Jump to content

Internet censorship in Iran

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Iran is known for having one of the world's most comprehensive Internet censorship systems.[1][2][3][4] The Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) have blocked access to many popular websites and online services, including YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and Telegram.[5][6] Internet traffic in the country is heavily restricted and monitored.[7] Internet Filtering Committee (Iran) headed by Prosecutor-General of Iran decides which websites must be censored and implements this vast censorship.

In response to the 2019 Iranian protests, the government implemented a near-total Internet shutdown, reducing traffic to just 5% of normal levels.[2][8][9] A 2022 poll ranked Iran as the country with the second highest level of Internet censorship after it repeatedly disrupted Internet access and blocked social media platforms to curb protests following the death of Mahsa Amini.[10] The government is now targeting Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) in an effort to completely block citizens' access to foreign media and online content.[11]

History

[edit]

Early 2000s

[edit]

Iran underwent a significant increase in internet usage in the early 2000s.[12] Many users saw the internet as an easy way to circumvent Iran's strict press laws.[13][14] As international internet usage grew, its censorship increased, and many popular websites were blocked,[12][15] especially after 2005 under the administration of conservative president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[16]

In 2005–2018,[5][17] Ayatollah Khamenei sent letters to the presidents of Iran, the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Iran, and the IRGC, ordering them to form a national intranet called the National Information Network.[18][19][20][21] The National Information Network was unveiled during the 2019 Iranian protests.[22] The NIN works in a way similar to the Great Firewall of China, but with more strict monitoring.[5][23][24][21]

After YouTube was blocked in Iran,[25] Aparat, an Iranian online video-sharing platform, was founded. In 2020, due to the activity of an Aparat user, the CEO of Aparat was sentenced to 10 years in prison because of an interview with children about sex and pornography by Gelofen TV.[26][27] The business of selling virtual private networks (VPNs), SOCKS, and proxy servers in Iran is worth millions of dollars due to their large demand.[28] The twelfth Minister of Information and Communications Technology in Iran announced that the lucrative business of selling VPNs and proxies has generated substantial profits for its manufacturers and retailers, and there are efforts to stop these businesses.[citation needed]

In 2006 and 2010, the activist group Reporters Without Borders labeled Iran one of the 13 countries designated "Enemies of the Internet."[29] Reporters Without Borders sent a letter to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navi Pillay, to share its deep concern and ask for her intervention in the case of two netizens and free speech defenders, Vahid Asghari and Hossein Derakhshan.

2010s

[edit]

Following the 2009 election protests, Iran ratified the Computer Crimes Law (CCL) in 2010.[30] The CCL established legal regulations for internet censorship. Notable provisions of the CCL include the following: Article 10, which effectively prohibits internet users and companies from using encryption or protecting data in a manner that would "deny access of authorized individuals to data, computer, and telecommunication systems"; Article 14, which criminalizes "producing, sending, publishing, distributing, saving or financially engaging in obscene content"; Article 21, which requires ISPs to maintain records of internet traffic data and the personal information of their Internet users; and Article 48, which requires Internet Service Providers to record data from telephone conversations over the internet.[31]

In April 2011, Ali Agha-Mohammadi, a senior official, announced the government had plans to launch a halal internet that would conform to Islamic values and provide government-approved services. This would effectively completely disconnect the Iranian people from the outside world.[32] Such a network, similar to one used by North Korea, would prevent unwanted information from outside of Iran from entering the closed system.[33]

In 2012, Iran's ministry of information and communication technology began testing a countrywide "national internet" network as a substitute for services run through the World Wide Web.[32] It also began working on software robots to analyze emails and chats and find more "effective ways of controlling user's online activities". One Iranian IT expert defended the program as aimed not "primarily" at curbing the global internet but at securing Iran's military, banking, and sensitive data from outside cyber-attacks such as Stuxnet.[32] In addition, by late January 2012, internet café owners were required to record the identities of their customers before providing services. According to the news website Tabnak, an Iranian policy statement states:

Internet cafes are required to write down the forename, surname, name of the father, national identification number, postcode, and telephone number of each customer. Besides the personal information, they must maintain other information of the customer such as the date and the time of using the internet and the IP address, and the addresses of the websites visited. They should keep these informations for each individual for at least six months.[32]

In preparation for the March 2012 elections and the launch of a national internet,[32] the Iranian government instituted strict rules for cybercafés. Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran's Supreme Leader, instructed the Iranian authorities to set up the Supreme Council of Cyberspace, a body to oversee the internet. It consists of the president of Iran, the Minister of Intelligence, and IRGC chiefs. It defines policy and coordinates decisions regarding the internet. It is thought to be the strongest attempt at internet censorship by any country to date.[34] It requires all Iranians to register their websites with the Ministry of Art and Culture.[35]

Also in March 2012, Iran began implementing a national intranet. This effort was partially in response to Western actions such as the Stuxnet cyberattack on Iran's main uranium enrichment facility, which fueled suspicions against foreign technologies.[36] The government and Islamic Revolutionary Guard's response has been to mandate the use of Iranian email systems, block popular web-mail services, inhibit encryption use by disabling VPNs and HTTPS, and ban externally developed security software.[5][37][38]

In May 2012, Iran criticized Google for dropping the name "Persian Gulf" from its maps, leaving the feature unlabeled. Six days after Khamenei's statement, Iran announced that Google and Gmail would be added to the list of banned sites, to be replaced by the national network. Iranian media reported that the new system would be ready by March 2013.[39] Gmail and Google were later unblocked. The Iranian alternative to Google was Parsijoo, which is disabled now. The network already hosted some government and academic sites.[40]

