Jump to content

Smart city

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Intelligent cities)
For the 2006 film, see Smart City (film). For a list of smart cities, see List of smart cities.

Possible scenario of smart and sustainable mobility
Part of a series on
Algocracy
Examples

A smart city is an urban area that uses digital technology to collect data and to operate/provide services.[1][2] Data can be collected from citizens, devices, buildings, cameras. Applications include traffic and transportation systems,[3] power plants, utilities, urban forestry,[4] water supply networks, waste disposal, criminal investigations, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.[5][6] The foundation of a smart city is built on the integration of people, technology, and processes, which connect and interact across sectors such as healthcare, transportation, education, and infrastructure, etc.[7] Smart cities are characterized by the ways in which their local governments monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In a smart city, the sharing of data extends to businesses, citizens and other third parties who can derive benefit from using that data.[8][9] The three largest sources of spending associated with smart cities as of 2022 were visual surveillance, public transit, and outdoor lighting.[10]

Smart cities integrate information and communication technology (ICT), and devices connected to the Internet of things (IOT) network to optimize city services and connect to citizens.[11][12] ICT can be used to enhance quality, performance, and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to increase contact between citizens and government.[13] Smart city applications manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.[14] A smart city may be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.[15][16] Yet, the term is open to many interpretations.[17] Many cities have already adopted some sort of smart city technology.

Smart city initiatives have been criticized as driven by corporations,[18][19] poorly adapted to residents' needs,[20][21] as largely unsuccessful,[citation needed] and as a move toward totalitarian surveillance.[22]

Background

[edit]

Historically, cities functioned as centers of innovation, and the advent of the digital era presented opportunities and challenges to apply technology to create urban environments that are more efficient, sustainable, and livable.[23][24][25][26][how?][27]

The shift to smart cities necessitates a comprehensive restructuring of city management and operations, leading citizen participation, and methods of public service delivery.[26]

Cities seek to upgrade their infrastructure and service delivery, to promote social inclusion, technological adoption, and economic development.[27][28][29][26]

The transformation into a smart city involves modifications in planning, management, and operational processes.[30] This data can subsequently be analyzed to identify areas for improvement and optimize urban services.

Information and communication technologies

[edit]

The concept of smart cities emerged from cities' adoption[31] of information and communications technologies.[32][33]

ICTs present challenges given financial limitations, technical obstacles, and privacy and security concerns. ICTs are also not uniformly accessible across communities, contributing to the digital divide.[27]

Definition

[edit]

No commonly accepted definition of "smart city" has emerged.[23][34]: 71  Evaluating smart city initiatives becomes difficult without agreement on parameters. It also hampers the ability to compare projects and identify best practices.[35][36][30]

Deakin and Al Waer list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city:[37]

  • Application of a wide range electronic and digital technologies
  • Use of ICT in living and working environments
  • Use of ICT in government systems
  • The territorialisation of practices that brings ICT and people together to enhance innovation and knowledge.

Deakin defines the smart city as one that uses ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), based on community involvement.[38] Studies of smart city projects can be used as an alternative to difficult-to-define broad definitions in order to clarify what smart cities are.[23][39]

Early definitions

[edit]

Notable disparities among smart city definitions include the relative focus on economic advantages versus environmental or social benefits and specific technology choices.[27]

Smart city definitions include:

  • Caragliu et al. (2011): “A city is smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.”[40]
  • Bakici, Almirall, & Wareham (2013): “Smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information, and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovative commerce, and an increased life quality.”[41]
  • Nam and Pardo (2011): “A smart city infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water, identify problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly from disasters, collect data to make better decisions, deploy resources effectively, and share data to enable collaboration across entities and domains.”[42]

Research

[edit]

The main issues surrounding smart city research include:[43]

  • Absence of intellectual exchange among researchers;
  • Researcher inclination to pursue subjective avenues of research in isolation from their peers;
  • The resulting division within the scientific community.

Motivations

[edit]

Population growth

[edit]

An important motivation for smart cities is projected population growth. The UN forecasts global population to reach 9.6 to 13.2 billion by 2100, with cities absorbing 80% of this growth.[44]

Tragedy of the commons

[edit]

An important goal of smart city initiatives is to use ICTs to address the tragedy of the commons problem.[how?] This phenomenon occurs when individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete a communal resource. For example, while each individual driver in a city saves time and flexibility by driving, the resultant excessive driving of the community causes traffic congestion and environmental issues. This situation is worsened when public transportation services get little attention due to the use of personal vehicles.[45]

History

[edit]

Philosophical predecessors of smart cities can be found in utopian works such as New Atlantis (1626).[46] Another was Ebenezer Howard's 1898 concept of Garden Cities.[43] These were dense, size-limited cities founded in rural areas by private groups, combining the benefits of the city and the country.[47] Other conceptions include those of Edward Bellamy, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier.[43][47] Critics of smart cities draw parallels between the weaknesses of these utopian visions and the weaknesses of smart cities today.[43]

The concept of "smart cities" emerged from global cities' recent adoption of information and communications technologies for urban use, which can be used to improve efficiency, sustainability, and livability in urban environments.[31][32][33] Some of the earliest interventions in urban planning include the use of computational statistical analysis by the Community Analysis Bureau in Los Angeles in the late 1960's[48] and the establishment by Singapore of the National Computer Board in 1981.[49]

The smart city concept experienced a major surge around 2005. Tech companies sought to create information systems to enhance operational efficiency for cities.[50][51][52][53]

A global movement emerged advocating smart cities.[citation needed]

