting CEDA[100] and somewhat belittling the military.[101] Congratulated by his king Alfonso Carlos,[102] following his death in October he travelled to Vienna to attend the funeral.[103] Having hardly noticed the ascent of Franco he rather saluted Don Javier as a new caudillo[104] and had problems[105] coming to terms with the vision of perhaps necessary,[106] transitional military dictatorship before a Traditionalist monarchy gets reinstated.[107]

in San Sebastián, fall 1936

In late 1936 Zamanillo kept co-ordinating requeté recruitment and organization, voicing strongly in favor of independence and regional basis[108] of the Carlist units.[109] Informal talks with the military produced an idea of organizing systematic training for Carlist would-be officers,[110] the concept which materialized as Real Academia Militar de Requetés, announced by Fal to be set up shortly. As it was initially to be based in Pamplona, Zamanillo contacted the Navarrese Carlists in an apparent bid to offer an olive branch and address increasingly sour relations between their Junta Central Carlista de Guerra de Navarra and the Burgos-based Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra.[111] On December 20 he accompanied Fal in his journey from Toledo to Franco's Salamanca headquarters but was left in antechamber[112] when Dávila presented Fal with an alternative of either exile or the firing squad.[113] Later the same day he took part in an improvised session of Junta Nacional, discussing the ultimatum from the military; Zamanillo's stand is not clear, before later the same day he returned with Fal to Toledo.[114]

Dissenting Nationalist (1937-1939)

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in Insua, February 1937
in Insua, February 1937

While Fal complied with the military ultimatum and left the Nationalist zone for Portugal, within the Carlist command Zamanillo formed the faction of his most staunch supporters. Already in early January 1937 he met Dávila in vain seeking to ensure Fal's return,[115] yet at the time the lot of Jefe Delegado was getting gradually eclipsed by rumors of amalgamating Carlism into sort of a new state party. Zamanillo took part in the February session of Carlist heavyweights in the Portuguese Insua,[116] which confirmed him as member of the strict 7-member executive.[117] During the following session, held in March in Burgos, he and Valiente acted as chief Falcondistas and displayed most skepticism about would-be unification, confirming that attacks against Comunión hierarchy were unacceptable;[118] nevertheless, the junta vaguely and unanimously agreed that political unity was a must.[119] The same month he denounced political maneuvering[120] and presented the military with Don Javier's letter advocating the return of Fal;[121] though Zamanillo remained on amicable terms with Mola,[122] he was viewed increasingly unfavorably in Franco's entourage.[123] In the final meeting of Carlist executive in Burgos of early April 1937 he assumed a hard line, protesting alien intervention in Carlist affairs.[124]

In the aftermath of Unification Decree, on April 19 enraged Zamanillo resigned from all functions;[125] he was so disgusted with apparent bewilderment among the Carlist executive that he concluded that Fal's exile worked to his advantage, allowing Jefe Delegado to maintain an honorable position.[126] A number of sources claim that embittered, Zamanillo enlisted to combat requeté units,[127] though none provides any details of his service. He might have enlisted to Tercio de Navarra[128] or Tercio de Palencia,[129] where his brothers served, though scarce information does not allow to tell which Zamanillo was meant in the reports.[130] In May 1937 he was still noted in Pamplona, when dodging unification process he was issuing antedated requeté promotions.[131] Also later Zamanillo kept sabotaging unification; in November 1937 and still in Pamplona he assisted Carlist volunteers who deserted from Falange-dominated units and re-directed them to newly formed Navarrese tercios.[132]

requeté group at rest, Civil War

Once Cantabria had been taken over by the Nationalists some young local Carlists started to form anti-unification resistance groups. The dissenters, dubbed "Tercio José Luis Zamanillo", were eventually prosecuted; it is not clear to what extent Zamanillo was involved[133] and whether he held any posts in the new Nationalist administration of Santander.[134] There is almost no information on Zamanillo's whereabouts during 1938, except minor pieces related to occasional Carlist feasts.[135] In early 1939, shortly before the end of the war, he co-signed a document named Manifestacion de los Ideales Tradicionalistas, a memorandum of key Carlist politicians; delivered to Franco, it contained a lengthy discourse arguing that once the war was about to end, it was time to introduce the Traditionalist monarchy.[136] The document was left with no response.

Carlist against Francoism (1940-1954)

[edit]
Albacete

In the early 1940s, Zamanillo formed the core of Falcondistas, acting as watchdogs of the Carlist orthodoxy. Fal, partially incommunicado,[137] considered him, Senante and Lamamié "el triunvirato de los feroces integristas tachados de intemprantes"[138] and indeed as Fal's trustee he carried out appointments in Navarre, always keen to pursue their own policy.[139] He made sure that Comunión remained neutral towards the European war,[140] that claims of the new Alfonsist claimant Don Juan were rejected[141] with pro-Juanista sympathies eradicated[142] and that there was no political collaboration with the regime. In a 1941 document he castigated Francoism as totalitarian system rejected by the society.[143] Touring the country from Seville[144] to Barcelona[145] Zamanillo delivered addresses at meetings styled as Christian or ex-combatant feasts. In 1943 he co-signed Reclamacion del poder, Carlist memorandum demanding introduction of Traditionalist monarchy;[146] in May he was detained,[147] spent a week in police dungeons[148] and was ordered exile in Albacete,[149] terminated in April 1944.[150] Still head of Requeté structures he tried to prevent their disintegration.[151] In 1945 he was among those behind Pamplona riots; detained and trialed in early 1946,[152] Zamanillo was the only member of Carlist executive sentenced to unconditional incarceration.[153]

By May 1946 Zamanillo was free again, speaking at the predominantly Carlist Montserrat feast.[154] He used to attend the gathering systematically, present also in 1947,[155] though in the late 1940s his relations with Sivatte, chief personality of Catalan Carlism, deteriorated; Zamanillo's calls for discipline were largely aimed against the Sivattistas.[156] Confirmed as member of Consejo Nacional[157] and attending the first gathering or regional leaders since Insua he was bent on preserving Traditionalist identity against Francoist distortions and called for setting up Centro de Estudios Doctrinales.[158] An awkward sign of recognition came in wake of his 1948 trip to Rome,[159] when the émigré PSUC periodical noted him among "dirigents del [Carlist] movimient" whose dissidence demonstrated ongoing decomposition of Francoism.[160]

Carlists on Francoist parade, 1940s

It is neither clear where Zamanillo lived in the late 1940s and early 1950s nor how he made a living; sporadically he was mentioned as related either to Santander[161] or to Madrid,[162] in both cases connected to the education system.[163] Most likely he kept practicing as a lawyer, as demonstrated by proceedings related both to minors and to politics: in 1953 he was involved in machinations to ensure that former wife of another Carlist claimant, the late Carlos VIII, would not get legal custody of their juvenile daughters. As the action was allegedly triggered by Franco himself,[164] the episode might be indicative of Zamanillo's improving relations with the regime. On the Carlist front he remained loyal to Fal and kept fighting the increasingly vocal Sivattistas;[165] none of the sources consulted clarifies whether he joined those pressing Don Javier to terminate the regency and to claim monarchic rights himself, what sort of happened in Barcelona in 1952;[166] it was only much later that he declared it a grave error.[167] In 1954 he was confirmed as a member of largely inactive Junta Nacional and its day-to-day executive, a Permanent Commission.[168]

Carlist in collaboration (1955-1962)

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Valiente (earlier pic)

