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Johnson Publishing Company
Company typePrivately held company
IndustryMass media
FoundedNovember 1942; 82 years ago (1942-11)
Founder
DefunctApril 2019; 5 years ago (2019-04)
Headquarters200 S. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.[1]
Key people

(chief executive officer)
Products
  • Books
  • Magazines
  • Television
  • Cosmetics
RevenueUS$90 million (c. 2013)[2][3]
Websitejohnsonpublishing.com

Johnson Publishing Company, Inc. (JPC) was an American publishing company founded in November 1942 by African-American businessman John H. Johnson. It was headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. JPC was privately held and run by Johnson until his death in 2005. His publications "forever changed the popular representation of African Americans."[4] The writing portrayed African Americans as they saw themselves and its photojournalism made history.[4] Led by its flagship publication, Ebony, Johnson Publishing was at one time the largest African-American-owned publishing firm in the United States. JPC also published Jet, a weekly news magazine, from November 1951 until June 2014, when it became digital only. In the 1980s, the company branched into film and television.

The company's last chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) was the founder's daughter, Linda Johnson Rice. In its final years, Johnson Publishing Company sold off assets including its historic 820 S. Michigan Avenue headquarters in 2011, and its publications in 2016. In April 2019, JPC filed for liquidation, ending the company's 76-year run. The historic Ebony/Jet photo archives, which JPC retained after the sale of its Ebony and Jet magazines, were sold in July 2019 for $30 million to a group of art and educational foundations to make them available to the public.[5]

History

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JPC headquarters at 820 S. Michigan Avenue in Chicago, 1973. Photo by John H. White.

Johnson Publishing Company was founded in 1942 by John Harold Johnson, who was working as an office clerk for Chicago-based Supreme Life Insurance Company of America. Using money from a $500 loan that was secured with his mother's furniture,[6][7] Johnson mailed $2 charter subscription offers to members who had life insurance through Supreme Life. In return, he received more than 3,000 completed subscription offers and with that money he printed his first publication, Negro Digest, in November 1942.[6] By mid-1943, the monthly circulation of Negro Digest had reached 50,000 copies.[8]

Headquarters

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820 S. Michigan Avenue, the iconic building constructed for the Johnson Publishing Company, publishers of Ebony and Jet magazines, was designed by John Moutoussamy, and was the first African-American-owned building in Chicago's downtown area. It remains the only Chicago high-rise to be designed by an African American.[9]

Johnson Publishing had several locations throughout its history. The first headquarters from 1942 until 1943, was inside the Supreme Life Building at 3501 S. Parkway Ave (later renamed Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive). As the company grew, Johnson then purchased a building at 5619 S. State Street in 1943. Six years later, in 1949, it relocated to 1820 South Michigan Avenue, a former funeral home. In December 1971, the company moved to 820 S. Michigan.[10]

In Fall 2017, the City of Chicago designated the Johnson Building as a city landmark. Shortly thereafter, 3L Real Estate, a developer that specializes in the repurposing of classic real estate, bought the former headquarters from Columbia College Chicago and converted the office space into 150 rental apartments.

The iconic, psychedelic Ebony Test Kitchen, used by the magazine's food editors to test recipes, was donated by 3L Real Estate to Landmarks Illinois which in turn transferred it to New York's Museum of Food and Drink.[11] The original Ebony/Jet sign that sits atop the building has been preserved and serves both as a welcome sign from the air and an anchor for the rooftop deck with sweeping views of Grant Park, Lake Michigan and Chicago's Museum Campus.

