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Israel–Japan relations

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Israeli–Japanese relations
Map indicating locations of Israel and Japan

Israel
Japan
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of the State of Israel, TokyoEmbassy of Japan, Tel Aviv

Israeli–Japanese relations (Hebrew: יחסי ישראל יפן; Japanese: 日本とイスラエルの関係) began on May 15, 1952, when Japan recognized Israel and an Israeli legation opened in Tokyo. In 1954, Japan's ambassador to Turkey assumed the additional role of minister to Israel. In 1955, a Japanese legation with a Minister Plenipotentiary opened in Tel Aviv. In 1963, relations were upgraded to Embassy level and have remained on that level since then.[1] Today relations between the two countries have centered around economic and scientific partnerships which mutually benefit each country. The two countries also cooperated in defense.[2]

Up until the 1990s, Japan's trade relations with Arab League members and most Muslim-majority countries took a precedence over those with Israel.[3] However, due to the declining price of oil in early 2015, as well as internal political shifting in Japan, the two nations have sought to seek increased scientific, economic and cultural ties, particularly in the sphere of high-technology start-ups and defense contracting.[4] Since the mid-2010s, ties between Israel and Japan have strengthened significantly, involving a myriad of mutual investments between the two nations. Former prime minister of Japan Shinzo Abe visited Israel twice – once in 2015 and a second time in 2018.[5][6] Total volume of trade between the two countries is $3.574 billion as of 2022.[7] In 2021, there were 1,156 Japanese citizens living in Israel and 589 Israelis living in Japan.[8] In the 21st century, Israeli and Japanese relations have focused on collaboration on scientific and technological endeavours as well as defense cooperation. Japan has enjoyed an increased access to Israel's high tech sector, securing benefits, Israeli human capital and talent for Japanese private commercial ventures as well as public venturies. Israel also reaped significant investment in that same sector.[2]

History

1920s

In 1922, Norihiro Yasue and Koreshige Inuzuka, head of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Advisory Bureau on Jewish Affairs, returned from their military service in Siberia to provide aid to the White movement against the Red Army. They became particularly interested in Jewish affairs after having learned of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Over the course of the 1920s, they wrote many reports on the Jews, and traveled to Mandatory Palestine to research them and to speak with Zionist leaders Chaim Weizmann and David Ben-Gurion. Yasue even translated the Protocols into Japanese (variations of it have frequently made the bestseller lists in Japan). The pair managed to get the Foreign Ministry of Japan, or Gaimusho, interested in Judaism. Every Japanese embassy and consulate was requested to keep the Ministry informed of the actions and movements of Jewish communities in their respective countries.

Fugu Plan

Main article: Jewish settlement in the Japanese Empire

The Fugu Plan was an idea first discussed in 1934, in the Empire of Japan, centered around the idea of settling thousands, if not tens of thousands, of Jewish refugees escaping Nazi-occupied Europe, in Manchuria and Japanese-occupied Shanghai. The Imperial government wanted to gain Jewish economic prowess while convincing the United States, specifically American Jewry, to grant their favor and invest in Japan. The Plan was first discussed in 1934, and solidified in 1938 at the Five Ministers' Conference, but the signing of the Tripartite Pact in 1940, along with a number of other events, prevented its full implementation.

The plan was originally the idea of a small group of Japanese government and military officials led by Captain Koreshige Inuzuka and Colonel Norihiro Yasue who came to be known as the "Jewish experts", along with industrialist Yoshisuke Aikawa and a number of officials in the Kwantung Army known as the "Manchurian Faction". The plan was named after the Japanese delicacy "fugu", a puffer-fish whose poison can kill if the dish is not prepared exactly correct. The plan was based on a naive acceptance of European antisemitic prejudices, as found in the Japanese acceptance of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as fact. Hitler argued that the Jews were powerful and had to be killed. The Japanese decided instead to try to utilize Jewish “power” for themselves. Their misconception of Jewish power and wealth was partly due to their experience with Jacob Schiff, a Jewish-American banker who, thirty years earlier, loaned money to the Japanese government that allowed it to win the Russo-Japanese War.

The "Jewish experts" joined forces, to an extent, with the "Manchurian Faction", Japanese military officials who wished to push for Japanese expansion into Manchuria. The faction was headed by Colonel Seishirō Itagaki and Lieutenant-Colonel Kanji Ishiwara, who were having trouble attracting Japanese settlers or investment into Manchuria. In 1938, top government officials discussed the ideas and plans of the "Jewish experts" in the Five Ministers' Conference. The Plan never got off the ground. In 1939, the Jews of Shanghai requested that no more Jewish refugees be sent into Shanghai, as their community's ability to support them was being stretched thin.