IBM launched its Smarter Planet marketing initiative in 2008,[54] which included the IBM Smarter Cities Challenge. In 2010, Cisco Systems, with $25 million from the Clinton Foundation, established its Connected Urban Development program in partnership with San Francisco, Amsterdam, and Seoul. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona attracted 6000 people from 50 countries. The European Commission in 2012 established the Smart Cities Marketplace, a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the European Union.[55] The 2015 Chancellor’s Budget for the United Kingdom proposed to invest £140 million in smart cities and IoT.[56] Smart city competitions were launched in the 2010s by Bloomberg Philanthropies, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the United States Department of Transportation.[19] In 2016, AT&T launched an alliance with Cisco, Deloitte, Ericsson, General Electric, IBM, Intel, and Qualcomm, with municipal partners Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; and Dallas, Texas.[19]

Characteristics

[edit]

Key characteristics that define innovative urban environments include:[57]

  • Connectivity: IoT networks collect and transmit data from sensors throughout the urban environment.[58]
  • Data-driven decision making: Advanced analytics and artificial intelligence enable more informed and responsive governance.[59]
  • Sustainable infrastructure: Energy-efficient buildings, renewable energy, and intelligent transportation systems.[60]
  • Urban Optimization: Reduce resource usage, reduce ecological footprints, and enhance living standards to create more environmentally responsible urban spaces.[61]
  • Citizen engagement: Facilitate communication between residents and government, promoting participation in urban planning and decision-making processes.[62]
  • Smart mobility: Integrate public transit, bike-sharing, and autonomous vehicles, aim to reduce congestion and improve accessibility,[63] as well as analyzing mobility behavioral patterns of citizens to improve services and optimize the city infrastructure.[64]
  • Enhanced public services: Improve the delivery of essential services.[65]

Methods

[edit]

Information and communications technologies

[edit]

It has been suggested that a smart city (or other community) uses information technologies to:[citation needed]

  1. Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, built environment and other physical assets) through artificial intelligence and data analytics in order to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.[18]
  2. Engage effectively with local governance[66] by use of open innovation processes and e-participation, improving the collective intelligence of the city's institutions through e-governance,[14] with emphasis placed on citizen participation and co-design.[67][68]
  3. Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.[14][69]

They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of human intelligence, collective intelligence, and also artificial intelligence within the city.[70]: 112–113 [71] According to Mitchell, the intelligence of cities "resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital telecommunication networks (the nerves), ubiquitously embedded intelligence (the brain), sensors and tags (the sensory organs), and software (the knowledge and cognitive competence)".[72]

The physical components of IT systems are crucial to early-stage smart city development. Wired infrastructure is required to support the IoT and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living.[73] A wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure. The latest in telecommunications, robotics, IoT, and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity.[74][75]

Forms of intelligence

[edit]
Bletchley Park is often considered to be the first smart community.

Intelligence in smart cities has been demonstrated in three ways:[citation needed]

  1. Orchestration intelligence:[14] Cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations, such as in Bletchley Park, where the Nazi Enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by Alan Turing. This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community.[76]
  2. Empowerment intelligence: Cities provide open platforms, experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts. These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong. Similar facilities have also been established in Melbourne and Kyiv.[77]
  3. Instrumentation intelligence: City infrastructure is made smart through real-time data collection, with analysis and predictive modelling across city districts. There is much controversy surrounding this, particularly with regards to surveillance issues in smart cities.

Examples of instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in Amsterdam.[78] This is realized through:[14]

  1. A common IP infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications.
  2. Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time.
  3. A number of homes being provided with smart energy meters to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage.
  4. Solar power garbage compactors, car recharging stations and energy saving lamps.

Energy usage

[edit]

Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies, improve sustainability, create economic development, and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city.[citation needed] A variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure.[79] Employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self-sustaining areas or even positive energy districts that produce more energy than they consume.[80][how?]

A smart city is powered by "smart connections" for various items such as street lighting, smart buildings, distributed energy resources (DER), data analytics, and smart transportation. Amongst these things, energy is paramount; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities. Electric companies, working partnership with city officials, technology companies and a number of other institutions, are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America's smart cities.[81]

According to David K. Owens, the former executive vice president of the Edison Electric Institute, two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a "dynamic resilient grid."[82]

Smart grids are an important technology in smart cities. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power.[citation needed]

Energy Data Management Systems (EDMS) can help to save cities energy by recording data and using it to increase efficiency.[83]

Data management

[edit]

For a smart city to function, it is necessary for it to manage an enormous amount of data collected through the embedded devices and systems in its environment.[84] This is also important for the cities growth and security.[85] Smart cities use a variety of data collection, processing, and disseminating technologies, in conjunction with data security and privacy measures, in attempting to encourage innovation and improve citizens' quality of life.[84] This can relate to topics including utilities, health, transportation, entertainment and government services.[84]

Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on-line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data.[86][87]

Electronic cards (known as smart cards) are another common component in smart city contexts. These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services (or e-services) without setting up multiple accounts. The single identifier allows governments to aggregate data about citizens and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups. This technology has been implemented in Southampton.[37]

Cognitive technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns. The efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings.[88]

Transportation

[edit]

Bicycle-sharing systems are an important element in smart cities.[89]

Intelligent transportation systems and CCTV systems are also being developed.[90]

Retractable bollards allow to restrict access inside city centers (i.e. to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores). Opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually, through an electronic pass[91] but can even be done by means of ANPR cameras connected to the bollard system.[92]