The isolation of the separate network was also touted as an improvement to network security in the wake of Stuxnet. A computer virus was also found in Iran's major Kharg Island oil export terminal in April. Communications and Technology Minister Reza Taqipour said, "Control over the internet should not be in the hands of one or two countries. Especially on major issues and during crises, one cannot trust this network at all."[39]

In September 2012, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called on Western leaders to censor the trailer for Innocence of Muslims, which was posted to YouTube. Khamenei alluded to bans on Nazi-related or anti-gay sites in some countries, asking, "How there is no room for freedom of expression in these cases, but insulting Islam and its sanctities is free?".[41]

Starting in mid-2014, the government of then-President Hassan Rouhani sought to ease internet restrictions in the country, with Ali Jannati, the culture minister, likening the restrictions to the ban on fax machines, video recorders, and videotapes after the 1979 revolution.[42]

In December 2016, Iranian Prosecutor Ahmad Ali Montazeri, who heads Iran's internet censorship committee, banned and closed 14,000 websites and social networking accounts in Iran.[43] He underlined that President Rouhani and Interior Minister Rahmani Fazli agreed with him and have addressed "serious warnings" on this issue.[43]

As of 2018, it is estimated that between 64% and 69% of Iranians are internet users.[44][45]

Blocking in 2017–18 protests

[edit]
See also: Telegram in Iran

During the 2017–18 Iranian protests, the Iranian government blocked internet access from mobile networks and various websites, including Instagram and Telegram, in an effort to stymie protests. At some points, the government completely blocked internet access in Kurdish parts of the country.[46][47] A January 2018 report by four special rapporteurs of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights expressed concern about the blocking, stating, "Communication blackouts constitute a serious violation of fundamental rights".[47]

2019 total Internet shutdown

[edit]
Main article: 2019 Internet blackout in Iran

During the nationwide 2019 fuel protests in Iran, the Iranian authorities deliberately shut down the internet, hiding the true scale of unlawful killings by security forces. As protests intensified, the Iranian authorities implemented a near-total internet blackout by ordering different internet service providers (ISPs) to shut down. IODA observed steady drops in signals, which started when cellular operators were ordered to disconnect around 2pm local time on 16 November. By 7pm, Iran had descended into digital darkness.

Iran’s domestic internet remained online, allowing activities such as government services and banking to continue, which minimized financial losses in the country’s economy. It was only around five days later, at approximately 10am on 21 November, that internet access began to be restored. It did not completely return until 27 November.

"The authorities deliberately blocked internet access inside Iran, hiding the true extent of the horrendous human rights violations that they were carrying out across the country" said Iranian expert Diana Eltahawy.[48]

2022

[edit]
Main article: Mahsa Amini protests § Communications blackouts

During Mahsa Amini protests, the government shutdown and slowed internet.[49] US government issued license D-2 sanctions relief for American internet companies to help Iranians. Earlier this year, the cyberspace protection act was run.[50] Restrictions were put in place for LTE networks such as Irancell, Hamrahe-Aval And Rightel completely blocking access to all website excluding those hosted in Iran.[51][52][53]

On December 4, a news article was published in the media quoting Ahmad Vahidi, the Minister of Interior of the 13th government, citing a “complete filtering of cyberspace” and it was denied a few hours later. On December 18, Mohsen Taeb, the former head of the IRGC Intelligence Organization, said, “[t]here will come a day on the platforms where we will determine whose photo will be published and who will not.” In the last 3 months, the Ministry of Communications of the Ebrahim Raisi government has made contradictory statements on this matter.

This time, the international community has decided to fight back, with many countries severing economic and diplomatic relations with Iran after these censorships.[citation needed]

"The country’s cyber governance has been compromised by such an action  It is possible that the international court will issue a verdict that will hit Iran’s cyber governance the most. Also, financial fines are probable for the infrastructure communication company." Said Sharareh Abdolhoseinzadeh, a PhD in Political Sociology.[54]

2023

[edit]

In January, the Ministry of ICT opened the radar.game software and a DNS for games.[55][56][57][58] The Minister of ICT created 403.online, a DNS and VPN for Iranians bypassing the HTTP 403 code.[59][60]

TLD generic names ending with .online are blocked.[61]

On 19 February, Iranians began blocking Cloudflare with a massive share of 70% Iranian traffic cut off from the Internet.[62][63][64][65] The median internet speed became worse as of May 2023 according to Speed test, as the government began limited fiber optically connected internet rollout.[66][67][68][69][70][71] The Iranian cyber police began purging social media and websites,[72] while the Minister of Science Research, Technology and ICT discussed cutting the internet for university entry exam tests.[73]

According to the Parliament research group head, VPN sales were highly profitable, estimated to be whopping 50,000 billion Toman (about US$1.01 billion) annually which is then taxed by Iranian government.[74][75][76][77][78][79][80] It was noted by the newspaper Ham-Mihan that while prices stayed the same, data bandwidth was now more expensive.[81] A seventh five-year plan increased internet tariffs, making the national information network far cheaper.[82]

The Minister of Cultural Heritage and Tourism had claimed that the internet would be restored once the upheaval is gone.[83] However, according to the newspaper Resalat, as of June 2023, a branch of Islamic Republic military are pro-denial of free internet access and are actively working towards it, even obstructing others efforts to achieve it.[84][85] In June 2023, a member of parliament claimed that the Cyberspace protection bill is now in full effect, while according to another, it is abandoned and irrelevant.[86][87]

