Hutelutush-Inshushinak

Hutelutush-Inshushinak
Hutelutush-Inshushinak
King of Elam; King of Anshan and Susa
	Elam during the Shutrukid Dynasty, of which Hutelutush-Inshushinak belonged to.
King of Elam
Reign	c. 1120 - c. 1100 BC
Predecessor	Shilhak-Inshushinak
Successor	Uncertain, perhaps Shilhina-hamru-Lagamar

Hutelutush-Inshushinak, son of Shilhak-Inshushinak I, was an Elamite king belonging to the Shutrukid dynasty, ruling c. 1120-1100 BC.^[1] During the reign of Hutelutush-Inshushinak, Elam was heavily raided by king Nabu-kudurri-usur I of Babylon's Second Dynasty of Isin.^[1]^[2]

Background

The political situation at the time of the accession of Hutelutush-Inshushinak

When Hutelutush-Inshushinak came to the throne around the year 1120 BC, a number of political changes had occurred that would affect the reign of Hutelutush-Inshushinak.

The Bronze Age Collapse

Around 1200 BC, a chain of events unfolded which led to the Bronze Age Collapse, which saw the decline of many societies and civilizations across the whole Near East. However, while other civilizations were declining, the Elamites took advantage of the decline of their neighbors and prospered.^[3]

Babylonia

In Babylon, following the withdrawal of the Elamites, a man named Marduk-kabit-ahheshu took the throne, beginning a native Babylonian dynasty that would last 131 years. His relative, Nabu-kudurri-usur I (more commonly known as Nebuchadnezzar I) ascended the Babylonian throne in 1121 BC.^[4]

The Assyrians

Assyria had been in decline since the reign of Ashur-nadin-apli, who wrested control of the country in 1207 BC from his father, Tukulti-Ninurta I. When Hutelutush-Inshushinak became the king in Elam, Ashur-resh-ishi I was the Assyrian king, coming to power in the year 1132 BC.

The Shutrukids

The predecessors of Hutelutush-Inshushinak, kings Shutruk-Nahhunte, Kutir-Nahhunte II, and Shilhak-Inshushinak, ruled during an apex of Elamite power towards the end of the Middle Elamite Period. Shutruk-Nahhunte invaded Babylonia, driving out the Kassites, who had ruled as kings of Babylon for four centuries. When he entered the city of Babylon, Shutruk-Nahhunte took as plunder many ancient statues, most famously including the victory stele of the Akkadian king Naram-Sin,^[1] as well as the Statue of Marduk.^[5] Shutruk-Nahhunte's sons, Kutir-Nahhunte and Shilhak-Inshushinak controlled a strong realm that encompassed many cities. Shilhak-Inshushinak controlled territory as far north as the Lower Zab river, the Assyrian border.^[6]

Reign

Hutelutush-Inshushinak's year of accession to the throne is uncertain, it took place sometime around 1120 BC. As king of Elam, he had access to many natural resources which were traded with Mesopotamia, as many administrative documents suggest.^[7] Soon, however, it appears that Hutelutush-Inshushinak ran into trouble with the Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar I.

Nebuchadnezzar's incursion

Nebuchadnezzar invaded Elam for the first time around 1115 BC, but, according to later traditions, this expedition ended in failure when his soldiers were stricken by plague. He invaded a second time, meeting Hutelutush-Inshushinak and his troops at the Ulai river. According to a kudurru, a Babylonian boundary stone, in the thick of battle, a dust storm appeared that obscured the view of the Babylonian soldiers. After the dust settled, Hutelutush-Inshushinak was nowhere to be found.^[1] Nebuchadnezzar proceeded to plunder Susa, retrieving the Statue of Marduk and returned it to Babylon.^[2]

Decline of Elam

Until recently, scholarship suggested that Hutelutush-Inshushinak disappeared after the attack, however now it is believed that he simply moved his seat of residence to Anshan. Following this, the Elamite kingdom started to decline, and after the death of Hutelutush-Inshushinak, only two more Middle Elamite kings are recorded: Shilhina-hamru-Lagamar and Humban-numena II. After these kings, no king is attested until Humban-tahrah of the First Neo-Elamite Dynasty 350 years later.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Potts, D.T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge University Press. pp. 233, 253. ISBN 9780521564960.
^ ^a ^b Leick, Gwendolyn (2009). The Babylonian World. Taylor & Francis. p. 351. ISBN 9781134261284.
^ Cline, Eric H. (2015). 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed. Princeton University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780691168388.
^ Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75. Wiley. p. 134. ISBN 9781405188999.
^ Drews, Robert (2020). The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B.C. (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780691209975.
^ Liverani, Mario (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society, and Economy. Taylor & Francis. p. 460. ISBN 9781134750849.
^ Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: C.3000-330 BC. Taylor & Francis. p. 373. ISBN 9781136755484.

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Preceded by Shilhak-Inshushinak	King of Elam c. 1120–1100 BC	Succeeded by Shilhina-hamru-Lagamar

[:0-1] Potts, D.T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge University Press. pp. 233, 253. ISBN 9780521564960.

[:1-2] Leick, Gwendolyn (2009). The Babylonian World. Taylor & Francis. p. 351. ISBN 9781134261284.

[3] Cline, Eric H. (2015). 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed. Princeton University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780691168388.

[4] Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75. Wiley. p. 134. ISBN 9781405188999.

[5] Drews, Robert (2020). The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B.C. (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780691209975.

[6] Liverani, Mario (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society, and Economy. Taylor & Francis. p. 460. ISBN 9781134750849.

[7] Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: C.3000-330 BC. Taylor & Francis. p. 373. ISBN 9781136755484.

[8] Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

[9] Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.

[10] "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.

[11] Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.

[12] Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.

[SKL-13] Per Sumerian King List

[14] Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

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