Human factors

[edit]

According to McKinsey, smart city initiatives can have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors.[93] The human framework of a smart city – its economy, knowledge networks, and human support systems – is an important indicator of its success.[94]

For example, arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning.[95][96] Innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness, and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities.[97][98]

Since mobility is a key area of smart city development, building a capable workforce through education initiatives is necessary.[94][clarification needed] A city's learning capacity includes its education system, including available workforce training and support, and its cultural development and exchange.[99]

Numerous Smart city programs also focus on soft infrastructure development, like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones.[100] This focus on social and relational capital means diversity, inclusion, and ubiquitous access to public services is worked in to city planning.[75]

The development of a knowledge economy is also central to Smart city projects.[101] Smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development.[75]

Enabling technologies

[edit]

Smart cities leverage a number of technologies:

Additional supporting technology and trends include remote work,[116][117][118] telehealth,[119][120] the blockchain,[121][122]and online banking technology,[123]

A "ubiquitous city"(U-city) is one concept of a smart city that provides access to public services through any connected device, bringing easy accessibility to every infrastructure.[124]

Criticism

[edit]
See also: Surveillance issues in smart cities

Criticisms of smart cities include:[18]

  • Big data collection and analytics raised questions over surveillance in smart cities, particularly over predictive policing.
  • Over-emphasis on smart cities means ignoring other domains.[125]
  • Urban development is often haphazard. A data-based approach "can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all-efficient embrace".[126]
  • Technological and networked infrastructures have downsides that may offset the benefits.[127]
  • The capital mobility that allows business to take advantage of smart cities also allows them to leave for a better offer.[18]
  • Urban data collection involves surveillance, which potentially invades individual privacy. Without protections that have frequently failed scanning, identification, location tracking (including time and direction) can empower bad actors.[128]
  • Smart city approaches are irrelevant to cities without the means to implement the required technologies, such as in developing countries.[20]
  • Persons with disabilities are not always accommodated by smart city technologies.[21]
  • Digital technologies can have a significant environmental footprint that may be visited onto other communities.[129][130][131]
  • "Smart city" can be used as a slogan merely to stimulate land revenue generation.[132]
  • Clark claimed that technologies actually adopted tended to be those that deliver digital services directly to residents (e.g., ride-hailing services and online food ordering) or which solve a specific problem of municipal government, rather than enhancing infrastructure.[19]
  • Digital technology has the potential to be used in negative as well as positive ways, and its use is inherently political.[66] Smart cities can perpetuate or mitigate inequalities[133][134][135][136][137]

Initiatives

[edit]

China

[edit]

China's smart cities movement began with a pilot program launched in 2012 through its Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development.[34]: 58–59  China's National New-Type Urbanization Plan for 2014-2020 included smart cities.[34]: 59–60  It identified six important aspects for developing smart cities:[34]: 60 

  • information network and broadband
  • digitization of planning management
  • smart infrastructure
  • convenience of public services
  • modernizing industrial development
  • sophisticated social governance.

As of 2016, approximately 500 smart city projects had launched.[34]: 59  In 2021, China took first in all categories of the International AI City Challenge – "by some estimates, China has half of the world’s smart cities".[138]

Commercial companies

[edit]

Alibaba created City Brain.[139][140] Its first overseas implementation began in 2018 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[141]: 82 

Baidu developed Apollo, a self-driving technology.[142] Tencent launched medical technology,[142] such as WeChat Intelligent Healthcare, Tencent Doctorwork, and AI Medical Innovation System (AIMIS).[143]

As of 2024, "Safe City" digital products were marketed abroad by Chinese companies including Dahua Technology, Huawei, ZTE, and Hikvision.[141]: 80  Huawei's Safe City Compact Solution focuses on improving safety.[144][145][146] In 2018, Serbia announced a Safe City project for Belgrade in conjunction with Huawei, using one thousand cameras with advanced facial recognition and license plate recognition capabilities.[141]: 82 

United States

[edit]

The United States allocated more than $160 million toward smart city initiatives. Challenges include traffic congestion, economic growth, crime, climate change, and public services.[citation needed]

Canada

[edit]

The "smart communities" movement took shape as a strategy to involve more users in IT.[99] Primary issues included traffic congestion, school overcrowding and air pollution.[99]

Europe

[edit]

EU members began working on smart city developments and ICT initiatives in the mid 2010s. The Digital Agenda for Europe framework emphasizes harnessing ICTs. The 2014-15 budget of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, included approximately 200 million Euros to expedite smart cities.[147][148]: 337–355 [149]

As of 2024 Estonia had proceeded furthest towards digitizing public services.

Africa

[edit]

The African Union Commission pledged to utilize ICTs to advance sustainable urban development.[citation needed]

Southeast Asia

[edit]

ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN) is a collaborative platform to advance smart city efforts across ASEAN by catalysing bankable projects, and securing funding and support from ASEAN's external partners.[citation needed]

India

[edit]

The Smart Cities Mission is a retrofitting and urban renewal program spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development.[150]

United Nations

[edit]

The New Urban Agenda emphasized the importance of smart city development, establishing a fundamental commitment for the UN's 193 member states.[151][152][153]

Implementation

[edit]

The most common characteristics of a "smart city" are networked infrastructure; emphasis on business-led urban development; social inclusion of various resident groups; and an emphasis on the environment.[23][27]

Partnerships

[edit]

Smart city initiatives require collaboration and involvement from government agencies, businesses, community organizations, academia, and citizens. Collaborating with businesses and academia brings technical know-how and research capabilities.[154][155][156]