The Minister of ICT denied reduced internet speed, claiming that Iran has three times its need.[88] On June 27, the Supreme Council of Cyberspace began a workgroup in association with Ministry of ICT for slow internet to report by one month.[89] The Supreme leader asked judicial system power to begin a program combat "those who are annoying in cyber and real life".[90]

In August, a cyberspace services system bill commission member claimed the government had decided to lower internet access, make it unaffordable, and reduce speed.[91]

2024

[edit]

2024 order

[edit]

In February 2024, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei ordered the Supreme Council of CyberSpace to ban Internet censorship circumvention technology such as virtual private networks (VPNs).[92] In late May 2024, Cloudflare showed that regime had begun blocking IPv6.[93][94]

Effects and Internet fragmentation

[edit]

Effects

[edit]

The government's censorship techniques has led to internet in Iran being among the worst worldwide, according to a report by the Tehran Electronic Commerce Association (TECA). The report noted the effect of new filtering equipment within the domestic network, which causes functional disruptions and processor saturation.[95]

Forking apps

[edit]

Iranian government had released another law in 2024 that allow censored apps to be accessible through government enabled client side forks.[96]

Elite internet

[edit]

Minister of communications offered selling class "professional" based internet access to startups and corporations with less restrictions.[97][98][99][100][101] IRNA defended the internet closed access.[102]

The Iranian state spokesman compared the internet to arms control, while the Minister of Science Research and Technology promoted the mass censorship program as an "open internet for academics".[103][104][105] The Minister of ICT also promised journalists that they would be granted internet access.[106]

On 11 June 2023, the Minister of Tourism and Cultural Heritage demanded that foreign tourists should be allowed unfiltered internet access whilst visiting Iran, via 'tourist' SIM cards.[107] This plan was subsequently approved by the Iranian government in September 2023.[108]

On 15 June 2023, the Minister of Communications denied copying Chinese internet rules.[109]

August 2023 easing for businesses and universities

[edit]

In August 2023, the number of anonymous internet users in Iran rose.[110]

The Minister of ICT claimed he was dissatisfied with the restrictions placed on speed, quality and the filtering of websites, proposing to whitelist some websites.[111][112] A member of the Islamic Council's supervisory committee, part of a working group tasked with identifying instances of criminal online content, responded by nothing fluctuations in website accessibility, mentioning that some sites were intermittently blocked or unfiltered based on the government's preferences. The Minister of Communications indicated a willingness to address these issues by considering selective removal of filters in certain contexts. Additionally, it was noted that various filtered websites remained accessible to specific groups such as students, university professors, and professionals in need of them for government-approved purposes.[113]

A member of the Islamic Council's supervisory committee in the working group to determine examples of criminal computer content stated that some websites at some times were blocked and unfiltered according to requirements and that the opinion of the Minister of Communications was that action would be taken to remove the filter in some places. In addition, many sites that are normally filtered are available for classes, university professors, businessmen and all those who need it professionally.

In December 2022, the government unveiled plans to implement a program initially targeting students at the Sharif University of Technology, known as Goshayesh ("Opening"). Under this initiative, the Iranian government would allocate internet access levels to individuals, based on their social class. This would grant varying degrees of access to selected internet domains.[114][115]

[edit]

In July 2023, The Minister of ICT claimed they sued Starlink that them with help from ITU Article 18 Radio Regulation board and WRC article 23 compelled Starlink to cut access in Iran.[116][117][118][119]

Department of Security, Integration, Innovation

[edit]

The seventh development program ordered the government to incorporate a new department into Minister of ICT, called the Dept. Security, integration, innovation.[120]

The Iranian government began training 500,000 personnel for cyberspace and video content. They claim that the operation of their program will have a positive economic impact.[121]

List of blocked websites

[edit]

Iran's SmartFilter blocks access to most pornography, gay and lesbian sites, political sites, news media, and software privacy tools. Iran has been accused of censoring more internet traffic than any other nation besides China.[29] As of 2006, Iran's SmartFilter is configured to allow local Persian-language sites, and block prominent English-language sites, such as the BBC and Facebook.[122] By 2008, Iran had blocked access to more than five million websites, whose content was deemed as immoral and anti-social.[123]

Below is an incomplete list of well-known websites blocked by Iran:[124][125][122][5][126]


Many Iranians remain on social media despite government restrictions.[126][12][5][128][129][130][29]

During the Mahsa Amini protests internet blackout, approximately 80% of all popular websites were promptly blocked, including Instagram, WhatsApp, Apple's App Store, Google's Play Store, Skype, and LinkedIn. This came in addition to total internet blackouts across the country for hours per day.[131]

Methods

[edit]

The primary engine of Iran's censorship is the content-control software SmartFilter, developed by San Jose firm Secure Computing.[132] The American company alleges that Iran did not purchase the software legally.[133] Iran has since developed its own hardware and software to filter the internet.[134] All internet traffic is routed through the state-controlled telecommunications infrastructure of the Telecommunication Company of Iran (TCI), which implements additional surveillance measures.[134]

Dozens of internet service providers (ISPs) operate in Iran.[134] All of them must implement content-control software for websites and e-mail, with strict penalties for failure to comply. As of 2008, at least twelve ISPs have been shut down for failing to install adequate filters. An ISP must be approved by both the TCI and the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance before it can operate.[135] ISP must store all data sent or received by a user for at least three months, and must store data within Iran's borders.[136]