When Fal Conde resigned in August 1955 Zamanillo was still member of Junta Nacional[169] and one of the party moguls. Don Javier did not nominate a new Jefe Delegado, creating a new collegial executive, Secretaría Nacional; according to some scholars Zamanillo initially was not appointed[170] and got recommended by Fal slightly afterwards,[171] according to others he formed part from the onset.[172] At that time those advocating more intransigence competed with those advocating more flexibility. It is not clear where Zamanillo stood; for 20 years the right hand of adamant Fal,[173] only some time later he emerged as supporter of the collaborative strategy, championed by Valiente. Within Carlism the anti-Francoist feelings were running high,[174] with especially the Navarros and the Gipuzkoanos trying to sabotage his nomination;[175] during the 1956 Montejurra gathering they tried to block his access to the microphone, and when he finally succeeded, they cut the cables.[176] However, the collaborationists and Zamanillo consolidated their position; backed by the claimant,[177] who conferred Carlist honors upon him,[178] he was handling the link to Movimiento,[179] a tricky task as the Carlist rank and file booed and jeered whenever the name of the Francoist state party was mentioned.[180] Together with Valiente and Saenz-Díez he soon emerged as member of a new triumvirate running the party.[181]

Don Javier, 1960

The new strategy seemed to work and in 1957 Zamanillo was rumored to land a ministerial job[182] or a high position in Movimiento,[183] the perspective which faded away once Arrese had been replaced with Solis.[184] Undeterred, he kept advocating flexibility towards the regime as the best way to confront Juanistas, who should be beaten not "en los montes sino desde los cargos oficiales".[185] In 1958[186] he was nominated secretario general, a new position reporting only to Valiente,[187] and the same year got double-hatted as regional jefe of Castilla la Vieja.[188] He cautiously endorsed introduction of the Carlist prince Carlos Hugo[189] and taking advantage of his links with the regime officials intervened to spare him trouble, be it after the 1958 Montejurra,[190] before the 1960 Montejurra,[191] securing his residence permit in Madrid in 1960[192] and 1961[193] or launching the bid for Spanish citizenship for the Borbon-Parmas.[194]

At the turn of the decades, Zamanillo's position in Carlism reached its climax. Though Valiente was officially nominated new Jefe Delegado, due to his requeté past Zamanillo enjoyed more prestige;[195] he handed over the post of requeté leader as late as 1960.[196] Within the party he was entrusted with disciplinary missions.[197] When addressing gatherings at Montserrat[198] and Montejurra[199] he could have afforded to ignore suggestions of Movimiento[200] and Carlist[201] leaders alike. During aplecs advocating "religious unity consubstantial with national unity",[202] since 1959 he organized "marchas al Valle de los Caídos", an initiative providing opportunity to fraternize with the Falangists[203] and himself frequently wined and dined with the Movimiento officials,[204] even though he was suspicious about genuine intentions of the regime.[205] In 1961 Zamanillo was nominated to Consejo Nacional,[206] which guaranteed seat in the Cortes,[207] and in 1962 he was admitted by Franco.[208]

Breakup (1962-1963)

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Carlist standard

Zamanillo's interventions facilitating Carlos Hugo's entry proved successful[209] and in January 1962 the young prince settled in Madrid. He turned a group of his young entourage into Secretaría Privada,[210] which in turn embarked on a number of new initiatives. Zamanillo viewed them as part of the collaborationist strategy and supported; in 1960 Semana Nacional de Estudios of AET in Valle de los Caidós he spoke about a possibilist evolution of the doctrine[211] and engaged in Círculos Vázquez de Mella.[212] The sympathy, however, was not reciprocal. Unlike the older generation, for whom Zamanillo was an icon of requeté, Carlos Hugo and his aides, like Ramón Massó and José María Zavala, were far more skeptical.[213] They considered him an old-type man of the past,[214] valiant but with scarce political intuition[215] and tending to inactivity.[216] Once the Hugocarlistas gained formal outposts and launched own initiatives, friendly but loose early relations were getting thorny.[217] Initially it looked like a generational conflict,[218] not helped by Zamanillo's unshakable sense of own authority.[219] He was getting uneasy about what was becoming known as "camarilla" of the prince,[220] the youth were skeptical about his power-hungry "requeté cohort".[221]

In few weeks suspicion turned into a full-scale conflict, especially that upon closer contact Zamanillo developed doubts about Traditionalist orthodoxy of the Hugocarlistas.[222] They also identified him as a chief obstacle in their path to power and got determined to remove it.[223] Conscious of royal support they did not step back and provoked Zamanillo to resign from his post in the executive;[224] he intended the move as a mere demonstration of protest.[225] With his resignation awaiting royal decision, in the spring of 1962 he opposed structural changes proposed by Hugocarlistas[226] and spoke out against "delfinismo",[227] which puts "sons against fathers".[228] At the same time he launched Hermandad de Antiguos Combatientes de Tercios de Requeté, an organization supposed to help in the imminent clash for power,[229] and openly confronted new advancements of Carlos Hugo.[230] The conflict materialized over few other issues[231] yet did not seem unbridgeable[232] until in September 1962 his resignation – to Zamanillo's shock and amazement[233] and against the advice of Valiente[234] – was accepted.[235]

Carlos Hugo, 1964

Since the fall of 1962 Zamanillo developed a furious anti-Hugocarlista activity;[236] it culminated in a letter,[237] denouncing Carlos Hugo as ignorant[238] and subversive revolutionary.[239] In 1963 Massó and his men prepared ground for final confrontation, marginalizing Zamanillo's supporters,[240] floating rumors about his treason[241] and mobilizing support of iconic personalities.[242] Zamanillo played into their hands resigning from further functions,[243] also in Hermandad.[244] The climax came in June 1963, when on a party council the Hugocarlistas launched an all-out attack advancing a number of charges.[245] In November Secretaría demanded that Zamanillo be expulsed; Don Javier had few doubts[246] and Zamanillo was purged by the year-end.[247] Hugocarlista strategy worked perfectly; disguising their progressive agenda they deflected the conflict from ideological confrontation to secondary issues, isolated their opponent,[248] provoked him into unguarded moves, and removed the key person[249] bent on preventing their intended control of Carlism.[250]

Francoist (1964-1974)

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Zamanillo (2fL) during homage address to Franco, 1969

In the early 1960s Zamanillo was already considered icon of collaborationism, as evidenced by his 1961 nomination to its Consejo Nacional.[251] In 1962 Franco thought him a candidate for vice-minister of justice, nomination thwarted by Carrero Blanco, who denounced him – either erroneously or as part of own stratagem – as supporter of Carlos Hugo.[252] Following expulsion from Carlism Zamanillo was welcome among the Movimiento hardliners. In 1964 he was awarded Gran Cruz del Mérito Civil,[253] a visible sign of excellent relations with the regime. His nomination to Consejo was renewed in 1964,[254] to be prolonged in 1967[255] and 1971;[256] as consejero he had seat in the Cortes guaranteed.