Collaborations with community organizations can improve equity and inclusivity.[27]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ James, Peggy; Astoria, Ross; Castor, Theresa; Hudspeth, Christopher; Olstinske, Denise; Ward, John (2020). "Smart Cities: Fundamental Concepts". Handbook of Smart Cities. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1. ISBN 978-3-030-15145-4.
  2. ^ Goldsmith, Stephen (16 September 2021). "As the Chorus of Dumb City Advocates Increases, How Do We Define the Truly Smart City?". datasmart.ash.harvard.edu. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  3. ^ Fourtané, Susan (16 November 2018). "Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation". Interesting Engineering.com. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  4. ^ César de Lima Araújo, Henrique; Silva Martins, Fellipe; Tucunduva Philippi Cortese, Tatiana; Locosselli, Giuliano Maselli (2021). "Artificial intelligence in urban forestry—A systematic review". Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. 66: 127410. Bibcode:2021UFUG...6627410C. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127410. S2CID 244416741.
  5. ^ McLaren, Duncan; Agyeman, Julian (2015). Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262029728.
  6. ^ Musa, Sam (March 2018). "Smart Cities-A Road Map for Development". IEEE Potentials. 37 (2): 19–23. doi:10.1109/MPOT.2016.2566099. ISSN 1558-1772. S2CID 3767125. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  7. ^ Khan, M. Sajid; Woo, Mina; Nam, Kichan; Chathoth, Prakash K. (December 2017). "Smart City and Smart Tourism: A Case of Dubai". Sustainability. 9 (12): 2279. doi:10.3390/su9122279. ISSN 2071-1050.
  8. ^ Paiho, Satu; Tuominen, Pekka; Rökman, Jyri; Ylikerälä, Markus; Pajula, Juha; Siikavirta, Hanne (2022). "Opportunities of collected city data for smart cities". IET Smart Cities. 4 (4): 275–291. doi:10.1049/smc2.12044. S2CID 253467923.
  9. ^ Kiran, Dr Deepti; Sharma, Itisha; Garg, Illa (2020). "Industry 5.0 And Smart Cities: A Futuristic Approach". European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine. 7 (8): 2750–2756. ISSN 2515-8260.
  10. ^ "IDC Forecasts Smart Cities Spending to Reach $158 Billion in 2022, with Singapore, Tokyo, and New York City Among Top Spenders". www.businesswire.com. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  11. ^ "The 3 Generations of Smart Cities". 10 August 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  12. ^ Peris-Ortiz, Marta; Bennett, Dag R.; Yábar, Diana Pérez-Bustamante (2016). Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development. Springer. ISBN 9783319408958. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  13. ^ "Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward". Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  14. ^ a b c d e Komninos, Nicos (22 August 2013). "What makes cities intelligent?". In Deakin, Mark (ed.). Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition. Taylor and Francis. p. 77. ISBN 978-1135124144.
  15. ^ Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2013), p. 7 "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"
  16. ^ Chan, Karin (3 April 2017). "What Is A 'Smart City'?". Expatriate Lifestyle. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  17. ^ Hunt, Dexter; Rogers, Christopher; Cavada, Marianna (2014). Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures. 4th World Sustainability Forum. MDPI. pp. f004. doi:10.3390/wsf-4-f004. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  18. ^ a b c d Hollands, R. G (2008). "Will the real smart city please stand up?". City. 12 (3): 303–320. Bibcode:2008City...12..303H. doi:10.1080/13604810802479126. S2CID 143073956.
  19. ^ a b c d Jennifer Clark. "Solving for the city". MIT Technology Review. Vol. 124, no. 3, May/June 2021. pp. 9–11.
  20. ^ a b Watson, Vanessa (6 December 2013). "African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares?". Environment and Urbanization. 26 (1): 215–231. doi:10.1177/0956247813513705. ISSN 0956-2478. S2CID 154398313.
  21. ^ a b Woyke, Elizabeth. "Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  22. ^ "Clever cities: The multiplexed metropolis". The Economist. 7 September 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  23. ^ a b c d Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology. doi:10.1080/10630732.2014.942092
  24. ^ Bernardi, M., & Diamantini, D. (2018). Shaping the sharing city: An exploratory study on Seoul and Milan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 203. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.132
  25. ^ Caragliu, A., del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82. doi:10.1080/10630732.2011.601117
  26. ^ a b c Vanolo, A. (2014). Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), 883–898. doi:10.1177/0042098013494427
  27. ^ a b c d e f Marchesani, Filippo (2023). The Global Smart City. Emerald. doi:10.1108/9781837975754. ISBN 978-1-83797-576-1.
  28. ^ Caragliu, Andrea; Del Bo, Chiara; Nijkamp, Peter (April 2011). "Smart Cities in Europe". Journal of Urban Technology. 18 (2): 65–82. doi:10.1080/10630732.2011.601117. ISSN 1063-0732.
  29. ^ Linde, Lina; Sjödin, David; Parida, Vinit; Wincent, Joakim (2021). "Dynamic capabilities for ecosystem orchestration A capability-based framework for smart city innovation initiatives". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 166: 120614. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120614. ISSN 0040-1625.
  30. ^ a b Pittaway, Jeffrey J.; Montazemi, Ali Reza (October 2020). "Know-how to lead digital transformation: The case of local governments". Government Information Quarterly. 37 (4): 101474. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2020.101474.
  31. ^ a b Batty, M.; Axhausen, K. W.; Giannotti, F.; Pozdnoukhov, A.; Bazzani, A.; Wachowicz, M.; Ouzounis, G.; Portugali, Y. (2012). "Smart cities of the future". The European Physical Journal Special Topics. 214 (1): 481–518. Bibcode:2012EPJST.214..481B. doi:10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3. hdl:20.500.11850/61793. ISSN 1951-6355.
  32. ^ a b Lim, Yirang; Edelenbos, Jurian; Gianoli, Alberto (2019). "Identifying the results of smart city development: Findings from systematic literature review". Cities. 95: 102397. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.102397.