3L Real Estate CEO Joe Slezak said it was important to maintain original features when possible and worked with interior designer Elizabeth Watters to keep subtle reminders of the initial decor designed by Arthur Elrod and William Raiser. "From the lobby, with large swaths of original wood wall paneling, to ottomans reupholstered using material (curtains/rugs) from the Johnson Publishing days, the vibe is oh so ’70s."[12]

Staff

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In the early 1970s, the company's staff consisted of 300 people; 175 of them were located at the Chicago headquarters while the others worked at branch offices in Los Angeles, New York City, and Washington D.C.[13] The company had grown to 1400 employees by the end of 1980. Johnson's family held roles within the company. His wife, Eunice W. Johnson, was the founder, secretary, treasurer, and director of the Ebony Fashion Fair. His son, John H. Johnson Jr., served as a staff photographer for both Ebony and Jet magazines from 1975 until his death in December 1981. Johnson's daughter Linda Johnson Rice served as fashion coordinator of the Ebony Fashion Fair before becoming the company's CEO in 2003.[14]

The Johnson Publishing Company hired a number of notable photographers, including Bryan Berteaux.

Impact

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Johnson once stated, "I wasn't trying to make history, I was trying to make money."[4] According to media historian Brenna Wynn Greer, he managed to do both. His publications both filled a niche in the market and "forever changed the popular representation of African Americans."[4] It portrayed African Americans as they saw themselves. Its photographs created for photojournalism made history.[4]

Publications

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In 1942, The company published their first magazine, Negro Digest. Negro Digest, which was modeled after the Reader's Digest was published from November 1942 until 1951 when it was discontinued in favor of Ebony and Jet magazines. The magazine returned to circulation in June 1961 and was later renamed Black World in 1970. Under the new name, the magazine was published for six years until it was canceled again in 1976. The company began publishing Ebony magazine in November 1945. Ebony focused on African-American community, culture, and achievements. The magazine quickly became successful, at one time gaining more than 1.3 million readers. After the instant success of Ebony, Johnson created another publication, named Jet in 1951. Jet, dubbed "The Weekly Negro News Magazine",[15][16] was a mini-size weekly magazine that featured African American entertainers, community issues, public figures and a woman (predominately black) featured as "Jet's Beauty of the Week". Beginning in 2011, Jet magazine went from a weekly publication to bi-weekly,[citation needed] later converting into digital only in July 2014; publishing its last print magazine in June 2014. The company operated a book division, which published books such as The New Ebony Cookbook and the more controversial Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream.

Film and television

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The company produced the film The Secret of Selling the Negro Market, which was released in 1954. The film was designed to encourage advertisers to promote their products and services in the African-American media.

Ebony/Jet Celebrity Showcase

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The company produced Ebony/Jet Celebrity Showcase, a spinoff television show from the two magazines. The show debuted on August 1, 1982.[17] It was eventually pulled off the air because John H. Johnson was dissatisfied with the quality of the guests.[18] Ebony/Jet Showcase, a weekly, nationally syndicated TV show hosted by Greg Gumbel and Deborah Crable debuted in September 1985.[19][20] By the show's third year in 1987, it was the only Black-syndicated program to reach 92 percent of Black U.S. television households and 73 percent of U.S. television households, strengthening its position as the No. 1 Black-oriented interview and entertainment show.[21] The last episode of the program aired in October 1993.[citation needed]

Other ventures

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Ebony Fashion Fair and cosmetics

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For over 40 years beginning in 1958, The company hosted the Ebony Fashion Fair, a traveling fashion show started by Eunice W. Johnson. The show raised money for scholarships and charities in cities across the United States and Canada. The fashion fair held its last show in 2009 due to the illness and later death of Johnson. In addition, Johnson Publishing produces a line of cosmetics marketed to women of color. Named Fashion Fair Cosmetics, the line was founded in 1973 and was formerly available in over 2,500 stores worldwide.[22] A United Kingdom creditor petitioned a judge to force the company to sell its Fashion Fair Cosmetics UK assets in April 2019.[23] In 2022, FFC was relaunched in over 250 Sephora stores,[24] as well as online.[25]