Within the Francoist structures Zamanillo entered important though not front-row bodies. In 1964 he became secretary of Comisión de Ordenación Institucional, entrusted with working out a new recipe for Falangism;[257] in 1967 he was secretary to its later incarnation, the section of "Principios fundamentales y desarollo político".[258] In the Cortes he worked in commission drafting Ley Orgánica del Movimiento,[259] an eventually abandoned attempt to ensure Falangist domination.[260] In 1967 he grew to one of 4 secretarios of the diet,[261] the function renewed also in 1971,[262] and represented Spain in international inter-parliamentary bodies.[263] In 1970 Zamanillo's status was acknowledged with Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Militár.[264] In terms of officialdom his position climaxed in 1972, when Zamanillo entered Consejo de Estado.[265]

In terms of impact on real-life politics Zamanillo found himself increasingly marginalized; he sided with the Falangist core, which during the 1960s was outmaneuvered by the technocratic bureaucracy. Though speaking with Franco "many times" and allegedly conceded to be right, he failed to influence the caudillo[266] who allowed political changes that Zamanillo opposed, like liberalization of the labor law or the press law;[267] the project which drew his particular enmity was the 1967 Law on Religious Liberties.[268] On the other hand, he supported the 1966 introduction of Tercio Familiar as a step towards Traditionalist type of representation;[269] claiming that backbone of Traditionalism was doctrinal rather than dynastical[270] in 1969 he voted in favor of Juan Carlos as the future king.[271] In late 1973 Zamanillo participated in one of the last hardline attempts to seize control, Comisión Mixta Gobierno-Consejo Nacional, dissolved soon afterward by Carrero Blanco.[272]

Franco, 1969

Labeled "falso carlista" by Don Javier,[273] Zamanillo kept considering himself a Carlist.[274] He kept leading Hermandad of ex-combatants, periodically purging it of the most vocal Javieristas;[275] at the turn of the decades he considered it a would-be platform to launch a new Carlist organization, a "Comunión without a king".[276] The organization finally animated to this end[277] was already existing[278] Hermandad de Maestrazgo;[279] Zamanillo presided[280] over its Patronat Nacional in 1972[281] and in 1973 entered its collegial presidency.[282] With Valiente and Ramón Forcadell considered a triumvirate running the group,[283] he emphasized Falangist and Traditionalist commonality in the service of Spain and Franco.[284] The organization failed to attract popular support and did not become a genuine Carlist counterweight to the newly emergent Partido Carlista.[285]

Post-Francoist Traditionalist (1975-1980)

[edit]
Montejurra

During the final years of Francoism Zamanillo engaged in the launch of a broad Traditionalist organization.[286] Following the so-called Ley Arias of December 1974, which legalized political associations, he first tried to mobilize support by means of a new periodical, Brújula,[287] gathering together "partidarios de la Monarquía tradicional, social y representativa".[288] In June[289] 1975 the initiative materialized with 25,000 signatures required[290] as Unión Nacional Española; Zamanillo entered its Comisión Permanente[291] and in early 1976 jointly with Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora[292] its presidency,[293] becoming also member of Junta Directiva.[294] The association, in 1976 officially registered as political party, adhered to Traditionalist principles;[295] Zamanillo explained its objectives as "lo que hay que hacer es un 18 de julio pacífico y político",[296] played down differences with other right-wing groupings[297] and advanced suggestions of a National Front,[298] formed by UNE, ANEPA, UDPE and others.[299] In May 1976 he co-organized Traditionalist attempt to dominate the annual Carlist Montejurra gathering, since mid-1960s controlled by the Hugocarlistas; the day produced violence, with two Partido Carlista militants shot.[300]

Still member of the Cortes, when forming factions had been allowed Zamanillo joined Acción Institucional, the closest one to the hardline búnker.[301] Having noticed with some surprise in May 1976 that "heritage of July 18 is no longer protected by state",[302] in the diet he did his best first to obstruct works on a new law on political parties[303] voting against its final version,[304] and to water-down the draft on Ley Para la Reforma Política;[305] in November 1976 he was among those who refused to commit "political suicide of the Francoist Cortes" and cast a "no" ballot during the plenary session;[306] indeed he was already speaking openly about a suicidal governmental policy.[307]

Spanish elections, 1977

In gear-up to the elections in late 1976 UNE joined the Alianza Popular coalition[308] and Zamanillo signed its founding manifesto.[309] In parallel, apparently somewhat skeptical about the UNE format and definitely disillusioned about Juan Carlos, in February 1977 he co-founded a strictly Carlist organization, Comunión Tradicionalista, and entered its executive;[310] dynastic leader of the party turned out to be Sixto, Traditionalist younger brother of Carlos Hugo.[311] In the June 1977 elections Zamanillo ran for the senate on the UNE/AP list from Santander, but suffered heavy defeat.[312] UNE was getting increasingly divided about the general strategy; its November 1977 General Assembly turned into mayhem. Zamanillo and his supporters demanded leaving AP;[313] in the ensuing chaos, they staged a parallel session and elected a new party executive.[314] The opposing faction of Fernández de la Mora appealed in court and won;[315] in December 1977 Zamanillo was expulsed from UNE.[316] He then focused on Comunión, which prior to 1979 elections joined the Unión Nacional alliance; this time Zamanillo did not run.