  33. ^ a b Marsal-Llacuna, Maria-Lluïsa; Colomer-Llinàs, Joan; Meléndez-Frigola, Joaquim (2015). "Lessons in urban monitoring taken from sustainable and livable cities to better address the Smart Cities initiative". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 90: 611–622. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2014.01.012.
  34. ^ a b c d e Hu, Richard (2023). Reinventing the Chinese City. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21101-7.
  35. ^ Boes, Kim; Buhalis, Dimitrios; Inversini, Alessandro (2015), Tussyadiah, Iis; Inversini, Alessandro (eds.), "Conceptualising Smart Tourism Destination Dimensions", Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 391–403, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14343-9_29, ISBN 978-3-319-14342-2, retrieved 27 March 2024
  36. ^ Camboim, Guilherme Freitas; Zawislak, Paulo Antônio; Pufal, Nathália Amarante (2019). "Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 142: 154–167. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014.
  37. ^ a b Deakin, Mark; Al Waer, Husam, eds. (2011). "From Intelligent to Smart Cities". Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities. 3 (3): 140–152. doi:10.1080/17508975.2011.586671. S2CID 110580067.
  38. ^ Deakin, Mark (22 August 2013). "From intelligent to smart cities". In Deakin, Mark (ed.). Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition. Taylor and Francis. p. 15. ISBN 978-1135124144.
  39. ^ Camboim, Guilherme Freitas; Zawislak, Paulo Antônio; Pufal, Nathália Amarante (May 2019). "Driving elements to make cities smarter: Evidences from European projects". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 142: 154–167. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.014.
  40. ^ Caragliu, Andrea; Del Bo, Chiara; Nijkamp, Peter (2011). "Smart Cities in Europe". Journal of Urban Technology. 18 (2): 65–82. doi:10.1080/10630732.2011.601117. ISSN 1063-0732.
  41. ^ Bakıcı, Tuba; Almirall, Esteve; Wareham, Jonathan (2013). "A Smart City Initiative: the Case of Barcelona". Journal of the Knowledge Economy. 4 (2): 135–148. doi:10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9. ISSN 1868-7865.
  42. ^ Nam, Taewoo; Pardo, Theresa A. (26 September 2011). "Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context". Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. ACM. pp. 185–194. doi:10.1145/2072069.2072100. ISBN 978-1-4503-0746-8.
  43. ^ a b c d "Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability". Everand. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  44. ^ "Untangling Smart Cities: From Utopian Dreams to Innovation Systems for a Technology-Enabled Urban Sustainability". Everand. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  45. ^ Gassmann, Oliver; Böhm, Jonas; Palmié, Maximilian (2019). Smart Cities: Introducing Digital Innovation to Cities. Emerald Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/9781787696136. ISBN 978-1-78769-614-3.. Available at Google Books
  46. ^ Cugurullo, F. (2021). Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City. Taylor & Francis. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-317-31362-5. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  47. ^ a b "Cities of Tomorrow by Peter Hall - AbeBooks". www.abebooks.co.uk. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  48. ^ "Uncovering the Early History of "Big Data" and the "Smart City" in Los Angeles". Boom California. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  49. ^ Montes, Jose (2020). "A Historical View of Smart Cities: Definitions, Features and Tipping Points". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3637617. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 238125868.
  50. ^ Oke, Ayodeji Emmanuel; Stephen, Seyi Segun; Aigbavboa, Clinton Ohis; Ogunsemi, Deji Rufus; Aje, Isaac Olaniyi (5 April 2022). Smart Cities: A Panacea for Sustainable Development. Emerald Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/9781803824550. ISBN 978-1-80382-456-7.
  51. ^ Cisco. (2005). Dubai: The Smart City. Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com/ web/learning/le34/downloads/689/nobel/2005/docs/Abdulhakim_Malik.pdf
  52. ^ IBM. (2009). IBM Offers Smarter City assessment tool to help cities. Prepare for challenges and opportunities of unprecedented urbanization. Retrieved from [https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/27791 www-03.ibm.com]{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
  53. ^ Siemens. (2004). Stadt der Zukunft. Retrieved from http://www. siemens.com/innovation/de/publikationen/zeitschriften_pic_future/PoF_ Fruehjahr_2004/SmartCity.htm
  54. ^ "Smart city: smart story?". Smart City Hub. 29 November 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  55. ^ "Creating smart cities together". Smart Cities Marketplace. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  56. ^ Doe, Laurence (27 March 2015). "Budget 2015: IoT and smart cities set for investment". Land Mobile. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  57. ^ Gracias, Jose Sanchez; Parnell, Gregory S.; Specking, Eric; Pohl, Edward A.; Buchanan, Randy (11 July 2023). "Smart Cities—A Structured Literature Review". Smart Cities. 6 (4): 1719–1743. doi:10.3390/smartcities6040080. ISSN 2624-6511.
  58. ^ Albino, Vito; Berardi, Umberto; Dangelico, Rosa Maria (2 January 2015). "Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives". Journal of Urban Technology. 22 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1080/10630732.2014.942092. ISSN 1063-0732.
  59. ^ Shahat Osman, Ahmed M.; Elragal, Ahmed (28 February 2021). "Smart Cities and Big Data Analytics: A Data-Driven Decision-Making Use Case". Smart Cities. 4 (1): 286–313. doi:10.3390/smartcities4010018. ISSN 2624-6511.
  60. ^ "Smart and Sustainable Cities: What Does It Mean?". www.beesmart.city. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  61. ^ "Smart Cities - Fabled Sky Research". Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  62. ^ Cardullo, Paolo; Kitchin, Rob (1 February 2019). "Being a 'citizen' in the smart city: up and down the scaffold of smart citizen participation in Dublin, Ireland". GeoJournal. 84 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2019GeoJo..84....1C. doi:10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8. ISSN 1572-9893.