WJPC radio

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Johnson Publishing Company purchased WGRT radio station in May 1973 for $1.8 million from Atlass Communications Inc. The company later renamed the station WJPC and began broadcasting on November 1, 1973. WJPC was the first Black-owned radio station in Chicago.[26] WJPC-FM, a predominately R&B and soul station operated from November 1973 until it was sold in December 1994.[27]

Decline

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In May 2009, R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, which printed Ebony and Jet magazines, took a mortgage totaling nearly $12 million against the company headquarters, due to nonpayment of the magazine's printing bill.[28][citation needed] In July 2011, it was announced that JPMorgan would become a partner in the company. Then-CEO Desiree Rogers stated that JPMorgan held a 'minority stake' and presence on the board.[29]

Sale of headquarters, building plans

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In January 2011, the company sold its headquarters of nearly 40 years located at 820 S. Michigan Avenue to Columbia College Chicago.[30] In November 2017, The building was sold by the college to 3L Real Estate for $10 million and converted into luxury apartments named 820Michigan.[28] The real estate company stated that the Johnson Publishing Company sign with logo and flagship magazine names would remain located atop the building.[31]

Sale of publications, photo archives, and bankruptcy

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In March 2015, the company offered the Ebony/Jet photo archives spanning more than 70 years, for sale[5] to reduce the company's debt. In June 2016, the company announced the sale of Ebony and Jet magazines.[32] The buyer, Clear View Group, a private equity firm based in Austin, Texas, created a new publisher called Ebony Media Corp. The specialty cosmetics business and fashion publications were retained by Johnson.[33][34]

On April 9, 2019, the company filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation in a U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Chicago, Illinois.[35] The company's number of creditors was listed between 200 and 999. The assets and liabilities were between $10 million and $50 million.[23][36] The company released a statement about the bankruptcy filling:

This decision was not easy, nor should it have been. Johnson Publishing Company is an iconic part of American and African American history since our founding in 1942, and the company's impact on society cannot be overstated.[37][38]

On April 22, 2019, Mellody Hobson, president of Chicago-based Ariel Investments, and her husband, film maker George Lucas, petitioned to take possession of the Ebony photo archives. They stated that the collection had been used as collateral for a $12 million loan that Johnson Publishing received from Capital Holdings V, which is owned by Hobson and Lucas, in 2015.[39] In July 2019 as part of the bankruptcy proceedings, the more than 4 million item Ebony and Jet archives were auctioned off in Chicago. Winning the week-long auction was the $30 million bid by a consortium of foundations led by the J. Paul Getty Trust, with co-purchasers the Ford Foundation, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The archives will go to the Getty Research Institute and the National Museum of African American History and Culture to be made digitally available to the public.[40][41][5] As of 2022, more than 4-million items have been undergoing cataloging and conservation in Chicago by archivist Steven Booth, and were being lent out for programs and exhibitions.[42]

In January 2020 Johnson Publishing Company auctioned its art collection, the last of its major assets. The 87-piece art collection included works by Carrie Mae Weems, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Dindga McCannon, Kenneth Victor Young and Walter J. Williams.[43] The auction earned just under three million dollars.[44]

Legacy and tributes

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In 2010, Chicago Public Schools and Noble Network of Charter Schools opened Johnson College Prep, a public charter high school in Chicago's Englewood neighborhood which was named in honor of John H. and Eunice Johnson.

The Chicago History Museum created an exhibition titled Inspiring Beauty: 50 Years Of Ebony Fashion Fair, which was on display from March 2013 until May 2014.[45][46] The exhibition traveled around the country, including stops at the Museum of Design Atlanta and the Milwaukee Art Museum.[47]

The Rebuild Foundation held an exhibition for the company called A Johnson Publishing Story at The Stony Island Arts Bank in Chicago, Illinois. The exhibition, which featured paintings, books, sculptures, furnishings and interior design elements from the 820 S. Michigan Avenue headquarters ran from June 28, 2018, until September 30, 2018.[48][49] In 2018, An exhibition called The Black Image Corporation featured photos from the company's archives. The exhibition, which was held at the Martin-Gropius-Bau in Berlin, ran from 2018 until July 28, 2019.[50]