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Julián Sanz Hoya, De la resistencia a la reacción: las derechas frente a la Segunda República (Cantabria, 1931-1936), Santander 2006, ISBN 9788481024203, p. 139
  2. ^ Zamanillo entry, [in:] Euskelnet service, available here
  3. ^ La Discussión 06.03.66, available here
  4. ^ El Siglo Futuro 25.04.83, available here
  5. ^ first with Ramona Rada Ribas and than with Joaquina Monreal y Rivas, Zamanillo entry, [in:] Euskelnet service
  6. ^ Zamanillo Monreal, José entry, [in:] EscritoresCantabricos service, available here; see also his obituary in El Siglo Futuro 09.06.21, available here
  7. ^ the urban one was Círculo Obrero de San José, the rural one was Sindicatos Agrícolas Montañeses, Zamanillo Monreal, José entry, [in:] EscritoresCantabricos service
  8. ^ Zamanillo Monreal, José entry, [in:] EscritoresCantabricos service
  9. ^ in 1918, El Siglo Futuro 20.04.18, available here
  10. ^ in 1906, El Siglo Futuro 27.08.06, available here
  11. ^ Zamanillo Monreal, José entry, [in:] EscritoresCantabricos service
  12. ^ Zamanillo y González-Camino, Matilde entry, [in:] EscritoresCantabricos service, available here. Her father was Nicolas Gonález-Camino y García de la Concha (1819-1894), her mother was María Conepción de Velasco y Villanueva, José Zamanillo y Monreal + María González Camino y Velasco entry, [in:] Enredo service, available here Archived 2017-04-04 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ the companies they held stakes in were Nueva Montaña, Banco Mercantil, Nueva Argentifera, Santanderina de Navegación, Abastecedora de Aguas de Santander, Electra de Besaya, Compañia de Vapores Esles, Seguros La Alianza, Minas de Heras and Ferrocariles del Cantábrico y Santander-Ontaneda, Aurora Garrido, Favor e indiferencia. Caciquismo y vida política en Cantabria, Santander 1998, ISBN 9788481021943, pp. 374-375, Consuelo Soldevilla Oria, Cantabria y América, Madrid 1992, ISBN 8471003929, pp. 265-266
  14. ^ José Zamanillo y Monreal + María González Camino y Velasco entry, [in:] Enredo service
  15. ^ Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977, Pamplona 1997, ISBN 9788431315641, p. 139
  16. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 162
  17. ^ José Zamanillo y Monreal + María González Camino y Velasco entry, [in:] Enredo service
  18. ^ El Siglo Futuro 25.03.25, available here
  19. ^ Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758, p. 636
  20. ^ Matilde was a poet who published a number of volumes: Huellas en el tiempo, Diafanidad, Símbolos y figuras de nuestra historia, Ya tocan a Navidad, Laudes marianas, Así es España, Tríptico de sonetos and Frutos de soledad, Zamanillo y González-Camino, Matilde entry, [in:] EscritoresCantabricos service
  21. ^ there is only one work identified, Maria Zamanillo, Mella, Guíon de España. Pensamientos escogidos de sus obras completas, San Sebastian 1939
  22. ^ brothers as requeté volunteers and sisters as propagandists, Sanz Hoya 2006, p. 139
  23. ^ Eduardo Casariego (ed.), El tradicionalismo español. Su história, su ideario, sus hombres, San Sebastián 1934 [unnumbered page between pages 88 and 89]
  24. ^ ABC 27.09.75, available here
  25. ^ Boletín Oficial de Provincia de Santander 23.05.30, available here
  26. ^ Julián Sanz Hoya, La construcción de la dictadura franquista en Cantabria: Instituciones, personal político y apoyos sociales (1937-1951), Santander 2009, ISBN 9788481024869, p. 84
  27. ^ El Siglo Futuro 15.06. 31, available here
  28. ^ ABC 22.10.02, available here
  29. ^ compare the obituaries in ABC 23.12.80, available here and in ABC 22.10.02, available here
  30. ^ Sanz Hoya 2009, p. 87; Maria Luisa Zamanillo (died 2022) sided with the faction of Don Sixto, see María Luisa Zamanillo, in memoriam, [in:] PeriodicoLaEsperanza service 19.06.22, available here
  31. ^ compare Antonio de los Bueis Güemes, Marcial Solana. Una vida en la tradición, Santander 2015, ISBN 9788493867164
  32. ^ El Siglo Futuro 28.05.30, available here; at the same time he underwent an appendicitis surgery, El Siglo Futuro 26.05.30, available here
  33. ^ El Siglo Futuro 08.09.31, available here
  34. ^ Eduardo González Calleja, Contrarrevolucionarios: radicalización violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda República, 1931 – 1936, Madrid 2011, ISBN 9788420664552, p. 199
  35. ^ El Siglo Futuro 25.03.25, available here
  36. ^ El Siglo Futuro 18.07.32, available here
  37. ^ El Siglo Futuro 27.06.32, available here
  38. ^ El Siglo Futuro 20.09.33, available here
  39. ^ Sanz Hoya 2009, p. 81
  40. ^ see Zamanillo's 1931 data on the official Cortes service, available here
  41. ^ Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 2008, ISBN 9780521086349, p. 123
  42. ^ Nicolas is mentioned as contributing to a luxury album to be issued on the centenary of Carlism in 1933 while there is no say about José Luis, El Siglo Futuro 01.11.33, available here
  43. ^ compare Eduardo Casariego (ed.), El tradicionalismo español. Su história, su ideario, sus hombres, San Sebastián 1934; the page featuring Zamanillo looks like a hastily prepared last-minute insert between pages 88 and 89
  44. ^ Ahora 12.01.34, available here
  45. ^ Ahora 09.02.34, available here
  46. ^ Vida Maritima 15/28.02.34, available here
  47. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, pp. 201-202
  48. ^ La Nación 28.06.34, available here
  49. ^ El Siglo Futuro 02.07.34, available here
  50. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 207, González Calleja 2011, p. 199
  51. ^ Ana Marín Fidaldo, Manuel M. Burgueño, In memoriam. Manuel J. Fal Conde (1894-1975), Sevilla 1980, p. 37
  52. ^ Antonio Lizarza, Memoria de la conspiración, [in:] Navarra fue la primera 1936-1939, Pamplona 2006, ISBN 8493508187, pp. 56-60. Strictly military issues were handled by colonel Ricardo Rada and a number of other, mostly retired army officers, like Muslera, Varela, Lizarza, Utrilla, Redondo, Barrau, Arredondo, Ansaldo, Villanova, Velearde, Telleria, Baselga, Cuerda, Tarduchy, Ruíz de Ojeda or Sanjurjo (junior). Major shakeup of requeté organisation was co-ordinated by the military and Zamanillo is not credited for it, see González Calleja 2011, p. 371
  53. ^ Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709970, pp. 81-82
  54. ^ technical objective of reorganisation to Frente Nacional was to detach Requeté cells from local Carlist circulos and create a separate nationwide structure. The military aim was to inject more homogeneity, gain critical mass, enable planning above the tactical level and reinforce steerability. The political aim was to lessen the Carlist dependence on Navarre and enhance the position of national leadership
  55. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, pp. 220-221
  56. ^ on one occasion he crossed the French-Spanish frontier with a load of 400 pistols, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 223
  57. ^ none of the sources mentions Zamanillo against the background of sending some Carlist paramilitary to Italy for training in the summer of 1934, see e.g. Robert Vallverdú i Martí, El Carlisme Català Durant La Segona República Espanyola 1931-1936, Barcelona 2008, ISBN 9788478260805, p. 198, González Calleja 2011, p. 198
  58. ^ González Calleja 2011, p. 193
  59. ^ González Calleja 2011, p. 373. Geographical distribution of the requeté was very uneven. Most of them were in Navarra (6 thousand), Catalonia (4), Castellón (3.7), Valencia (2.1) Alava (1.5) Biscay (1.5) and Gipuzkoa (1.0), Eduardo González Calleja, Julio Aróstegui, La tradición recuperada: el Requeté Carlista y la insurrección, [in:] Historia Contemporanea 11 (1994), p. 50, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 210. There is also a theory which charges Blinkhorn, Gonzalez Calleja and Aróstegui with accepting Carlist post-war myths as to numerosity and strength of these units and claims that the Carlist paramilitary was of marginal importance, see Roberto Muñoz Bolanos, El primer intento de "gran coalición": el proyecto de sublevación carlista (marzo/mayo de 1936), [in:] Damián A, González, Manuel Ortiz Heras, Juan Sisinio Pérez Garzón (eds.), La Historia, lost in translation?, Albacete 2016, ISBN 9788490442654, p. 1650
  60. ^ Maximiliano Garcia Venero, Historia de la Unificacion, Madrid 1970, p. 72
  61. ^ Vallverdú i Martí 2008, p. 281
  62. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, pp. 181-182, 235
  63. ^ Sanz Hoya 2009, p. 68
  64. ^ Sanz Hoya 2009, p. 98
  65. ^ according to his later account, Zamanillo and his supporters "sabíamos que no había ninguna posibilidad de obtener actas", Garcia Venero 1970, p. 32. He obtained good results only in few locations, like Campo de Suso, Escalante, Molledo, Santiurde de Reinosa or Solórzano, Enrique Menendez Criado, Evolución de los principales conflictos y violencia en la Cantabria del Frente Popular, [in:] Damián A, González Madrid, Manuel Ortiz Heras, Juan Sisinio Pérez Garzón (eds.), La Historia, lost in translation?, Albacete 2016, ISBN 9788490442654, p 1640
  66. ^ Roberto Muñoz Bolaños, "Por Dios, por la Patria y el Rey marchemos sobre Madrid": el intento de sublevación carlista en la primavera de 1936, [in:] Daniel Macías Fernández, Fernando Puell de la Villa (eds.), David contra Goliat. Guerra y asimetría en la Edad Contemporánea, Madrid 2014, ISBN 978-84-617-0550-4, p. 7 [pagination quoted after the version available at Academia.edu service]
  67. ^ Vallverdú i Martí 2008, pp. 271, 285, Pablo Larraz Andía, Víctor Sierra-Sesúmaga Ariznabarreta, Requetés: de las trincheras al olvido, Madrid 2011, ISBN 9788499700465, p. 125, Blinkhorn 2008, pp. 210, 219
  68. ^ e.g. during the massive 1935 Poblet gathering, attended by 40,000 people, César Alcalá, D. Mauricio de Sivatte. Una biografía política (1901-1980), Barcelona 2001, ISBN 8493109797, p. 126
  69. ^ Fidaldo, Burgueño 1980, p. 34
  70. ^ Muñoz Bolaños 2014, p. 9
  71. ^ named Junta de Conspiración, junta "de conspiración", Junta Suprema Militar Carlista or Junta Técnica Militar, see e.g. Muñoz Bolaños 2014, p. 11, Aróstegui 2013, p. 98
  72. ^ Zamanillo is listed among 6 civilian members and the junta leaders, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, p. 296
  73. ^ at an estate Le Ferme, González Calleja 2011, pp. 375-376
  74. ^ entrusted with general organization and logistics rather than military issues, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 237, Juan Carlos Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós, El Carlismo, la República y la Guerra Civil (1936-1937). De la conspiración a la unificación, Madrid 1996, ISBN 9788487863523, p. 19