  63. ^ "Smart Mobility in the Smart Cities of Tomorrow". RideAmigos. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  64. ^ Ben-Gal, I., Weinstock, S., Singer, G., & Bambos, N. (2019). "Clustering Users by Their Mobility Behavioral Patterns" (PDF). ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD), 13(4), 45.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  65. ^ Nam, Taewoo; Pardo, Theresa A. (12 June 2011). "Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions". Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times. dg.o '11. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 282–291. doi:10.1145/2037556.2037602. ISBN 978-1-4503-0762-8.
  66. ^ a b Johns, Fleur (13 October 2021). "Governance by Data". Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 17 (1): 53–71. doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120920-085138. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_75698. ISSN 1550-3585. S2CID 235546816.
  67. ^ Deakin, M (2007). "From city of bits to e-topia: taking the thesis on digitally-inclusive regeneration full circle". Journal of Urban Technology. 14 (3): 131–143. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  68. ^ Deakin, M; Allwinkle, S (2007). "Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: the role of networks, innovation and creativity in building successful partnerships". Journal of Urban Technology. 14 (1): 77–91. doi:10.1080/10630730701260118. S2CID 153965022.
  69. ^ Coe, A.; Paquet, G.; Roy, J. (2001). "E-governance and smart communities: a social learning challenge" (PDF). Social Science Computer Review. 19 (1): 80–93. doi:10.1177/089443930101900107. S2CID 53380562. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  70. ^ Komninos, N. (2008). Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks. Routledge. ISBN 9780415455923.
  71. ^ Atlee, T. & Pór, George (2006). Evolutionary Nexus: connecting communities for emergence. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  72. ^ Mitchell, W. (2007). "Intelligent cities". e-Journal on the Knowledge Society. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  73. ^ "Smart cities are about people". Smart Cities World. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  74. ^ "Intelligent Cities: R&D offshoring, web 2.0 product development and globalization of innovation systems" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  75. ^ a b c Nam, Taewoo; Pardo, Theresa A. "Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions" (PDF). Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, State University of New York, U.S. The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research.
  76. ^ Deakin, Mark; Al Waer, Husam (2011). "From intelligent to smart cities". Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities. 3 (3): 140–152. doi:10.1080/17508975.2011.586671. S2CID 110580067.
  77. ^ Department of Sustainability and Environment (2005). "Melbourne 2030". State Government of Victoria. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  78. ^ Amsterdam Smart City. "Amsterdam Smart City ~ Projects". Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  79. ^ Donti, Priya L.; Kolter, J. Zico (18 October 2021). "Machine Learning for Sustainable Energy Systems". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 46 (1): 719–747. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-020220-061831. ISSN 1543-5938. S2CID 238321691.
  80. ^ Tuominen, Pekka (12 May 2020). "Yes to positive energy districts". VTT News - Beyond the Obvious. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  81. ^ Riley, Kim (15 June 2017). "Pittsburgh, San Diego city officials put utilities as major players in smart-city partnerships". Daily Energy Insider. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  82. ^ Riley, Kim (16 November 2017). "America needs smart grid investments pronto, stakeholders say at NARUC event". Daily Energy Insider. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  83. ^ "Smart City Technologies and Solutions to Deliver Better a Living | COPA-DATA". www.copadata.com. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  84. ^ a b c Gharaibeh, A.; Salahuddin, M. A.; Hussini, S. J.; Khreishah, A.; Khalil, I.; Guizani, M.; Al-Fuqaha, A. (2017). "Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 19 (4): 2456–2501. doi:10.1109/COMST.2017.2736886. S2CID 206578345.
  85. ^ Nisenbaum, Amit. "What's Holding Smart Cities Back?". Scientific American Blog Network. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  86. ^ Boyle, D.; Yates, D.; Yeatman, E. (2013). "Urban Sensor Data Streams: London 2013". IEEE Internet Computing. 17 (6): 1. doi:10.1109/MIC.2013.85. S2CID 17820999.
  87. ^ Silva, Dilshan; Ghanem, Moustafa; Guo, Yike (2012). "WikiSensing: An Online Collaborative Approach for Sensor Data Management". Sensors. 12 (10): 13295–13332. Bibcode:2012Senso..1213295S. doi:10.3390/s121013295. PMC 3545568. PMID 23201997.
  88. ^ Ark, Tom Vander (26 June 2018). "How Cities Are Getting Smart Using Artificial Intelligence". Forbes. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  89. ^ Chiariotti, Federico; Pielli, Chiara; Cenedese, Angelo; Zanella, Andrea; Zorzi, Michele (May 2018). "Bike sharing as a key smart city service: State of the art and future developments". 2018 7th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST). pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/MOCAST.2018.8376628. ISBN 978-1-5386-4788-2. S2CID 49187242.
  90. ^ Pribadi, Arif; Kumiawan, Fachrul; Hariadi, Mochamad; Nugroho, Supeno Mardi Susiki (August 2017). "Urban distribution CCTV for smart city using decision tree methods". 2017 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA). pp. 21–24. doi:10.1109/ISITIA.2017.8124048. ISBN 978-1-5386-2708-2. S2CID 194177.
  91. ^ Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen, page 54