In 2020, the educational charity consortium which obtained the historic photo archives during the dissolution of the company, appointed an advisory committee, headed by Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden. The committee will oversee their organization and availability to the public.[51]

In 2024, the Rebuild Foundation opened an exhibition, "Theaster Gates: When Clouds Roll Away: Reflection and Restoration from the Johnson Archive" at the Stony Island Arts Bank.[52][53] Scheduled to run into March, 2025, the exhibition combines original work by Gates, Kerry James Marshall, Ellsworth Kelly, Barkley Hendricks and others with furnishings, decor, and archival materials that Gates salvaged from the Johnson Publishing Company's Michigan Avenue building in 2010.[52]

Publications

[edit]
  • Ebony – monthly general interest magazine (November 1, 1945 – June 2016)[54][33]
  • EbonyJet.com – branded web presence (circa 2007 – June 2016)
  • Ebony Jr! (May 1973 – October 1985),[55] resumed online in 2007[56]
  • Negro Digest (November 1942 – November 1951) resumed in June 1961, renamed Black World (May 1970 – April 1976)[57][58]
  • Tan Confessions (November 1950 – August 1952),[59] renamed Tan (September 1952 – October 1971),[60][61] renamed Black Stars[60]
  • Black Stars (November 1971 – July 1981)[62]
  • Hue (November 1953 – )[63]
  • Copper Romance (November 1953 – )[64]
  • Ebony Man: EM (November 1985 – January 1998)[65]
  • E Style (a catalog venture with Spiegel, September 1993 – )[66]
  • Ebony South Africa (November/December 1995 – September 2000)[54][67]
  • Jet – weekly news magazine, (November 1, 1951 – June 2014)[68]

Divisions

[edit]
  • Fashion Fair, LLC – cosmetics line
  • JPC Book Division – book publishing
  • JPC Consumer Products, LLC – Ebony lifestyle branding
  • Ebony/Jet Entertainment Group, LLC – branded multimedia entertainment

Former divisions

[edit]
  • Supreme Beauty Products – (Duke/Raveen)
  • WJPC Radio (now under different ownership as WNTD)
  • Ebony Fashion Fair – traveling fashion show