  75. ^ by one scholar the plan is referred to as "ideado fundamentalmente por Fal Conde y Zamanillo", Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015, p. 23. Other scholars do not mention him at all when discussing the plan, compare Roberto Muñoz Bolanos, El primer intento de "gran coalición": el proyecto de sublevación carlista (marzo/mayo de 1936), [in:] Damián A, González Madrid, Manuel Ortiz Heras, Juan Sisinio Pérez Garzón (eds.), La Historia, lost in translation?, Albacete 2016, ISBN 9788490442654, pp. 1651-1654
  76. ^ compare Muñoz Bolaños 2014
  77. ^ González Calleja 2011, p. 378
  78. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 227
  79. ^ Fidaldo, Burgueño 1980, p. 37, Mercedes Peñalba Sotorrío, Entre la boina roja y la camisa azul, Estella 2013, ISBN 9788423533657, pp. 18-19, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, p. 308
  80. ^ Lizarza 2006, pp. 90-91, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 244, Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 30
  81. ^ Fidaldo, Burgueño 1980, p. 38, Lizarza 2006, pp. 94-96, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 245, Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 32
  82. ^ Manuel Ferrer Muñoz, Navarra y País Vasco, 1936: conspiración contra la república, [in:] Cuadernos de Sección. Historia-Geografía 22 (1994), p. 248
  83. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 237
  84. ^ Vallverdú i Martí 2008, p. 312
  85. ^ Peñalba Sotorrío 2013, p. 18, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 238
  86. ^ see Aróstegui 2013, pp. 105-106
  87. ^ Alfonso Ballestero, José Ma de Oriol y Urquijo, Madrid 2014, ISBN, 9788483569160, p. 44; during the talks Fal remained entirely intransigent, which drove Mola to desperation. He later admitted having been close to shooting himself, "este hombre [Fal] estuvo a punto de conseguir que yo me pegara un tiro", Garcia Venero 1970, p. 76
  88. ^ on July 9 Fal ordered not to rise with the military, González Calleja 2011, pp. 379-385
  89. ^ instructing the Carlist units to follow the orders of the military, Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 40
  90. ^ Vallverdú i Martí 2008, p. 313
  91. ^ literally his order read: "Salir con los militares. Si no lo hace, hacer lo posible para que lo hagan. Bandera española rojo y gualda o ninguna", Alcalá 2001, p. 29
  92. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 252
  93. ^ some authors give the date of August 28, Ricardo Ollaquindia, La Oficina de Prensa y Propaganda Carlista de Pamplona al comienzo de la guerra de 1936, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 56 (1995), p. 486; others give the date of September 1, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 269, Robert Vallverdú i Martí, La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975), Barcelona 2014, ISBN 9788498837261, p. 21
  94. ^ Ollaquindia 1995, p. 486
  95. ^ with Ricardo Rada
  96. ^ Muñoz Bolaños 2014, p. 12
  97. ^ Ollaquindia 1995, p. 501
  98. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 260, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 357, 436, Jaime del Burgo Torres, Un episodio poco conocido de la guerra civil española. La Real Academia Militar de Requetés y el destierro de Fal Conde, [in:] Principe de Viana 196 (1992), p. 485
  99. ^ though he by no means suggested unification, Peñalba Sotorrío 2013, p. 24
  100. ^ Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 128
  101. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 265
  102. ^ in a latter dated September 22, 1936; the Carlist king thanked Zamanillo for magnificent work and referred to 70,000 requeté volunteers, Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradiconalismo español, vol. 30/2, Sevilla 1979, p. 113
  103. ^ Aróstegui 2013, p. 114. On September 30, 1936 Zamanillo ordered mourning following the death of Alfonso Carlos, Ignacio Romero Raizábal, Boinas Rojas en Austria, Burgos 1937, p. 34
  104. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 273
  105. ^ e.g. he did not sign a subservient petition of Navarrese junta to the generals, dated September 24, 1936, Peñalba Sotorrío 2013, p. 28-9
  106. ^ in mid-December 1936 Zamanillo hailed co-operation with Falange, but noted also that Carlism did not pretend to military command, a visible conciliatory gesture towards the military. However, he underlined loyalty to the doctrine and to personal leadership of Fal Conde, Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 129
  107. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 267
  108. ^ Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 182
  109. ^ Aróstegui 2013, p. 684
  110. ^ ABC 27.09.75, available here
  111. ^ Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 237, Del Burgo 1992, p. 494
  112. ^ "antesala" or "antedespacho", Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 239, Del Burgo 1992, pp. 495-496
  113. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 276
  114. ^ Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, pp. 241-242, Del Burgo 1992, p. 496, Garcia Venero 1970, p. 79
  115. ^ Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 243
  116. ^ Josep Carles Clemente Muñoz, Los días fugaces: el carlismo: de las guerras civiles a la transición democrática, Cuenca 2013, ISBN 9788495414243, p. 47, Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, p. 30
  117. ^ the Junta as confirmed in Insua consisted of 7 members: Fal, Martinez Berasain, Rodezno, Lamamie, Valiente, Zamanillo and Gaiztarro, Melchor Ferrer, Breve historia del legitmismo español, Madrid 1958, p. 122. Some authors claim another member was Arauz de Robles, Santiago Martínez Sánchez, El Cardenal Pedro Segura y Sáenz (1880-1957) [PhD thesis Universidad de Navarra], Pamplona 2002, p. 304
  118. ^ Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 36
  119. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 286
  120. ^ Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 257
  121. ^ Fidaldo, Burgueño 1980, p. 43
  122. ^ in late 1936 Zamanillo had access to Mola and dined with him in Valladolid, Garcia Venero 1970, p. 75
  123. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 288, Sanz Hoya 2009, p. 213
  124. ^ Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós 1996, p. 264
  125. ^ Garcia Venero 1970, p. 110
  126. ^ Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 45
  127. ^ Garcia Venero 1970, p. 110, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 45, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 291
  128. ^ Nicolas served first in Tercio del Rey commanding 3. company (Sicilia), later led Santanderinos during formation of formed Tercio del Camino, and in 1937 later incorporated into Tercio de Navarra, commanding 1. company as teniente, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 181-182, 360
  129. ^ Gregorio was a medic in Tercio Castellano de Mola and Tercio de Palencia, Aróstegui 2013, p. 636
  130. ^ Lizarza 2006, pp. 159-160
  131. ^ e.g. in May 1937 he signed nominations antedating them to January 1, 37; the purpose was to ensure better standing of the requetés in unified structures, Aróstegui 2013, p. 496
  132. ^ Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 67
  133. ^ Sanz Hoya 2009, p. 219
  134. ^ a November 1937 press mentioned a "José Zamanillo" as alcalde of Santander, Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Santander 08.11.37, available here. None of the sources consulted mentions Zamanillo as holding posts in the local Cantabrian administration of the time
  135. ^ e.g. in March 1938, Noticiero de Soría 10.03.38, available here
  136. ^ Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015, p. 61
  137. ^ exiled or at home arrest
  138. ^ Martínez Sánchez 2002, p. 422
  139. ^ the mission triggered conflict with the Navarros, represented by Joaquín Baleztena. He complained that nominations should be carried out not by means of top-down appointments but rather by means of bottom-up elections, Aurora Villanueva Martínez, Organizacion, actividad y bases del carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo [in:] Geronimo de Uztariz 19 (2003), pp. 103-104
  140. ^ Manuel Santa Cruz Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta, Apuntes y documentos para la Historia del Tradicionalismo Español, vol. 2, Madrid 1979, p. 26
  141. ^ in 1940 he co-edited response to Don Juan, Santa Cruz 1979, p. 26
  142. ^ Martínez Sánchez 2002, p. 422
  143. ^ "el régimen totalitario, asentado en un partido único, ha de producir frutos nefastos, en la práctica, el instaurado en España ha superado en sus desastrosos efectos a todas las previsiones", which "la sociedad entera con asombrosa unanimidad repudia y condena un sistema, que ha malogrado totalmente el fruto de la victoria sobre los rojos". In terms of proposals, Zamanillo and the group recommended the following: 1) stay firmly by ideals and stick to loyalty; 2) study traditionalist ideario and develop the doctrine; 3) prepare solutions at opportune time to be presented to the government, Santa Cruz 1979, p. 76
  144. ^ in 1940 he spoke in Sevilla at an Acción Católica meetings, Martínez Sánchez 2002, p. 371. At this opportunity he was also introduced by Fal to cardenal Segura, Martínez Sánchez 2002, p. 412
  145. ^ in 1942 he spoke at the Montserrat rally, Alcalá 2001, p. 52
  146. ^ Ballestero 2014, p. 80, Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 96, Alcalá 2001, p. 52, full text Santa Cruz 1979, pp. 173-219
  147. ^ Sanrta Cruz 1979, p. 227
  148. ^ Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 243
  149. ^ Jordi Canal, El carlismo, Madrid 2000, ISBN 8420639478, p. 344, Alcalá 2001, p. 57
  150. ^ having to report to a police station every 15 days, Santa Cruz 1979, p. 228
  151. ^ 1944 regional requete jefes still reported straight to Zamanillo, Villanueva Martínez 2003, p. 108
  152. ^ Martorell Pérez 2009, pp. 310-312, Aurora Villanueva Martínez, Los incidentes del 3 de diciembre de 1945 en la Plaza del Castillo, [in:] Principe de Viana 58 (1997), pp. 630, 637, 640
  153. ^ it is not clear what was the incarceration time, Villanueva Martínez 1997, p. 644. It must have not lasted longer than 4 months, as in May Zamanillo was recorded as attending another Carlist gathering
  154. ^ Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 104
  155. ^ Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 323
  156. ^ in 1948, Alcalá 2001, p. 88
  157. ^ in 1947 and with Fal, Valiente, Saenz-Siez and Lamamie, Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 106, Canal 2000, pp. 350-351
  158. ^ Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 321
  159. ^ he visited Rome with Fal and Lamamie during Easter of 1948 and was received by Pius XII, Martínez Sánchez 2002, p. 480