  92. ^ "Call for retractable 'coffin' bollards and no-driving zones outside Bristol schools". 6 December 2018. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  93. ^ "Smart city technology for a more liveable future | McKinsey". www.mckinsey.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  94. ^ a b "United Smart Cities (USC) – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform". sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  95. ^ "engagingcommunities2005.org" (PDF). www.engagingcommunities2005.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  96. ^ Borda, Ann; Bowen, Jonathan P. (2019). "Smart Cities and Digital Culture: Models of Innovation". In Giannini, Tula; Bowen, Jonathan P. (eds.). Museums and Digital Culture. Series on Cultural Computing. Springer. pp. 523–549. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6_27. ISBN 978-3-319-97456-9. ISSN 2195-9064. S2CID 159042161.
  97. ^ Eger, John M. (24 July 2015). "Creativity in the Smart City Is What Makes a City Really Smart". HuffPost. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  98. ^ Malanga, Steven (23 December 2015). "The Curse of the Creative Class". City Journal. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  99. ^ a b c Moser, Mary Anne. "What is Smart about the Smart Communities Movement?". www.ucalgary.ca. University of Calgary EJournal 10–11(1). Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  100. ^ Glaeser, Edward L.; Berry, Christopher R. "Why Are Smart Places Getting Smarter?" (PDF). Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  101. ^ "Smarter cities for smarter growth: How cities can optimize their systems for the talent-based economy" (PDF). www.zurich.ibm.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  102. ^ "With smart cities, your every step will be recorded". 17 April 2018. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  103. ^ "Secure, sustainable smart cities and the IoT". Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  104. ^ "Smartphones – not flying cars – will define the smart cities of the future". 12 October 2016. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  105. ^ Klein, Cornel; Kaefer, Gerald (2008). "From Smart Homes to Smart Cities: Opportunities and Challenges from an Industrial Perspective". Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5174. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. p. 260. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85500-2_24. ISBN 978-3-540-85499-9.
  106. ^ Mehrotra, Siddharth; Dhande, Rashi (2015). "Smart cities and smart homes: From realization to reality". 2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT). pp. 1236–1239. doi:10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380652. ISBN 978-1-4673-7910-6. S2CID 14156800. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  107. ^ "The Need to Redefine the Smart Home and its Link to Smart Cities". Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  108. ^ "How smart homes can connect to smart cities". 8 September 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  109. ^ "Redefining the smart home in smart cities". Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  110. ^ Koukopoulos, Zois; Koukopoulos, Dimitrios; Jung, Jason J. (2019). "Sustainability Services for Public Libraries within a Smart City Environment". Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1145/3326467.3326473. ISBN 9781450361903. S2CID 160010103.
  111. ^ Tripathi, Sneha; Singh, Manendra Kumar; Tripathi, Aditya (7 February 2017). "Smart Library for Smart Cities". SRELS Journal of Information Management: 439–446. doi:10.17821/srels/2016/v53i6/89406.
  112. ^ Aiyappa, Manu (1 July 2021). "Smart Cities miss key awards as projects move at snail's pace | Bengaluru News". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  113. ^ "Windsor Public Library: a brick-and-mortar library that also has an ebook lending service". Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  114. ^ "Shivamogga Smart City Digital Library". Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  115. ^ "Tumakuru Digital Library". Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  116. ^ "Smart cities and telecommuting in Ecuador". Archived from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  117. ^ "Innovation vs Technology. Redefining "Smart" in Smart-Cities". 11 October 2019. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  118. ^ "Remote Work Revolution and the Future of (Smart) Cities". Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  119. ^ "Telecommunication Infrastructures for Telemedicine in Smart Cities" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  120. ^ "Telemedicine and Smart Cities". Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  121. ^ Li, Shuling (2018). "Application of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Infrastructure". 2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT). pp. 276–2766. doi:10.1109/SmartIoT.2018.00056. ISBN 978-1-5386-8543-3. S2CID 52288306.
  122. ^ Kundu, Debasish (2019). "Blockchain and Trust in a Smart City". Environment and Urbanization ASIA. 10 (1): 31–43. Bibcode:2019EnUrA..10...31K. doi:10.1177/0975425319832392. S2CID 159098611.
  123. ^ "How Traditional Banks Should Work in Smart City". Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  124. ^ Anthopoulos, Leonidas; Fitsilis, Panos (23 September 2009). "From Online to Ubiquitous Cities: The Technical Transformation of Virtual Communities". In Sideridis, Alexander B.; Patrikakis, Charalampos Z. (eds.). Next Generation Society. Technological and Legal Issues. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Vol. 26. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 360–372. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11631-5_33. ISBN 9783642116292.
  125. ^ Greenfield, A. (2013). Against the Smart City. London: Verso. ASIN B00FHQ5DBS.
  126. ^ Sennett, Richard (4 December 2012). "No one likes a city that's too smart". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  127. ^ Graham, S.; Marvin, S. (1996). Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban place. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780203430453.
  128. ^ Rubisz, Szymon (2020). "Some Issues with the Right to Privacy in Smart Cities". Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology – Organization and Management Series. 2020 (147): 237–246. doi:10.29119/1641-3466.2020.147.18. S2CID 232592742.