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Contact Us, Johnson Publishing Company Archived March 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "What Will We Really Be Losing in the Ebony/Jet Share Buyout?". July 12, 2011. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  3. ^ "Publisher of Ebony shrinks in search of growth". February 7, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e Greer, Brenna Wynn. "Historians breathe a sigh of relief at the sale of the Ebony and Jet photo archives". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  5. ^ a b c Noyes, Chandra (July 29, 2019). "Foundations Unite to Save Ebony Magazine Archives". artandobject.com. Journalistic, Inc. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  6. ^ a b John H. Johnson, Succeeding: Overcoming the Odds Prestwick House, Incorporated
  7. ^ Sharif, Dara (April 9, 2019), "MEDIA: Iconic Johnson Publishing, the Company That Was Once Behind Ebony and Jet Magazines, Files for Bankruptcy", The Root.
  8. ^ "Power, Politics, & Pride: Johnson Publishing". WTTW-Chicago. 2014.
  9. ^ Koziarz, Jay (November 28, 2017). "Apartment conversion confirmed for Chicago's famous Johnson Publishing Building". Curbed Chicago. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  10. ^ Ebony (November 1980) p.38 (deleted ref recovered September 2019 by GreenC_bot) recovery verified: April 23, 2022
  11. ^ "Ebony Test Kitchen to head on U.S. tour". Crain's Chicago Business. May 21, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  12. ^ Stevenson, Randi (August 2, 2019). "Keeping a groovy '70s vibe, the former Johnson Publishing building on Michigan Ave. has reopened as 150 apartments". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  13. ^ "Ebony". Johnson Publishing Company. 1972 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ "Ebony". Johnson Publishing Company. 1980 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ "Has Black Media Changed? Shocking JET Magazine Covers From 1952". November 13, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  16. ^ "Jet; The Weekly Negro News Magazine | The Steven Lomazow Collection". Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  17. ^ "Ebony/Jet tv celebrity showcase set to air in Atlanta; Washington, D.C." Jet. Vol. 62, no. 25. Johnson Publishing Company. August 30, 1982. p. 58. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  18. ^ Anderson, Charles P. (June 21, 2005). "Ebony's Man". Time. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  19. ^ "Ebony/Jet Showcase". Ebony. Vol. 40, no. 11. Johnson Publishing Company. September 1985. p. 148. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  20. ^ "Ebony/Jet Showcase in TV debut". Jet. Vol. 69, no. 1. Johnson Publishing Company. September 16, 1985. p. 60. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  21. ^ "Backstage". Ebony. Vol. 43, no. 2. Johnson Publishing Company. December 1987. p. 23. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  22. ^ "Ebony". Johnson Publishing Company. 1994 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ a b Johnson Publishing files for bankruptcy Chicago Crusader April 11, 2019
  24. ^ "Fashion Fair is Back! Inside the Legendary Cosmetics Brand's Long-Awaited Relaunch". August 24, 2021.
  25. ^ "Fashion Fair Cosmetics". fashionfair.com. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  26. ^ "Johnson's Radio Station To Change Call Letters To WJPC In Chicago". JET/Johnson Publishing Company. November 8, 1973.
  27. ^ Duncan, James H. "Major Station Transactions:1970 to 2003", An American Radio Trilogy 1975 to 2004. Volume 1: The Markets. Duncan's American Radio. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  28. ^ a b "Former Johnson staffer's tell-all: 'The House That John H. Johnson Built'". Chicago Sun-Times. April 15, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  29. ^ "JPMorgan Becomes Minority Investor in Johnson Publishing Co". EURweb. July 7, 2011. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
  30. ^ Prince, Richard (November 16, 2010), "Johnson Publishing Sells Historic Headquarters", The Root.
  31. ^ "Keeping a groovy '70s vibe, the former Johnson Publishing building on Michigan Ave. has reopened as 150 apartments". Chicago Tribune. August 2, 2019.
  32. ^ Johnson Publishing Sells Ebony and Jet, NBC News June 15, 2016
  33. ^ a b "EBONY JET SOLD!". June 16, 2016. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  34. ^ "Johnson Publishing sells Ebony, Jet magazines to Texas firm". Chicago Tribune. June 15, 2016.
  35. ^ "Johnson Publishing Co., which started Ebony, Jet magazines, files for bankruptcy". Chicago Sun-Times. April 9, 2019.
  36. ^ Johnson Publishing Company Files For Bankruptcy ABC 7 Chicago April 10, 2019
  37. ^ "Johnson Publishing Company, the ex-publisher of Ebony and Jet magazines, files for bankruptcy" The Washington Post April 10, 2019
  38. ^ "Johnson Publishing Company Filed for Bankruptcy". Cision PR Newswire. prnewswire.com. April 9, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