  160. ^ Lluita 26.05.48, available here
  161. ^ In 1952 he was still noted in the press as related to Santander, Boletín oficial de la provincia de Santander 17.09.52, available here
  162. ^ in 1945 police detained him "in his Madrid home"
  163. ^ for 1952 see Boletín oficial de la provincia de Santander 17.09.52, available here, for 1957 see Hoja Oficial de Lunes 16.12.57, available here
  164. ^ Francisco de las Heras y Borrero, Un pretendiente desconocido. Carlos de Habsburgo. El otro candidato de Franco, Madrid 2004, ISBN 8497725565, p. 132
  165. ^ in the early 1905s he was sent on a mission to calm Catalonia to impose measures against Catalan separatism and against the Sivattistas, Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 127
  166. ^ Alcalá 2001, p. 99
  167. ^ ABC 27.09.75, available here
  168. ^ with Valiente, Saenz-Diez and Fagoaga, Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 138, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El nuevo rumbo político del carlismo hacia la colaboración con el régimen (1955-56), [in:] Hispania 69 (2009), p. 184
  169. ^ with Valiente, Saenz-Diez and Jaime de Carlos, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El final de una ilusión. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957-1967), Madrid 2016, ISBN 9788416558407, p. 34
  170. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 39, Manuel Martorell Pérez, Carlos Hugo frente a Juan Carlos. La solución federal para España que Franco rechazó, Madrid 2014, ISBN 9788477682653, p. 70
  171. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 40, Vázquez de Prada 2009, p. 190
  172. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 79, Canal 2000, p. 356
  173. ^ following Fal's deposition Zamanillo wrote him cordial and most likely sincere letters, Fidaldo, Burgueño 1980, p. 54
  174. ^ most Carlists were firmly anti-collaborative at the time, Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 114
  175. ^ Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 353
  176. ^ Alcalá 2001, p. 125
  177. ^ Zamanillo was at that time considered representative of Javierismo, Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 152
  178. ^ in 1956 Zamanillo was made a Knight of the Orden de la Legitimidad Proscrita, Francisco Manuel Heras y Borrero, Carlos Hugo el Rey que no pudo ser: la lucha por el trono de España de Carlos Hugo de Borbón Parma, la última esperanza del carlismo, Madrid 2010, ISBN 9788495009999, p. 77, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 100
  179. ^ Jeremy MacClancy, The Decline of Carlism, Reno 2000, ISBN 9780874173444, p. 92. Other authors claim rather that Zamanillo cultivated links with ministers and technocrats, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 87
  180. ^ MacClancy 2000, pp. 92-93
  181. ^ Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 150, Javier Lavardín, Historia del ultimo pretendiente a la corona de España, Paris 1976, p. 46, Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 144
  182. ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 93
  183. ^ allegedly in 1957 Valiente targeted a job in the government while Zamanillo had his eyes set on the Movimiento, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 20, Lavardin 1976, p. 67
  184. ^ Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 148
  185. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 72
  186. ^ according to some sources in 1960; the position is also referred to as secretario nacional of Secretaria Nacional, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 80, Canal 2000, p. 356, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 118
  187. ^ Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 203
  188. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 79
  189. ^ Lavardin 1976, p. 43
  190. ^ when police intercepted Carlos Hugo on his way from Montejurra to the French frontier. An officer confiscated Carlos Hugo's French passport; it took Zamanillo, with his sense of authority and command, to arrive and corner the official, making him return the passport. The whole scene took place somewhere in the Navarrese countryside, Lavardin 1976, pp. 74-75
  191. ^ prior to the 1960 Montejurra Zamanillo talked with Solis to ensure Carlos Hugo's entry. When despite the agreement Carlos Hugo was stopped at the border crossing in Irun, the Carlists called Zamanillo, who unleashed his fury over the telephone and got Carlos Hugo allowed to pass, Lavardin 1976, pp. 90-91
  192. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 111
  193. ^ 1961 Carlos Hugo was permitted and settle in Madrid thanks to the talks that Zamanillo held with Solis, Lavardin 1976, p. 110
  194. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 141
  195. ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 98, Lavardin 1976, p. 14
  196. ^ as requete jefe Zamanillo was replaced with José Arturo Márquez de Prado, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 172, Lavardin 1976, p. 91
  197. ^ in 1960 he formed part of a committee to re-organise Carlism in Valencia and Catalonia, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 81
  198. ^ in 1957 Zamanillo was present at two competitive Montserrat feasts, one organized by the Javieristas and one by the Sivattistas, Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 155. For 1958 see Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 201, Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 2014 161
  199. ^ Lavardin 1976, p. 74
  200. ^ prior to the 1958 Montejurra gathering Alonso Vega told Zamanillo he had better not attend; Zamanillo disregarded the advice, Lavardin 1976, pp. 71-72
  201. ^ prior to the 1958 Montserrat Sivatte asked Zamanillo to avoid personal references; Zamanillo disregarded the request and mentioned Fal as example of loyalty. From this moment he was no longer invited to speak at the Sivattista Montserrat gatherings, Alcalá 2001, pp. 111-112
  202. ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 148
  203. ^ Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 149
  204. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 107
  205. ^ e.g. in October 1960 Zamanillo wrote Solis a somewhat bitter letter; he claimed that while officially no claimant was preferred of privileged, in fact the regime promoted the Juanistas, Rodón Guinjoan 2015, pp. 187-188
  206. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 136
  207. ^ see Zamanillo's 1961 ticket at the official Cortes service, available here
  208. ^ Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 150
  209. ^ in 1975 Zamanillo referred to Carlos Hugo as "muy simpático, el clásico francés. El decía que era un Principe europeo, cosa que a nosotros no nos hacía ninguna gracia", ABC 27.09.1975, available here
  210. ^ in late 1961, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 147
  211. ^ full title Estudio razonado de la evolución doctrinal del carlismo. Nuevos rumbos de la doctrina carlista: la política posibilista como resultado, Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 102, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 465
  212. ^ Circulos Vázquez de Mella were increasingly controlled by AET and the Hugocarlistas; in 1960 Zamanillo delivered a lecture on La personalidad de Mella, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 464
  213. ^ according to a somewhat sarcastic account of a person from the young Carlos Hugo entourage, in the early 1960s Zamanillo was doing little; his activity boiled down to travelling across the country and delivering addresses necessarily stuffed with the words "dead" and "blood", Lavardin 1976, p. 143
  214. ^ Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 15, Lavardin 1976, p. 48
  215. ^ "hombre valiente y luchador, pero con escaso sentido político" Lavardin 1976, pp. 66-67
  216. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, pp. 139, 146, Lavardin 1976, p. 48
  217. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 160, Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 124
  218. ^ there are unclear references to family issues and Zamanillo's wife as possible source of conflict with the young, see Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 181
  219. ^ brusque man with an unshakable sense of his own authority", MacClancy 2000, p. 98
  220. ^ Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015, pp. 102, 130, 133
  221. ^ MacClancy 2000, pp. 98-99
  222. ^ in letters Zamanillo doubted about "cauces tradicionales" of the youth, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 163
  223. ^ Josep Miralles Climent, Estudiantes y obreros carlistas durante la dictadura franquista. La AET, el MOT y la FOS, Madrid 2007, ISBN 9788495735331, p. 42
  224. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 81
  225. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 163
  226. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 164
  227. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 176
  228. ^ Lavardin 1976, p. 122
  229. ^ launched in February 1962, it was formally registered in April 1962, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 163, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 118-119, Lavardin 1976, p. 131
  230. ^ when in 1962 Don Javier made Carlos Hugo duque de San Jaime Zamanillo grumbled that such moves must be consulted with the administration, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 150
  231. ^ one of them was the interview that Carlos Hugo held with Franco in May 1962. Zamanillo was allegedly uneasy about not being involved, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 169
  232. ^ in May 1962 Zamanillo spoke at Montejurra, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 302, Lavardin 1976, p. 129, Rodón Guinjoan 2015, pp. 261, 1962 and at other feasts, e.g. in Durango, Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 138
  233. ^ Lavardin 1976, pp. 143-144
  234. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 174
  235. ^ at the Hendaye sesson, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 170
  236. ^ Lavardin 1976, p. 146
  237. ^ in November, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 476
  238. ^ Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 175, Lavardin 1976, p. 147
  239. ^ Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 150, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 476
  240. ^ Saenz-Díez was marginalised on charges of financial ineptidue, Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 150
  241. ^ at one point Zamanillo attended a dinner with non-dynastic monarchists; the meeting later served as a proof of his alleged engagement in a Juanista plot, Lavardin 1976, pp. 147-148