Iran uses the lawful intercept capabilities of telecommunications systems to monitor communications by political dissidents and other individuals. A monitoring center installed by Nokia Siemens Networks (now Nokia Networks) intercepts and archives internet communications for Iranian law enforcement officials.[137] Online social networks, especially Facebook, are also monitored. Citizens returning home from living abroad have been questioned and detained due to the contents of their personal Facebook web pages. After protests outside Iran following the 2009 elections, such social media monitoring increased.[138]

Iran throttles the speed of the internet to frustrate users and limit communication. Mass-scale throttling has been observed following the 2009 Iranian presidential election, the weeks leading to the 2013 election, and during times of international political upheaval.[139] In October 2006, the government ordered all ISPs to limit their download speeds to 128 kbit/s for residential clients and internet cafes; no reason was publicly announced. The purpose, as widely believed according to Reuters, was to constrain the consumption of Western mass media.[140] As of 2010, ISPs in Tehran may offer a higher speed of at least two Mbit/s businesses, while the residential speed limit remains.[141] Since then, speed restrictions have been relaxed.[citation needed]

Deep packet inspection (DPI) is a technology that analyzes the contents of transmissions, even if they have been encrypted. Iran may use it to detect connections to TLS-based VPNs and use TCP reset attacks to interfere with them.[142] In 2009, the Wall Street Journal reported that Nokia may have sold DPI software to Iran for monitoring and altering the content of internet voice and e-mail communications.[143] Andrew Lighten, an employee of Nokia, claimed that it sold software to Iran for lawful interception, but that the company does not sell any products with deep packet inspection.[144]

In September 2020, Abolhassan Firoozabadi, director of the National Cyberspace Center of Iran, described China as a successful "model" in censoring the internet. He added that censorship applies where "the operating system does not comply with Iranian law" or "create[s] cultural, social, political and security problems" for the government.[145][146]

There is also state awareness that domestically produced content considered undesirable can pervade the internet, highlighted by the 2006 controversy over the appearance of a celebrity sex tape featuring a popular Iranian soap opera actress (or a convincing look-alike).[29] (See the Iranian sex tape scandal)

Punishment of dissidents

[edit]

Lily Mazahery, a human rights and immigration lawyer who represents Iranian dissidents, reported that one of her clients was arrested after instant messaging with her. Ms. Mazahery said: "He told me he had received a call from the Ministry of Intelligence, and this guy when he went to the interrogation, they put in front of him printed copies of his chats with me. He said he was dumbfounded, and he was sent to prison."[137]

Circumvention

[edit]
See also: Internet censorship circumvention

Methods

[edit]

In 2003, Voice of America began to operate a proxy server for Iranian citizens, free of charge, along with internet privacy company Anonymizer and the International Broadcasting Bureau. Whenever the proxy is blocked, it uses a new IP address until that one is also blocked.[147] Some websites and keywords related to pornography are blocked in the American proxy, although the list of banned words is publicly available.[147][148] Non-pornographic websites may be inadvertently blocked; for example, the banning of ass blocks access to the website of the United States Embassy.[149]

United States sanctions

[edit]
See also: United States sanctions against Iran

Following the 2009 Iranian presidential election, the US Senate ratified the Victims of Iranian Censorship Act (VOICE), which allocated US$50 million to fund measures "to counter Iranian government efforts to jam radio, satellite, and internet-based transmissions."[150]

In 2018, the Trump administration increased American economic sanctions against Iran. These sanctions were not intended to prevent Iranian civilians from accessing basic internet services, but multiple American technology companies subsequently blocked access to their services in Iran. Iranian users who work with the Iranian government or are involved in terrorism were also sanctioned; technology suppliers risk prosecution by the US government if selling web services to sanctioned users.[citation needed]

Identifying an internet user can be difficult, so some companies have entirely discontinued serving users in Iran.[151] Apple's App Store[152] and the messaging platform Slack[153] have been unavailable in Iran since 2018. In 2019, access to free services on GitHub, GitLab, Amazon Cloud, and several video game services were also suspended.[154][151][155] Such suspensions, however, may inadvertently strengthen censorship, although Amazon Cloud, another banned service, hosts most tools that help Iranians bypass the censorship filters. Internet developers have been forced to use less secure hosting tools, which leave websites vulnerable to cyberattacks and risk users' security.[156]

