Pressure grouting

Pressure grouting or jet grouting involves injecting a grout material into otherwise inaccessible but interconnected pore or void space of which neither the configuration or volume are known, and is often referred to simply as grouting.

The grout may be a cementitious, resinous, or solution chemical mixture. Some types of injected grout may not penetrate, and may subsequently shrink and pull away even when coarse sediments have been penetrated. Different grout may be needed for fine grained and coarse grained soils in the grouted area. The greatest use of pressure grouting is to improve geomaterials (soil and rock).

The purpose of grouting can be either to strengthen a formation or to reduce water flow through it. It is also used to correct faults in concrete and masonry structures. In 1986 a study conducted by the Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory of the US Environmental Protection Agency tested acrylate, Portland cement and different compositions of silicate material to see if the grouting techniques of direct injection or jet grouting could be used to bottom seal hazardous waste sites with an "inert, impermeable and continuous" horizontal barrier. When the US government tested the more modern technique of jet grouting for waste control in 1986 they concluded that "the shape and size could not be controlled with sufficient precision in the loess or silt to produce a continuous barrier when the cavities were grouted".

Since first usage in the 19th century, grouting has been performed on the foundation of virtually every one of the world's large dams, in order to reduce the amount of leakage through the rock, and sometimes to strengthen the foundation to support the weight of the overlying structure, be it of concrete, earth, or rock fill. There are four types of grouting methods used in practice: compaction, chemical (permeation), slurry, and jet grouting. Chemical and slurry are low- pressure, jet and compaction are high pressure. Compaction is a technique that was developed in the United States. Compaction grouting was used in the Bolton Hill subway in Baltimore.

Jet grouting can be used in soils that can not be grouted by traditional methods by reducing inhomogeneities in soil. Generally, application of grouting to waste control is complicated by soil conditions at the site, including the durability of the grout with prolonged exposure to wastes.

It is also a key procedure in the creation of post-tensioned prestressed concrete, a material used in many concrete bridge designs, among other places.

Further reading

• Baker, W. H. (editor). (1982), Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering, Proceedings of the Conference on Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering, February 10–12, 1982, New Orleans, LA, ASCE, ISBN 978-0-87262-295-1
• Borden, R. H. (editor), Holtz, R. O. (editor), and Juran, I. (editor). (1992), Grouting, Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics, Proceedings of the 1992 ASCE Specialty Conference, February, 1992, New Orleans, LA, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 30, 1480 pp., 2 vols, ISBN 978-0-87262-865-6
• Bruce, D. A. (2005), Glossary of Grouting Terminology, J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg. 131 (12): 1534-1542.
• Compaction Grouting Consensus Guide Committee of the Geo-Institute of the ASCE. (2010), Compaction Grouting Consensus Guide, ASCE/GI Standard 53-10, ISBN 978-0-7844-1094-3
• Johnsen, L. F. (editor), Bruce, D. A. (editor), and Byle, M. J (editor). (2003), Grouting and Ground Treatment, Proceedings of the Third International Conference, February 10–12, 2003, New Orleans, LA, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 120, ISBN 978-0-7844-0663-2
• Henn, R. W. (2003), AUA Guidelines for Backfilling and Contact Grouting of Tunnels and Shafts, ASCE Press. ISBN 978-0-7844-0634-2
• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1997), Chemical Grouting, ISBN 978-0-7844-0282-5
• U.S. Army corps of Engineers (2008), Grouting Technology, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Manual, EM 1110-2-3506
• Warner, J. (2004), Practical Handbook of Grouting: Soil, Rock and Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-46303-0
• Weaver, K. D., and Bruce D. A. (2007), Dam Foundation Grouting, Revised and Expanded, ASCE Press. ISBN 978-0-7844-0764-6
• International Society of Rock Mechanics (1996), "Commission on Rock Grouting", Co-ordinator R. Widmann, Int. Journal of Rock Mech., Min. Sci. & Geomech., Abstr. Vol. 33. No 8. pp 803 – 847, 1996, c. 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd., 0148-9062-96
• CEN - European Committee for Standardization (2000), "EN 12715:2000, Execution of special geotechnical work, Grouting", ISBN 0 580 34933 0
• Kirsch K., Bell A. (2013), "Ground Improvement", Third Edition, Chapter 5: "Permeation Grouting", CRC Press, ISBN 978-0-415-59921-4
• Austrian Society for Geomechanics (2017), "Expert Comments to EN 12715, Grouting", https://www.oegg.at/en/the-oegg-2/publications-112/

External links

• Grouting Committee of the ASCE/GI
• Soilcrete, an efficient and versatile method for soil treatment