  242. ^ the case Melchor Ferrer, an orthodox Traditionalist historian of prestigious standing, who launched public onslaught on Zamanillo doubting his loyalty to Don Javier, Vázquez de Prada 2016, pp. 187-192, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 183, Lavardin 1976, pp. 148-149
  243. ^ in 1963 Zamanillo resigned posts in the Requeté ex-combatant organization, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 181, MacClancy 2000, p. 99
  244. ^ Lavardin 1976, pp. 153-155. As president of Hermandad Zamanillo was replaced by Ignacio Romero Osborne
  245. ^ the June 1963 session saw a number of charges: disloyalty to Don Javier, attacks on Carlos Hugo, impolite and rude behavior versus Carlos Hugo's sisters, overcommitting to Franco, collaboration with hardline Falangist Circulo Jose Antonio, implanting hostility between Franco and Don Javier, attempting another dynastic Caspe agreement with Juanistas, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 186, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 182, Lavardin 1976, p. 148
  246. ^ in December 1963 Don Javier noted: "no cuentan desgraciamente en la política el afecto personal y las amistades, cuando es preciso actuar, y sin desearlo se hiere viejos amigos como Zamanillo y otros", quoted after Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 181
  247. ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 99
  248. ^ the only person among the Carlist moguls who realized that there was a conspiracy against Zamanillo going on was Ignacio Romero Raizabal, a person far from the Traditionalist core, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 184
  249. ^ in 1967 the Hugocarlistas congratulated themselves on eliminating Zamanillo but considered elimination of Valiente long overdue, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 78, Lavardin 1976, p. 282-3, García Riol 2015, p. 107
  250. ^ removal of Zamanillo was one of few episodes which marked 1963 as the year when the balance of power shifted towards the Hugocarlistas, who from that moment onwards seized the initiative and proceeded to total domination, the process completed in the early 1970s. The other episodes of 1963 which contributed to the shift were especially departure of Traditionalist pundits Francisco Elías de Tejada and Rafael Gambra
  251. ^ Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 255
  252. ^ when in April 1962 the Franco entourage dwere discussing how to fill the vacancy for subsecretario de justicia, Carrero suggested Blas Piñar. Franco dismissed the proposal ("es un exaltado") and went on to suggest Zamanillo. "Este es hugonote" said Carrero, and the post finally went to Antonio Maria Oriol. As at the time differences between Zamanillo and Carlos Hugo were already evident, it is not clear whether the opinion of Carrero resulted from poor intelligence or was rather a conscious attempt to against Zamanillo, perhaps related by Carrero (correctly) to the Falangist core. The account referred after Blas Piñar, Escrito para la historia, Madrid 2000, ISBN 8473780485, p. 167
  253. ^ ABC 05.12.64, available here
  254. ^ see the 1964 Zamanillo ticket at the official Cortes service, available here
  255. ^ see the 1967 Zamanillo ticket at the official Cortes service, available here
  256. ^ see the 1971 Zamanillo ticket at the official Cortes service, available here
  257. ^ the presidency went to Solis and vice –presidency to Fernand Cuesta, ABC 18.07.64, available here
  258. ^ this time presidency went to Fernandez-Cuesta, Zamanillo was again the secretary, ABC 21.12.67, available here
  259. ^ ABC 23.03.67, available here
  260. ^ ABC 14.11.68, available here
  261. ^ ABC 17.11.67, available here
  262. ^ ABC 21.01.67, available here
  263. ^ in 1968, ABC 03.09.68, available here
  264. ^ ABC 19.07.70, available here
  265. ^ ABC 16.11.72, available here
  266. ^ ABC 27.09.75, available here
  267. ^ ABC 23.10.65, available here
  268. ^ Mónica Moreno Seco, El miedo a la libertad religiosa. Autoridades franquistas, católicos y protestantes ante la Ley de 28 de junio de 1967, [in:] Anales de Historia Contemporánea 17 (2001), p. 357
  269. ^ he claimed that the genuine representation should be based on three categories: geographical units, labor groupings and families. See his rather unique, large theoretical elaborate, ABC 03.08.66, available here
  270. ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 170
  271. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 185. Later he retroactively justified his vote claiming that there were only 2 options: monarchy of Juan Carlos or a republic, ABC 27.09.75, available here
  272. ^ Pere Ysás, El consejo nacional del Movimiento en el franquismo tardío, [in:] Miguel Angel Ruiz Carnicer (ed.), Falange, las culturas políticas del fascismo en la España de Franco (1936-1975), vol. 1, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499112169, p. 370, ABC 17.01.73, available here
  273. ^ García Riol 2015, p. 270
  274. ^ in the late 1960s he still engaged in cordial if not intimate discussions with some Javieristas, Rodón Guinjoan 2015, pp. 162-163
  275. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 212-213
  276. ^ in 1972 Zamanillo talked to this end with Márquez de Prado, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 230-232
  277. ^ considered already in 1967 there were plans to use it against hugocarlista sposisbly with Fal García Riol 2015, pp. 106-107
  278. ^ Hermanded de Maestrazgo was set up in 1959 as a local Ulldecona organization, compare Ramón Rodón Guinjoan, Una aproximación al estudio de la Hermandad Nacional Monárquica del Maestrazgo y del Partido Social Regionalista, [in:] Aportes 88 (2015), pp. 169-201
  279. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 235
  280. ^ Zamanillo was involved in Hermanded de Maestrazgo already in 1965, ABC 21.12.65, available here
  281. ^ Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 260, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 237
  282. ^ Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 261, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 238-239
  283. ^ García Riol 2015, p. 306
  284. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 158
  285. ^ Zamanillo did not sign a 1975 letter-ultimatum to Don Javier, signed by Hermandad executive, Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 185
  286. ^ e.g. discussing the question in 1974-1975 with Fal Conde, Fidaldo, Burgueño 1980, p. 62
  287. ^ it was a periodical issued by Prensa de Opinión S.A., an entity presided by Zamanillo, Miguel A. del Río Morillas, Origen y desarollo de Unión Nacional Española (UNE): la experiencia de la extrema derecha neofranquista de Alianza Popular (AP), [in:] Molinero, Tébar (eds.), VIII Encuentro Internacional de Investigadores del Franquismo [CD-ROM], 2013, p. 2 [furtherly referred as Río Morillas 2013a], Miguel A. del Río Morillas, De la extreme derecha neofranquista a la derecha conservadora: los orígenes de Alianza Popular (1973-1979) [PhD thesis Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona], Barcelona 2013 [furtherly referred as Río Morillas 2013b], p. 124
  288. ^ Río Morillas 2013a, p. 2, Río Morillas 2013b, p. 124
  289. ^ some sources claim in May, Ballestero 2014, pp. 43, 119, Cristian Ferrer Gonzàlez, Los Carlismos de la Transición: las idiosincrasias carlistas frente al cambiopolítico (1973-1979), [in:] Juan Carlos Colomes Rubio, Javier Esteve Marti, Melanie Ibanez Domingo (eds.), Ayer y hoy. Debates, historiografia y didactica de la historia, Valencia 2015, ISBN 9788460658740, p. 152
  290. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 269
  291. ^ Río Morillas 2013a, p. 10
  292. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 269
  293. ^ Río Morillas 2013a, p. 14
  294. ^ Río Morillas 2013a, p. 17, Río Morillas 2013b, p. 138
  295. ^ the group did not call themselves Traditionalists in order not to allude references to FET and as not all among its 50 founders were indeed Traditionalists, ABC 27.09.75, available here
  296. ^ "echarse al monte ahora sería absurdo. Lo que hay que hacer es un 18 de julio pacífico y político", ABC 27.09.75, available here
  297. ^ ABC 27.09.75, available here
  298. ^ Río Morillas 2013b, p. 236
  299. ^ Río Morillas 2013b, pp. 136-137
  300. ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 178. For extensive account from the Hugocarlista perspective, featuring Zamanillo a number of times, see Informe. Montejurra 76/96, available online here
  301. ^ in March 1976, Miguel Ángel Giménez Martínez, Las Cortes de Franco o el Parlamento imposible, [in:] Trocadero 27 (2015), pp. 92-93
  302. ^ "la herencia del 18 de julio no tienen protección como consecuencia de la falta de autoridad del Estado", Río Morillas 2013b, p. 176
  303. ^ in May 1976 Zamanillo, as member of Comisión de Leyes Fundamentales, voted against the draft of "ley reguladora del derecho de reunión", accepted later as Ley 17/1976, and was one of 4 procuradores who voted against it during the plenary session, Pilar Fernández-Miranda Lozana, La Reforma Política. Contribución a la historia de la transición [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 1994, p. 291
  304. ^ Río Morillas 2013b, p. 255
  305. ^ see Informe de la ponencia de las Cortes, [in:] Reforma Constitucional at the official Spanish government service, available here
  306. ^ Luis Suárez Fernández, Manuel Espadas Burgos, Historia general de España y América, vol. 19/2, Madrid 1987, ISBN 9788432123597, p. 481
  307. ^ this particular remark was triggered by governmental response to the ETA killing of Araluce Villar, ABC 16.10.76, available here
  308. ^ Ferrer Gonzàlez 2015, pp. 6-7, Río Morillas 2013a, p. 11
  309. ^ Río Morillas 2013b, p. 306
  310. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 270, 273, García Riol 2015, p. 392
  311. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 272
  312. ^ see electoral data at electionpassport service, available here
  313. ^ what enraged Zamanillo, in particular, was that Fraga introduced Santiago Carillo, considered the murderer responsible for the 1936 Paracuellos de Jarama killings, to prestigious Club Siglo XXI, Río Morillas 2013b, p. 608. "La presentación de Carrillo en el Club Siglo XXI por el secretario general de Alianza Popular, don Manuel Fraga, ha sido la gota de agua que ha rebasado el límite de la paciencia a muchos españoles que teníamos puesta nuestra fe en Alianza Popular", quoted after Río Morillas 2013a, p. 20
  314. ^ Río Morillas 2013a, p. 20
  315. ^ Río Morillas 2013b, p. 142
  316. ^ Río Morillas 2013a, p. 21