These suspensions continue despite a General License D-1, first issued by the Office of Foreign Asset Controls (ORAC) in 2014, which authorizes private companies to provide certain "personal communications" technologies to users in Iran.[157] When sanctions were re-imposed by the United States, the US Treasury Department highlighted that General License D-1 would help with "fostering internet freedom and supporting the Iranian people."[158]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ MacLellan, Stephanie (9 January 2018). "What You Need to Know about Internet Censorship in Iran". Centre for International Governance Innovation. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  2. ^ a b Skinner, Helena (22 November 2019). "How did Iran's government pull the plug on the Internet?". euronews. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  3. ^ Anderson, Finbar (23 November 2019). "Iran's internet blackout: What is happening, and why did the government turn it off?". The Telegraph.
  4. ^ "It's not the first time Iran has shut down the internet". Access Now. 8 April 2024. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Freedom on the Net 2018 – Iran". Refworld. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  6. ^ "Iran's Intranet: a Master Plan for Internet Censorship". Millichronicle. 1 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  7. ^ "How to help #KeepItOn in Iran". Access Now. 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  8. ^ Anderson, Finbar (23 November 2019). "Iran's internet blackout: What is happening, and why did the government turn it off?". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  9. ^ "It's not the first time Iran has shut down the internet, but this time, it's different". Access Now. 19 November 2019. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  10. ^ "10 Countries Where VPNs Are Illegal. Find Out Who Banned VPNs and Why (Updated 2023)". CyberGhost Privacy Hub. 5 March 2019. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  11. ^ "10 Countries Where VPNs Are Illegal. Find Out Who Banned VPNs and Why (Updated 2023)". CyberGhost Privacy Hub. 5 March 2019. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  12. ^ a b c MacLellan, Stephanie (9 January 2018). "What You Need to Know about Internet Censorship in Iran". Centre for International Governance Innovation. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  13. ^ Feuilherade, P. (2002.) "Iran's banned press turns to the net" Archived 2004-06-14 at the Wayback Machine. BBC.com. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
  14. ^ BBC News. (2003.) "Iran Steps Up Net Censorship" Archived 2007-02-22 at the Wayback Machine. BBC.com. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
  15. ^ Aryan, Simurgh; Aryan, Homa; Halderman, J. Alex (2013). Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  16. ^ "Navigating Literary Censorship—and Worse—in Iran". Literary Hub. 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  17. ^ "خبرگزاری فارس - شبکه ملی اطلاعات و ضرورت ملی آن". خبرگزاری فارس. 11 May 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  18. ^ "Iran's Leader urges confronting enemy schemes in cyberspace". ISNA. 6 September 2016. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  19. ^ "مطالبه رهبری درباره فضای مجازی روی زمین مانده است". خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency (in Persian). 24 August 2020. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  20. ^ "Iran curbs internet before possible new protests – reports". Reuters. 25 December 2019. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  21. ^ a b "Fiery Debate on Fate of Local Messengers, Iran's National Intranet". Eghtesad Online. 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  22. ^ Lunden, Ingrid (17 November 2019). "Iran shuts down country's internet in the wake of fuel protests". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  23. ^ "Iran To Work With China To Create National Internet System". www.rferl.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  24. ^ "Ayatollah Khamenei Issues Statement on "2nd Phase of Revolution"". KhabarOnline. 13 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  25. ^ MacLellan, Stephanie (9 January 2018). "What You Need to Know about Internet Censorship in Iran". Centre for International Governance Innovation. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  26. ^ "مدیر آپارات و تهیه‌کنندگان گزارش ژلوفن ‌تی‌وی 'به ۱۰ سال زندان محکوم شدند'". BBC News فارسی (in Persian). 25 October 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  27. ^ "مدیرعامل آپارات به خاطر انتشار این ویدئو ۱۰ سال حبس گرفت". همشهری آنلاین (in Persian). 25 October 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  28. ^ "Jahromi Defends ICT Performance". Eghtesad Online. 4 September 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  29. ^ a b c d Tait, R. (2006.) "Censorship fears rise as Iran blocks access to top websites" Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian UK. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
  30. ^ "Islamic Republic of Iran's Computer Crimes Act" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  31. ^ "ARTICLE19's Legal Analysis of Iran's Computer Crimes Law" (PDF). Article19. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2019.
  32. ^ a b c d e "Iran clamps down on Internet use" Archived 2017-10-28 at the Wayback Machine, Saeed Kamali Dehghan, The Guardian, 5 January 2012
  33. ^ Christopher Rhoads and Farnaz Fassihi, 28 May 2011, Iran Vows to Unplug Internet Archived 2019-05-19 at the Wayback Machine, Wall Street Journal