During World War II

Main article: Shanghai Ghetto
Chiune Sugihara, a Japanese diplomat, facilitated the escape of more than 6,000 Jewish refugees from occupied Europe.[9]

In 1939, the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, making the transport of Jews from Europe to Japan far more difficult. The Japanese government signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, eliminating the possibility of any official aid for the Plan from Tokyo.

However, Chiune Sugihara, the Japanese Consul in Kaunas, Lithuania, began to issue, against orders from Tokyo, transit visas to escaping Jews, allowing them to travel to Japan and stay there for a limited time, ostensibly stopping off on their way to their final destination, the Dutch colony of Curaçao, which required no entry visa. Thousands of Jews received transit visas from him, or through similar means. Some even copied, by hand, the visa that Sugihara had written. After the grueling process of requesting exit visas from the Soviet government, many Jews were allowed to cross Russia on the Trans-Siberian Railway, then took a boat from Vladivostok to Tsuruga, and eventually settled in Kobe, Japan.

Settler plans

Plans allowed for the settler populations to range in size from 18,000 up to 600,000 depending on how much funding and how many settlers were supplied by the world Jewish community. It was agreed, by all the planners, that Jewish settlers would be given complete freedom of religion, along with cultural and educational autonomy. While the Japanese were wary of giving the Jews too much freedom, they felt that some freedom would be necessary to maintain their favor, and their economic proficiencies. The officials asked to approve the plan insisted that, while the settlement was to appear autonomous, controls needed to be placed, behind the scenes, to keep Jews under close watch and under control. They feared that the Jews might take over mainstream Japanese government and economy, taking command of it the way they, according to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, "had done in many other countries."

Impact

Several thousand Jews were rescued from almost certain death in Nazi-Occupied Europe by the policies surrounding Japan's temporary pro-Jewish attitude, and Chiune Sugihara was bestowed the honor of the Righteous Among the Nations by the Government of Israel in 1985. In addition, the Mir Yeshiva, one of the largest centers of rabbinical study today, and the only yeshiva to survive The Holocaust, survived as a result of these events.

Post-1950s relations

Further information: Valley of Peace initiative
The Tikotin Museum of Japanese Art, first opened in 1960, in Haifa, Israel
Japanese Embassy, Tel Aviv

In 1993 both nations signed the "Convention between Japan and the State of Israel for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income."[1] In 2000, the two nations signed the "Agreement between the Government of Japan and the Government of the State of Israel for Air Services."[1] There were 708 Japanese nationals in Israel as of October 1999 and 604 Israeli nationals in Japan as of December 1998.[1]

The Japanese government appointed Yoshinori Katori, press secretary at the Foreign Ministry, as ambassador to Israel on August 1, 2006. Katori previously served as minister to South Korea and director-general of the Consular Affairs Bureau before assuming the current post in August 2005.[10] In September 2008, Katori ended his post to Israel and was replaced by ambassador Haruhisa Takeuchi, who presented his credentials on December 1, 2008.

In July 2006, Japan announced a plan for peace called "Corridor for Peace and Prosperity", which would be based on common economic development and effort by Israelis and Palestinians, rather than on continuous contention over land.[11] Shimon Peres gave this idea much attention during his participation in an international conference in New York in September 2006 which was organized by former U.S. President Bill Clinton.[12]

In July 2008, the Japanese government reiterated its support for the plan in meetings with Israelis and Palestinians, and urged the sides to continue working towards completion. Japan also indicated specific support for an agro-industrial park to be built near Jericho, and said it hopes to begin construction by 2009.[13][14]

Considering Israel's and Japan's shared democratic values, the sharing of East Asian and Japanese values such as the respect for family, commitment to excellence, an emphasis on frugality, hard work, and scholarship, open commercial trade policies, complementary business and industrial environments, in addition to being modern products of ancient civilizations on top of both nations sharing a close alliance with the United States, relations between the two countries have long remained strikingly underdeveloped. It was not until approximately 2014, when the governments of both respective countries pledged to each other to significantly upgrade the bilateral diplomatic and business ties between them. This rapid warming of relations is evidenced by the two countries entering into a number of important political and economic agreements – from a series of high-level dialogues on national security and cybersecurity to their first bilateral investment agreement – transforming their once limited bilateral relationship into one more characteristic of allied partners, a process that has been described as "rising sun relations" in Foreign Affairs magazine.[15]

Since the mid-2010s, bilateral ties between Israel and Japan have strengthened significantly, creating enumerable mutual investments between the two nations. Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe visited Israel twice – once in 2015[16] and a second time in 2018.[17] In May 2014, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu visited Japan.[18]