Further reading

[edit]
  • Julio Aróstegui, Eduardo Calleja, La tradición recuperada: El requeté carlista y la insurrección, [in:] Historia Contemporanea 11 (1994), pp. 29–53
  • Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 1975, ISBN 9780521207294
  • Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo 1962-1977, Pamplona 1997, ISBN 8431315644
  • Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015
  • Eduardo González Calleja, Contrarrevolucionarios, Madrid 2011, ISBN 9788420664552
  • Jeremy Macclancy, The Decline of Carlism, Reno 2000, ISBN 9780874173444
  • Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis UNED], Valencia 2009
  • Miguel A. del Río Morillas, Origen y desarollo de Unión Nacional Española (UNE): la experiencia de la extrema derecha neofranquista de Alianza Popular (AP), [in:] Molinero, Tébar (eds.), VIII Encuentro Internacional de Investigadores del Franquismo CD-ROM 2013
  • Miguel A. del Río Morillas, De la extreme derecha neofranquista a la derecha conservadora: los orígenes de Alianza Popular (1973-1979) [PhD thesis Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona], Barcelona 2013
  • Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015
  • José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez, Reaccionarios y golpistas. La extrema derecha en España: del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia (1967-1982), Salamanca 1994, ISBN 9788400074425
  • Julián Sanz Hoya, De la resistencia a la reacción: las derechas frente a la Segunda República, Salamanca 2006, ISBN 8481024201
  • Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El final de una ilusión. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957-1967), Madrid 2016, ISBN 9788416558407
  • Aurora Villanueva Martinez, Los incidentes del 3 de diciembre de 1945 en la Plaza del Castillo, [in:] Principe de Viana 212 (1997), pp. 629–650
[edit]
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