  34. ^ BBC News Middle East (7 March 2012). "Iran's Supreme Leader sets up body to oversee internet". BBC News Middle East. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  35. ^ "صفحه اصلی -". Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  36. ^ Alimardani, Mahsa (3 July 2019). "Stuxnet, American Sanctions, and Cyberwar Are Legitimizing Iranian Internet Controls". Vice. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  37. ^ "Mapping internet censorship in Iran". Hyperakt. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  38. ^ Powers, Shawn M; Jablonski, Michael (April 2015). The Real Cyber War. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. pp. 63–69. ISBN 978-0-252-09710-2. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  39. ^ a b Hosseinian, Zahra; Torbati, Yeganeh (23 September 2012). "Iran readies domestic Internet system, blocks Google". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  40. ^ "Iran preparing internal version of Internet". The Washington Post. 19 September 2012. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  41. ^ "Iran's top leader urges West to block film mocking Prophet Muhammad". Associated Press. 17 September 2012. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  42. ^ "Iran's internet politics: Everyone's doing it" Archived 2017-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, 19 July 2014.
  43. ^ a b "Iran bans 14 thousand websites and accounts weekly" Archived 2016-12-09 at the Wayback Machine, Al Arabiya, 8 December 2016.
  44. ^ "Some 64% of Iranians Are Internet Users: report". Tehran Times. 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  45. ^ "Iran Internet Stats and Telecommunications Reports". www.internetworldstats.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  46. ^ Ailsa Chang, In Response To Protests, Iran Cuts Off Internet Access, Blocks Apps Archived 2018-01-07 at the Wayback Machine, NPR, Morning Edition (3 January 2018).
  47. ^ a b Laura Smith-Spark, UN experts urge Iran to respect rights of protesters, end Internet crackdown Archived 2018-01-05 at the Wayback Machine, CNN (5 January 2017).
  48. ^ "Iran: Internet deliberately shut down during November 2019 killings – new investigation". Amnesty International. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  49. ^ Biddle, Sam BiddleMurtaza HussainSam; Hussain, Murtaza (28 October 2022). "Hacked Documents: How Iran Can Track and Control Protesters' Phones". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  50. ^ "Iran tightens grip on internet freedom". dw.com. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  51. ^ "U.S. Treasury Issues Iran General License D-2 to Increase Support for Internet Freedom". Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  52. ^ Green, Yasmin. "Iran's Internet Blackouts Are Part of a Global Menace". Wired. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  53. ^ "US Condemns Iran's Restrictions on Internet Access". 20 October 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  54. ^ "International Consequences of Internet Restrictions in Iran". www.jurist.org. 24 December 2022. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  55. ^ RadarGame (20 January 2023), RadarGame/windows_RadarPlus, archived from the original on 20 January 2023, retrieved 20 January 2023
  56. ^ "Archived copy". radar.game. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  57. ^ "سایت و اپلیکیشن رادار بازی راه اندازی شد". dolat.ir. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  58. ^ "سامانه "رادار گیم"برای افزایش سرعت بازی‌ها آغاز به کار کرد". خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency (in Persian). 18 January 2023. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  59. ^ "راه‌اندازی سرویس رفع تحریم ۴۰۳". خبرآنلاین (in Persian). 8 February 2023. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  60. ^ "Archived copy". anti403.ir. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  61. ^ "فیلترینگ جدید و عجیب ایرانسل و همراه اول!". 25 August 2022.
  62. ^ "اختلال‌ در کلودفلر به‌معنای زلزله در ارتباطات ایران است". Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  63. ^ "واکاوی چرایی و تبعات اختلال در کلودفلر: می‌خواهم به اینترنت متصل بمانم!". Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  64. ^ "هشدار مقام سازمان نظام صنفی رایانه ای درباره فیلتر شکن ها/ با اختلال عامدانه در اینترنت کشور روبه‌رو هستیم". روزنامه دنیای اقتصاد (in Persian). 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  65. ^ "وزیر ارتباطات: اختلال در اینترنت به‌دلیل استفاده از فیلترشکن و حملات سایبری است". دیجیاتو (in Persian). Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  66. ^ "اجرای فاز اول پروژه فیبر نوری در ایران؛ اتصال محدود به اینترنت پرسرعت زیر سایه حکومت". 17 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  67. ^ مومنی, علی (20 May 2023). "گزارش ماه آوریل اسپیدتست سرعت اینترنت در ایران: همان همیشگی".
  68. ^ "گزارش جدید Speedtest از کاهش سرعت اینترنت موبایل در ایران خبر می‌دهد". دیجیاتو.
  69. ^ "افت ۷ پله‌ای اینترنت سیار در تهران".
  70. ^ "سرعت اینترنت در ایران بازهم کاهش یافت/ عکس". خبرآنلاین. 20 May 2023.
  71. ^ "Iran's Fixed, Mobile Internet Speeds Deteriorate in February | Financial Tribune". 4 April 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  72. ^ "بیش از ۵هزار محتوای مجرمانه از فضای مجازی حذف شد - خبرآنلاین". 27 February 2023. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  73. ^ "نظر-وزرای-علوم-و-ارتباطات-درباره-قطعی-اینترنت-در-روز-کنکور". www.irna.ir. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  74. ^ "نماینده تبریز از گسترش تجارت فیلترشکن در ایران انتقاد کرد | TRT Persian". www.trt.net.tr (in Persian). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  75. ^ "بازار ۴۰ تا ۵۰ هزار میلیارد تومانی فیلترشکن در ایران". روزنامه دنیای اقتصاد (in Persian). 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  76. ^ "تراکنش 500 میلیارد تومانی از فیلترشکن‌ها". روزنامه دنیای اقتصاد (in Persian). 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  77. ^ "نماینده مجلس: تنها دستاورد فیلترینگ ایجاد بازار پررونق خرید و فروش فیلترشکن است". شرق (in Persian). 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  78. ^ عباسی (29 May 2023). "گردش مالی عظیم 50 همتی فروش فیلترشکن بیانگر چیست؟ | خبرگزاری بین المللی شفقنا" (in Persian). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  79. ^ "نماینده اراک: وزیر ارتباطات اطلاع دارد چه کسانی فیلترشکن می‌فروشند و وابسته به کجا هستند؟". ایران اینترنشنال (in Persian). 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  80. ^ "فیلترینگ، جهنم برای مردم، بهشت فروشندگان فیلترشکن؛ ۵۰۰ میلیارد تومان سود ماهیانه". صدای آمریکا (in Persian). 14 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  81. ^ "سوق دادن مردم به استفاده از فیلترشکن یعنی تشویق به مهاجرت اینترنتی". خبرآنلاین (in Persian). 11 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  82. ^ "شوک برنامه هفتم به اینترنت مردم/ سناریوی تعرفه گذاری برای اینترنت خارجی چیست؟". خبرآنلاین. 24 May 2023. Archived from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  83. ^ "عزت‌الله ضرغامی: اگر از شرایط امنیتی عبور کنیم، اینترنت پرسرعت در اختیار مردم می‌گذاریم". ایران اینترنشنال (in Persian). 10 June 2023. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  84. ^ "یک جریان امنیتی نظامی حامی فیلترینگ و مانع از رفع آن است! - تکراتو". 22 March 1402.
  85. ^ "دست بسته دولت در مدیریت اینترنت". روزنامه رسالت (in Persian). 8 June 2023. Archived from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  86. ^ Behnegarsoft.com (6 June 2023). "ايتنا - وزارت ارتباطات طرح صیانت را اجرا کرد". ايتنا - سایت خبری تحلیلی فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات (in Persian). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  87. ^ "تاکید نماینده مجلس بر پیروی از سبک اینترنت داخلی چین ؛ طرح صیانت دیگر بی‌معناست! - تکراتو". تکراتو - زندگی با تکنولوژی. 6 June 2023. Archived from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  88. ^ "وزیر ارتباطات: ما سه برابر نیاز کشور اینترنت تامین کرده‌ایم". ایران اینترنشنال (in Persian). 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  89. ^ "دستور رئیس‌جمهور برای تشکیل کارگروه رفع گلایه‌های مردمی درباره کندی اینترنت - ایرنا". www.irna.ir. 27 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  90. ^ فردا, رادیو (27 June 2023). "نامه "خیلی محرمانه" فرمانده سپاه به ابراهیم رئیسی: اینترنت و شبکه‌های اجتماعی را ببندید". رادیو فردا (in Persian). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  91. ^ "عضو کمیسیون طرح صیانت: تصمیم‌گیران نمی‌خواهند اینترنت آزاد و سریع در دسترس مردم باشد". ایران اینترنشنال. 28 August 2023.
  92. ^ "استفاده از فیلترشکن در ایران پس از تأیید رهبر جمهوری اسلامی به‌طور رسمی ممنوع شد".
  93. ^ "آیا اختلال روی پروتکل IPv6 برای کنترل فیلترینگ در کشور است؟" [Is there a disruption in the IPv6 protocol to control filtering in the country?] (in Persian). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  94. ^ "اختلال گسترده روی اینترنت IPv6 / پای فیلترینگ جدید در میان است؟ - خبرآنلاین".
  95. ^ updated, Chiara Castro last (18 January 2024). "The internet in Iran among the worst worldwide for connectivity". TechRadar. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  96. ^ "مصوبه شورای عالی فضای مجازی: دسترسی به سکوهای خارجی در قالب «پوسته» امکان‌پذیر می‌شود".
  97. ^ "معاون علمی رئیس‌جمهوری: نگویید اینترنت طبقاتی؛ بگویید اینترنت حرفه‌ای - پیوست". 6 May 2023. Archived from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  98. ^ "تبعیض دیجیتالی - ایسنا". 7 May 2023. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  99. ^ "تدارک "اینترنت حرفه‌ای" برای کسب‌وکارهای نوپا". www.hamshahrionline.ir. 7 May 2023.
  100. ^ "اینترنت حرفه‌ای به جای اینترنت طبقاتی! - خبرآنلاین". 8 May 2023. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  101. ^ "فیروزآبادی: نگویید اینترنت طبقاتی؛ بگویید اینترنت حرفه‌ای! - سخت افزار مگ". Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  102. ^ "اما-و-اگرهای-اینترنت-طبقاتی". www.irna.ir. 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  103. ^ "اینترنت طبقاتی". شرق (in Persian). 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  104. ^ "قطار اینترنت طبقاتی در ایستگاه دانشگاه". روزنامه دنیای اقتصاد (in Persian). 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  105. ^ "عملیاتی شدن اینترنت طبقاتی؛ وزیر علوم از ارائه "اینترنت باز" به استادان دانشگاه‌ها خبر داد". ایران اینترنشنال (in Persian). 9 June 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  106. ^ "گسترش دامنه و وسعت تبعیض در ایران؛ اینترنت طبقاتی می‌شود". صدای آمریکا (in Persian). 1 June 2023. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  107. ^ "عزت‌الله ضرغامی، وزیر گردشگری: اینترنت بدون فیلتر برای گردشگران خارجی در حال پیگیری است". ایران اینترنشنال (in Persian). 11 June 2023. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  108. ^ "Iran Approves Full Internet Access SIM Cards For Foreign Tourists". Iran International. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  109. ^ "زارع‌پور: ایران مدل توسعه اینترنت خود را دارد - ایرنا". www.irna.ir. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  110. ^ "حامد بیدی، کنشگر اینترنت آزاد: افزایش سهم پهنای باند ناشناس، دالی بر شکست فیلترینگ است/ گزارش کمیسیون صنایع همه شمول نیست، دربرابر خسارات ناشی از فیلترینگ بر کسب و کارهای خرد سکوت کرده /جایگزینی پلتفرم‌های بومی به جای خارجی، آرزوی حقیقی وزیر ارتباطات است". دیدبان ایران (in Persian). 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  111. ^ "ببینید | وقتی هم خودشان فیلتر می‌کنند و هم از وضعیت اینترنت راضی نیستند!". اعتمادآنلاین. 28 August 2023.
  112. ^ "وزیری که آرزوی رفع فیلترینگ دارد؛ این اتفاقات نادر فقط مختص ایران است!". اعتمادآنلاین. 28 August 2023.
  113. ^ "جزئیاتی از آخرین شرایط فیلترینگ در کشور؛ پایان محدودیت‌ها نزدیک است؟". اعتمادآنلاین. 28 August 2023.
  114. ^ "«گشایش»، طرح اینترنت طبقاتی دانشگاه شریف". 6 December 2022.
  115. ^ "اینترنت طبقاتی؛ سهمیه‌بندی حکومت برای شهروندان". 10 December 2022.
  116. ^ "وزیر ارتباطات: استارلینک ملزم به رعایت قوانین سرزمینی ایران شده است / تخلفات احتمالی با ساز و کارهای حقوقی پیگیری می‌شود". خبرگزاری برنا. 6 August 2023.
  117. ^ "شرط مهم وزیر برای ورود اینترنت ماهواره ای | استارلینگ در روستاها فعال می شود؟". پایگاه خبری تحلیلی فردا | Farda News. 6 August 2023.
  118. ^ "رایزنی وزارت ارتباطات برای فعالیت قانونی اینترنت ماهواره‌ای استارلینک در ایران". irna.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  119. ^ "اینترنت ماهواره ای استارلینک در ایران به‌کلی ممنوع شد؟ نظر اتحادیه بین‌المللی مخابرات چه معنایی دارد؟". 9 July 2023.