  39. ^ "Ebony, Jet photo archive likely to land in museum (Billionaire power couple Mellody Hobson and George Lucas are helping smooth the way for a transfer of the historic collection)", Crain's Chicago Business, April 30, 2019.
  40. ^ Channick, Robert (July 25, 2019). "Ebony photo archives sold for $30M, with plan to donate collection to Smithsonian and other museums to ensure public access". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
  41. ^ "Rare look inside the Ebony and Jet magazine photo archive that just sold for $30M". CBS News. July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
  42. ^ Ventura, Anya (February 17, 2022). "Inside the Johnson Publishing Company Archive". Getty. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  43. ^ Dafoe, Taylor (January 3, 2020). "The Historic Artworks That Once Adorned the Offices of 'Jet' and 'Ebony' Are Heading to Auction This Month". Artnet News. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  44. ^ Dudek, Mitch (February 4, 2020). "Johnson Publishing Co. art auction fetches nearly $3 million, doubling expectations". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
  45. ^ "Chicago History Museum Ebony Fashion Fair 'Inspiring Beauty' Exhibit Opens Saturday". HuffPost. March 15, 2013.
  46. ^ "Inspiring Beauty: 50 Years of Ebony Fashion Fair". Chicago History Museum. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
  47. ^ "Inspiring Beauty venues". Chicago History Museum. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
  48. ^ "A Johnson Publishing Story". Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
  49. ^ 'Johnson Publishing' exhibit shows off company's design flair — without a plexiglass museum case Chicago Tribune July 4, 2018
  50. ^ ARTS – Afro-American fashion magazine 'Ebony' photos on show in Berlin Deutsche Welle
  51. ^ Pacheco, Antonio (March 11, 2020). "A plan for the Johnson Publishing Co. photo archives is taking shape". Archinect News. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  52. ^ a b Tribune, Christopher Borrelli | Chicago (September 19, 2024). "How the offices of Ebony and Jet became the latest Theaster Gates exhibition". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  53. ^ "Exhibitions". Rebuild Foundation. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  54. ^ a b "Newsmakers: Debut of 'Ebony South Africa' continues Ebony magazine's 50th anniversary celebration". Jet. Vol. 89, no. 5. Johnson Publishing Company. December 11, 1995. p. 36. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  55. ^ Ebony jr! (microform), Record No. b10212098. New York Public Library Catalog. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  56. ^ Henderson, Laretta (July 15, 2008). Ebony Jr!: The Rise, Fall, and Return of a Black Children's Magazine. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810861343.
  57. ^ Johnson, Abby Arthur; Johnson, Ronald Maberry (1991). Propaganda and Aesthetics: The Literary Politics of African-American Magazines in the Twentieth Century. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 162. ISBN 0870234021.
  58. ^ Lomotey, Kofi (2009). "Negro Digest". Encyclopedia of African American Education. Vol. 1. SAGE Publications. p. 490. ISBN 978-1412940504.
  59. ^ Tan confessions (microform), Record No. b13837818. New York Public Library Catalog. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  60. ^ a b Roberson, Patt Foster (1994). "Johnson H. Johnson". In Riley, Sam G. (ed.). American magazine journalists, 1900–1960, Series 2. Dictionary of literary biography. Vol. 137. Gale Research. p. 132. ISBN 0810353962.
  61. ^ Tan (Chicago, Ill.), Record No. b11834957. New York Public Library Catalog. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  62. ^ Black stars (microform), Record No. b10311894. New York Public Library Catalog. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  63. ^ Hue (Chicago, Ill.), Record No. b14153584. New York Public Library Catalog. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  64. ^ Copper Romance, Record No. b10707697. New York Public Library Catalog. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  65. ^ Ebony Man: EM, Record No. b11612236. New York Public Library Catalog. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  66. ^ Hinds, Julie (October 6, 1993). "Expressing Culture – E Style, An Afrocentric Catalog, Is The Latest Entry in the Hot 'Ethnic' Market". The Seattle Times. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  67. ^ "Remembering Johnson H. Johnson". Ebony. Vol. 60, no. 12. Johnson Publishing Company. October 2005. p. 92. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  68. ^ "Publisher's Statement: Four decades of the most important events and the most important people". Jet. Vol. 81, no. 5. Johnson Publishing Company. November 18, 1991. p. 4. Retrieved December 28, 2012.

References

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[edit]
Archives at
LocationRobert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center Edit this on Wikidata
Identifiers0000-0000-0000-0098 Edit this on Wikidata
SourceJohnson Publishing Company clipping files collection
How to use archival material
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