Jaruga Hydroelectric Power Plant
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| Coordinates | 43°48′19″N 15°57′43″E / 43.805297°N 15.962019°E |
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| Commons | Related media on Commons |
The Jaruga Hydroelectric Power Plant is a hydroelectric power plant near the Skradinski Buk waterfall on the Krka River in central Dalmatia, Croatia.
Built in 1895, the Krka–Šibenik system was the first complete polyphase alternating current system of electricity production, transmission, distribution and consumption. It is one of the IEEE Milestones.[1]
The 1903 successor of the initial plant, called Jaruga 2, is one of the oldest power-generating facilities in the world still in operation.[2][3][4][5]
History
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In today's Croatia, prior to the Krka–Šibenik system there was a direct current system in Rijeka from 1885, and from 1892 a single-phase alternating system to drive engines and cranes in the Port of Rijeka.[1] Globally, the long-distance electricity transmission was demonstrated in 1883 in London, and in 1884 in Turin, Italy.[1] The 1890 Ames Plant was among the first hydroelectric alternating current power plants. The first three-phase system was established in 1891 in Frankfurt, Germany; the Tivoli to Rome transmission was completed in 1892; the alternating Westinghouse system was built for the 1893 Chicago World Exposition.[1] Although the original Adams Power Plant at Niagara Falls with three two-phase generators was put into operation three days before the power plant on Krka, it was connected to its remote transmission system only in 1896.[1]
Jaruga 1
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The Krka Power Plant, later named Jaruga 1, was the first plant built on the river. In December 1892, Vjekoslav Meichsner received a permit to build a new house on the Krka, with the intention to construct a hydroelectric power plant (HPP) in it. He was granted a concession for the use of water from the river in December 1893, and in June 1895 founded a company with the mayor of Šibenik Ante Šupuk and his son Marko. After sixteen months of construction,[6] the power plant and the 11.5 km (7.1 mi) long transmission line with distribution via 6 transformers were put into operation on 28 August 1895.[1]
The Hungarian company Ganz was one of the initiators of the development, building two-phase systems across Europe.[1]
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The plant had an underwater section for turbines and an upper section for the engine room and switching station.[7] It used a single vertical Girard turbine, powered by 3.2 cubic meters of water per second, despite a concession for 26 cubic meters,[7] with a 10 m drop from an open-type water chamber above the building. It could generate 320 horsepower (240 kW) by a two-phase Ganz A2 generator with a nominal voltage of 3000 V at 42 Hz.[1] In 1899, to increase the power generated for a nearby carbide factory, the other planned Girard turbine was added.[7]
The transmission line was mounted on 360 wooden towers, which also carried a telephone line from the plant to Villa Meichsner that served as the first dispatch center. The distribution system in Šibenik consisted of two switching stations and six 3000/110 V transformers.[1]
In the beginning, most electricity was used for street lighting and Ante Šupuk's flour mills,[1] as well as oil mills, a pasta factory, to which theaters, cafes, and hotels were added later on.[7] Out of fear, few households installed electricity, and it was only around 1900 that a dozen more did so.[1]
The old power plant was shut down in 1913 due to a 1901 contract with an Italian joint stock company that owned the new nearby powerplant, Jaruga 2, and the water Jaruga 1 used was redirected.[8][7] At the start of World War I, Austro-Hungarian military authorities dismantled the old plant's equipment and copper cables for wartime use.[7]
Croatian Post printed a stamp commemorating this power plant in 1995.[6] The Croatian national electricity company HEP lists the same event and date as its origin and marks the date.[5]
Jaruga 2
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The Jaruga 2 is the last of five HPPs on the Krka River, utilizing a gross head of 26 m of the total drop of 46 m of the Skradinski Buk. Water is diverted from the river and flows through a tunnel and a channel to an open-type water chamber, followed by two pressure pipelines that lead to the turbines.[2]
Its construction began in 1901 and was completed by 1904, solely to provide more power for the furnaces of a new carbide factory in Crnica, Šibenik,[9] which was built concurrently.[8] Its two 42 Hz Ganz three-phase generators connected to Francis turbines could provide 5000 kW (7000 hp), given a flow rate of 15 m3 per second. Additional 4×50 mm2 copper lines (2×2-phase) and a 15000/6000/3000 transformer station were built.[1]
Jaruga 1 and Jaruga 2 were reconstructed from 1902 to 1905 for a 3-phase system, enabling them to be connected to the Manojlovac HPP in 1906 for operation in parallel. Manojlovac supplied the expanded carbide factory, which then had 30 furnaces. The new three-phase system had a 30 kV operating voltage, at that time the highest in Europe. The generators were connected directly to the transmission line, making them prone to atmospheric discharges, which were the cause of frequent winding burnouts.[1]
The current Jaruga has been refurbished in 1916, 1937, 1970, 1995 and 2003, but the basic concept of the plant had been retained.[10]
To support a planned aluminum factory, Jaruga's generators were reconstructed and restarted in 1937. Two new replacement turbines by Voith from St Pölten, Austria, were installed, which increased the capacity to 5,6 MW.[2][5]
In 1947, the Jaruga HPP became part of the first Dalmatian electric power system, along with the nearby Manojlovac HPP, and HPP Kraljevac at the Cetina River. To supply this system, a new transmission line from Kraljevac to Lozovac and Zadar was built in 1948.[8]
The generator was again restored in 1974, and in 1995 the reconstruction of the engine room, and replacement of electrical installations and control systems took place.[2] From 2002 to 2004, both production units were revitalized and modernized, increasing the turbine power from 2942 kW to 3650 kW and the rated power of generators from 4 MVA to 4.5 MVA.[2]
Currently, its capacity is 7.3 MW, generating an average of 35 GWh annually.[2]
Gallery
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HPP Krka at Skradinski buk -
Old power lines in construction -
A 2013 plaque commemorating the opening of the plant
The Krka River catchment hydroelectric power plants
[edit]- Golubić Hydroelectric Power Plant
- Krčić Hydroelectric Power Plant
- Miljacka Hydroelectric Power Plant
- Roški Slap Hydroelectric Power Plant
- Jaruga Hydroelectric Power Plant
See also
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References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Holjevac, Ninoslav; Kuzle, Igor (2019). "Prvi cjeloviti višefazni elektroenergetski sustav na svijetu – Krka Šibenik". Godišnjak Akademije tehničkih znanosti Hrvatske (in Croatian). 2019 (1): 162–174. ISSN 2975-657X.
- ^ a b c d e f "HE Jaruga". Hrvatska elektroprivreda (in Croatian). Retrieved 2024-11-11.
- ^ "HE na Krki - Krka River Hydro Power Plants". Hydroelectric Power Plants in Croatia. HEP. Archived from the original on 2009-10-05. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ "1895. Izgrađena HE Krka". hro-cigre.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 2024-10-04.
- ^ a b c "HEP Proizvodnja - history" (in Croatian). HEP. Archived from the original on 2007-06-03. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ a b "HP: Marka br: 153 100 GODINA OD GRADNJE HIDROELEKTRANE" (in Croatian). Croatian Post. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ a b c d e f "The Krka hydroelectric power plant". Krka National Park. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
- ^ a b c "The Jaruga hydroelectric power plant". Krka National Park. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
- ^ "Tvornica elektroda i ferolegura d. d. | Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija". Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija (in Croatian). 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2024-11-08.
- ^ "Hydroelectric power plants in Croatia" (PDF). Hrvatska elektroprivreda. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
External links
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- Krka Power Plant Krka National Park. npkrka.hr
- Jaruga Power Plant Krka National Park. npkrka.hr