  120. ^ "سازمان «نوآوری، هوشمندسازی و امنیت» تشکیل می‌شود - خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency".
  121. ^ "دولت ۵۰۰ هزار نیرو برای فضای مجازی تربیت می‌کند + فیلم". 24 October 2023.
  122. ^ a b Tait, Robert (5 December 2006). "Censorship fears rise as Iran blocks access to top websites". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  123. ^ "Over five million Web sites blocked in Iran". France 24. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  124. ^ "Internet censorship in Iran". IFMAT. 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  125. ^ "Iran lifts block on popular messaging app as protests wane | CBC News". CBC. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  126. ^ a b "Iranians stay connected on social media despite regime restrictions". NBC News. 21 August 2019. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  127. ^ "Death toll from Iran protests rises to 154, NGO says". MSN. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  128. ^ Azali, Mohammad Reza (27 August 2017). "All You Need to Know About Internet Censorship in Iran". TechRasa. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  129. ^ "Iran steps up Internet censorship as Khamenei declares war on Telegram". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  130. ^ Jafari, Hamed (29 August 2016). "Iran Initiates the First Phase of the National Information Network". TechRasa. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  131. ^ Zad, Arash (29 September 2022). "When Will Iran's Internet Censorship Collapse?". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  132. ^ OpenNet Initiative (2006). "Internet Filtering in Iran in 2004–2005: A Country Study" Archived 2009-01-08 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
  133. ^ Knight, W. (2005.) "Iranian net censorship powered by US technology" Archived 2008-03-15 at the Wayback Machine. The New Scientist. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
  134. ^ a b c "Iran". Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  135. ^ Reporters Without Borders. "Report on Iran" Archived 24 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
  136. ^ "Messaging Apps Must Store Data Within Iran's Borders". eTeknix. 30 May 2016. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  137. ^ a b Lake, Eli (13 April 2009). "Fed contractor, cell phone maker sold spy system to Iran". Washington Times. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  138. ^ Fassihi, Farnaz (3 December 2009). "Iranian Crackdown Goes Global". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  139. ^ Shaheed, Ahmed (7 May 2014). "Layers of Internet Censorship in Iran". United Nations Special Rapporteur. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  140. ^ Reuters. (2006.) "Iran cuts Internet speeds to homes, cafes" Archived 2007-07-14 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters.com.
  141. ^ "تعرفه صبانت برای اینترنت محدود". Archived from the original on 7 April 2010.
  142. ^ "my ISP is injecting RST packets during a TLS handshake". 7 June 2019. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  143. ^ "Iran's Web Spying Aided By Western Technology" Archived 2017-08-24 at the Wayback Machine by Christopher Rhoads in New York and Loretta Chao in Beijing, The Wall Street Journal, 23 June 2009. Retrieved 6/23/09.
  144. ^ "Andrew Lighten June 23, 2009, "What I do for a job"". Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  145. ^ "وزیر ارتباطات ایران از ورود نیروهای مسلح به "توسعه" پیام‌رسان‌ها خبر داد". radiofarda. 7 September 2020. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  146. ^ "فیروزآبادی در مورد شبکه‌های اجتماعی: اگر مسئله ایجاد کنند فیلتر خواهند شد". radiofarda. 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  147. ^ a b Poulson, K. (2003). "US sponsors Anonymiser – if you live in Iran" Archived 2017-08-10 at the Wayback Machine. The Register UK. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
  148. ^ A complete list of the blocked keywords on the American server can be found here Archived 2011-03-05 at the Wayback Machine.
  149. ^ McCullagh, Declan (3 May 2004). "U.S. blunders with keyword blacklist". CNET News. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
  150. ^ "Secretary of State Clinton on Internet Freedom". America.gov. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  151. ^ a b "Locked Out: US sanctions are ruining online gaming in Iran". Al Jazeera. 23 December 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  152. ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (15 March 2018). "Apple appears to have totally cut off Iran from the App Store". The Verge. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  153. ^ Brandom, Russell (20 December 2018). "Slack is banning some users with links to Iran even if they've left the country". The Verge. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  154. ^ Tung, Liam. "GitHub starts blocking developers in countries facing US trade sanctions". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  155. ^ Motamedi, Maziar (2 October 2019). "Locked out: Why is Amazon blocking Iranians from its services?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  156. ^ "More Iranians Forced to Rely on Unsafe Online Hosting After Amazon Ban". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 7 August 2019. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  157. ^ "General License D-1: General License with Respect to Certain Services, Software, and Hardware Incident to Personal Communications" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  158. ^ "Treasury Department Reaffirms Commitment to Fostering Internet Freedom and Supporting the Iranian People" (Press release). U.S. Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Internet censorship in Iran.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_censorship_in_Iran&oldid=1256095443"