In 2021, there were 1,156 Japanese citizens living in Israel and 589 Israelis living in Japan.[8]

In 2024, Israel were not invited to Nagasaki's annual peace ceremony by the city's mayor Shiro Suzuki over "security risks and potential disruption".[19]

Economy

See also: Free trade agreements of Israel

Up until the 1990s, Japan was the sole industrialized East Asian nation that acquiesced most strongly to the Arab demands to boycott Israel. As a result, economic relations between Japan and the Jewish state have been limited for much of the State of Israel's history.[20]

Israeli exports to Japan, consisting primarily of polished diamonds, chemical products, machinery, electrical equipment, and citrus fruit are worth $810 million. Japanese exports to Israel, consisting primarily of motor vehicles, machinery, electrical equipment, and chemical products are collectively worth $1.3 billion.[1]

Since the 2010s, trade between Israel and Japan have expanded considerably with economic relations between the two countries having increased significantly, particularly in the realm of high-technology, as well as the forging of partnerships between start-up companies and venture capitalists among the two nations. According to the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), 35 Japanese companies had subsidiaries in Israel by 2015 with as many as 50 by November 2016.[21]

In 2021, data compiled by consulting firm Harel-Hertz shows a surge of $1.1 billion of Japanese investment in the Israeli high-technology industry.[22] Total Japanese investment in Israel's high technology industry was $2.9 billion in 2021.[23] Japanese investors accounted for 15.8%T of all foreign investment in the Israeli economy.[23] otal volume of trade is $3.574 billion.[7]

As of 2022, Israel and Japan are negotiating a free trade deal.[7] The move according to Times of Israel will help boost Japanese exports and make Japanese exports cheaper for Israeli consumers.[7] About 90 Japanese companies worked in 2023 in Israel, triple the number in 2014.[24]

In 2023, Israel and Japan signed a "Work-Holdiay" agreement which allows citizens of either country to work for up to a year in the other country. This agreement came in part due to Japanese interest in Israel's high technology sector and in Israel's human talent.[2] The agreement is aimed at citizens between the ages of 18 and 30.[2] Direct flights between Tokyo and Tel Aviv commenced in 2023, operated by Israeli airline, El Al.[2] Ambassador Gilad Cohen remarked following the signage of the agreement: "Israelis and Japanese [people] have never been closer. I am sure that our relations will continue to deepen and we will continue to collaborate for the benefit of the citizens of Israel and Japan."[2]

Defense

Israel and Japan signed in 2022 a defense cooperation deal, focused on equipment, defense technology and more.[7][23] Japanese Defense Minister Yasukazu Hamada said the deal will help Japan advance a “free and open Indo-Pacific,”.[23]

Following the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, Japanese company Itochu Corporation announced in February 2024 that it will end its partnership with Israeli weapons manufacturer Elbit Systems by the end of February.[25]

Academic relations

Universities in both countries are making special efforts to conduct lively exchange of studies. In May 2012, a symposium to commemorate the sixtieth anniversary of the diplomatic relations was held at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, to discuss issues of regional, bilateral, and cultural exchanges. The Israeli Association of Japanese studies was also launched on that occasion.

Friendship leagues

  • 1965 Japan-Israel Friendship Association[8]
  • 1984 Japan-Israel Parliamentary Friendship League[8]
  • 1996 Japan-Israel Chamber of Commerce[8]

Bilateral Treaties and Agreements

Year Agreement
1971 Visa Exemption Arrangements[8]
1993 Convention between Israel and Japan on "Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income"[8]
1994 Education and Culture Arrangements[8]
1995 Agreement between the Government of Japan and the Government of the State of Israel on "Cooperation in Science and Technology"[8]
2000 Agreement between the Israel and Japan regarding Air Services[8]
2017 Agreement between Israel and Japan for Promotion, Protection and Liberalization of Investment[8]

Visits

Year To Israel To Japan
1985 Foreign Minister Yitzhak Shamir
1988 Foreign Minister Sousuke Uno
1989 President Chaim Herzog, Foreign Minister Moshe Arens
1990 President Chaim Herzog
1991 Foreign Minister Taro Nakayama
1992 Foreign Minister Shimon Peres
1994 Foreign Minister Koji Kakizawa, Special Envoy Kabun Muto Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
1995 Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama, Foreign Minister and Special Envoy Yohei Kono
1996 Foreign Minister Yukihiko Ikeda
1997 Foreign Minister David Levy, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
1999 Foreign Minister Masahiko Koumura, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Nobutaka Machimura, Senior State Secretary for Foreign Affairs Shozo Azuma Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Nawaf Massalha
2002 Foreign Minister Yoriko Kawaguchi
2003 Foreign Minister Yoriko Kawaguchi
2005 Foreign Minister Nobutaka Machimura
2006 Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi
2008 Prime Minister Ehud Olmert
2014 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
2015 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe
2018 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe

Quotes

  • "Israel and Japan are situated at opposite ends of Asia, but this is a fact which binds them together rather than separates them. The vast continent of Asia is their connecting link, and the consciousness of their Asian destiny is their common thought." – Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, July 1, 1952[26]
  • Both Israel and Japan are "ancient peoples who have risen from the ashes of the Second World War to build on the platform of our ancient cultures thriving, successful and advanced societies." – Israeli Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom, January 17, 2005[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Japan-Israel Relations Archived 2017-07-22 at the Wayback Machine Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Business and pleasure: Israel and Japan sign a new visa agreement". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2023-04-28. Retrieved 2024-07-23.
  3. ^ Relations with Asian States Archived 2018-04-30 at the Wayback Machine Library of Congress Country Studies
  4. ^ Lipshiz, Cnaan (6 January 2015). "After decades of distance, Japan seeks closer ties with Israel". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  5. ^ "PM Netanyahu meets with Japanese PM Shinzō Abe". mfa.gov.il. 18 January 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  6. ^ Landau, Noa (2 May 2018). "Japan's Abe Tells Netanyahu: Israel Must Curb Settlements, Won't Move Embassy to Jerusalem". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Israel and Japan advance toward free trade agreement". The Times of Israel. 22 November 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/middle_e/israel/data.html Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
  9. ^ Sakamoto, Pamela Rotner (1998). Japanese diplomats and Jewish refugees: a World War II dilemma. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96199-0.
  10. ^ Katori named Japan ambassador to Israel Archived 2011-05-16 at the Wayback Machine KERALANEXT.com
  11. ^ Japan's Concept for Creating the Corridor for Peace and Prosperity (Background Paper) Archived 2022-11-03 at the Wayback Machine July, 2006, Government of Japan.
  12. ^ Peres to meet Musharraf and kings of Jordan, Morocco Archived 2022-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, Israel Today, 9/18/06.
  13. ^ Japanese still solid on PA industry project[permanent dead link] ASSOCIATED PRESS, Jul 3, 2008, at jpost.com.
  14. ^ Press statement: The Third Ministerial-Level Meeting of the Four-Party Consultative Unit for the "Corridor for Peace and Prosperity" Archived 2022-11-03 at the Wayback Machine Japan Min of Foreign Affairs, 2 July 2008, Tokyo. In 2011 Japanese Earthquake, Israel was among first to respond with humanitarian aid.
  15. ^ Brummer, Matthew; Orem, Eitan (28 July 2017). "Israel and Japan's Rising Sun Relations: Why Tokyo and Tel Aviv Are Finally Cozying Up". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  16. ^ Ronel, Asaf (23 January 2015). "For Shinzo Abe in Israel, it's strictly business". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  17. ^ "Japanese PM Shinzō Abe arrives in Israel on an official visit". embassies.gov.il. 1 May 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  18. ^ "Netanyahu in Japan warns Iran will become next N. Korea". The Times of Israel. 12 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  19. ^ "U.S. Ambassador to Skip Peace Ceremony in Japan Over Israel's Omission". The New York Times. 7 August 2024.
  20. ^ Feiler, Gil. "Arab Boycott." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 54–57
  21. ^ "Japanese companies show keen interest in Israeli startups". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2018-09-02.
  22. ^ Solomon, Shoshanna (8 February 2021). "Japan-Israel ties blossom as 2020 investments reach record $1.1 billion". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  23. ^ a b c d TOI Staff, AP (30 August 2022). "In Tokyo, Gantz signs defense deal with Japan as global tensions simmer".
  24. ^ "Japanese entrepreneurs can learn from leading start-up countries such as Israel". ctech. 2023-09-03. Retrieved 2024-07-24.
  25. ^ Bajec, Alessandra (4 April 2024). "Is a global arms embargo on Israel possible?". New Arab.
  26. ^ Before Oil: Japan and the Question of Israel/Palestine, 1917–1956 Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Z Magazine
  27. ^ Politics/Gov´t Friendly Relations With Japan Archived 2005-02-25 at the Wayback Machine Arutz Sheva

Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.

Further reading

  • Rabbi Marvin Tokayer, The Fugu Plan. New York: Weatherhill, Inc. (1979)
  • John Katz, Israeli–Japanese Relations, 1948–1963 Tel Aviv: Saar (2007)
  • Matthew Brummer and Eitan Oren, Israel and Japan's Rising Sun Relations''. Foreign Affairs (2017)
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