  129. ^ Lange, Steffen; Pohl, Johanna; Santarius, Tilman (1 October 2020). "Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand?". Ecological Economics. 176: 106760. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.17606760L. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760. ISSN 0921-8009. S2CID 224947774.
  130. ^ Morley, Janine; Widdicks, Kelly; Hazas, Mike (1 April 2018). "Digitalisation, energy and data demand: The impact of Internet traffic on overall and peak electricity consumption". Energy Research & Social Science. 38: 128–137. Bibcode:2018ERSS...38..128M. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.018. ISSN 2214-6296.
  131. ^ Sovacool, Benjamin K.; Hook, Andrew; Martiskainen, Mari; Brock, Andrea; Turnheim, Bruno (1 January 2020). "The decarbonisation divide: Contextualizing landscapes of low-carbon exploitation and toxicity in Africa". Global Environmental Change. 60: 102028. Bibcode:2020GEC....6002028S. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102028. ISSN 0959-3780. S2CID 214411810.
  132. ^ Zhou, Yong; Xiao, Fan; Deng, Weipeng (23 March 2022). "Is smart city a slogan? Evidence from China". Asian Geographer. 40 (2): 185–202. doi:10.1080/10225706.2022.2052734. S2CID 259149515.
  133. ^ Nesti, Giorgia (27 August 2019). "Mainstreaming gender equality in smart cities: Theoretical, methodological and empirical challenges". Information Polity. 24 (3): 289–304. doi:10.3233/IP-190134. hdl:11577/3305997. S2CID 201340073.
  134. ^ Fernanda Medina Macaya, Javiera; Ben Dhaou, Soumaya; Cunha, Maria Alexandra (6 October 2021). "Gendering the Smart Cities:: Addressing gender inequalities in urban spaces" (PDF). 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. pp. 398–405. doi:10.1145/3494193.3494308. ISBN 9781450390118. S2CID 245881057. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  135. ^ Li, Manlin; Woolrych, Ryan (13 December 2021). "Experiences of Older People and Social Inclusion in Relation to Smart "Age-Friendly" Cities: A Case Study of Chongqing, China". Frontiers in Public Health. 9: 779913. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.779913. PMC 8721664. PMID 34988053.
  136. ^ Ivan, Loredana; Beu, Dorin; van Hoof, Joost (January 2020). "Smart and Age-Friendly Cities in Romania: An Overview of Public Policy and Practice". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (14): 5202. doi:10.3390/ijerph17145202. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 7400252. PMID 32708488.
  137. ^ Shamsuddin, Shomon; Srinivasan, Sumeeta (2 January 2021). "Just Smart or Just and Smart Cities? Assessing the Literature on Housing and Information and Communication Technology". Housing Policy Debate. 31 (1): 127–150. doi:10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181. S2CID 216206034. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  138. ^ Johnson, Khari. "A Global Smart-City Competition Highlights China's Rise in AI". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  139. ^ "City Brain". Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  140. ^ "The City Brain: Practice of Large-Scale Artificial Intelligence in the Real World". Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  141. ^ a b c Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300266900.
  142. ^ a b "Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent Clash To Lead China's Tech Future While A New 'B' Arises". Forbes. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  143. ^ "How Tencent's medical ecosystem is shaping the future of China's healthcare". 11 February 2018. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  144. ^ "Huawei Announces Safe City Compact Solution to Protect Citizens in Small and Medium Cities". Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  145. ^ "Safe cities: Using smart tech for public security". Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  146. ^ Hillman, Jonathan E. (4 November 2019). "Watching Huawei's "Safe Cities"". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  147. ^ Directorate-General for Communication (European Commission) (2014). Digital agenda for Europe :rebooting Europe's economy. LU: Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2775/41229. ISBN 978-92-79-41904-1.
  148. ^ Komninos, N. (2009). "Intelligent cities: towards interactive and global innovation environments". International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development. 1 (4): 337. doi:10.1504/ijird.2009.022726.
  149. ^ Paskaleva, K (25 January 2009). "Enabling the smart city:The progress of e-city governance in Europe". International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development. 1 (4): 405–422(18). doi:10.1504/ijird.2009.022730. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  150. ^ "Smart Cities Mission". Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  151. ^ European Commission (2017). Horizon 2020 - Work Programme 2018-2020 (PDF).
  152. ^ United Nations (2015). "THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT" (PDF). Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  153. ^ United Nations (2017). "New Urban Agenda" (PDF). Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  154. ^ Abid, Nabila; Marchesani, Filippo; Ceci, Federica; Masciarelli, Francesca; Ahmad, Fayyaz (December 2022). "Cities trajectories in the digital era: Exploring the impact of technological advancement and institutional quality on environmental and social sustainability". Journal of Cleaner Production. 377: 134378. Bibcode:2022JCPro.37734378A. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134378.
  155. ^ Lei, Sut Ieng; Ye, Shun; Wang, Dan; Law, Rob (2020). "Engaging Customers in Value Co-Creation Through Mobile Instant Messaging in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry". Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research. 44 (2): 229–251. doi:10.1177/1096348019893066. hdl:10397/104788. ISSN 1096-3480.
  156. ^ Zhao, Fang; Fashola, Olushola I.; Olarewaju, Tolulope I.; Onwumere, Ijeoma (2021). "Smart city research: A holistic and state-of-the-art literature review". Cities. 119: 103406. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103406.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smart cities.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smart_city&oldid=1258511191"