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Heilongjiang

Coordinates: 48°N 129°E / 48°N 129°E / 48; 129
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(Redirected from History of Heilongjiang)
For the river known in Mandarin as Heilong Jiang, see Amur River.
"HLJ" redirects here. For the IATA code, see Barysiai Airport.

Heilongjiang
黑龙江
Province
Province of Heilongjiang
Chinese transcription(s)
 • Simplified Chinese黑龙江省
 • Hanyu pinyinHēilóngjiāng Shěng
 • AbbreviationHL / 黑 (Hēi)
Hailin in the winter time
Hailin in the winter time
Map showing the location of Heilongjiang Province
Map showing the location of Heilongjiang Province
Coordinates: 48°N 129°E / 48°N 129°E / 48; 129
CountryChina
Named for黑 hēi—black
龙 lóng—dragon
江 jiāng—river
Amur River
Capital
(and largest city)		Harbin
Divisions13 prefectures, 130 counties, 1274 townships
Government
 • TypeProvince
 • BodyHeilongjiang Provincial People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryXu Qin
 • Congress chairmanXu Qin
 • GovernorLiang Huiling
 • CPPCC chairmanLan Shaomin
 • National People's Congress Representation84 deputies
Area
[1]
 • Total454,800 km2 (175,600 sq mi)
 • Rank6th
Highest elevation
(Mt. Datudingzi)
1,690 m (5,540 ft)
Population
 (2020)[2]
 • Total31,850,088
 • Rank20th
 • Density70/km2 (180/sq mi)
  • Rank28th
Demographics
 • Ethnic compositionHan: 95%
Manchu: 3%
Korean: 1%
Mongol: 0.4%
Hui: 0.3%
 • Languages and dialectsNortheastern Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Jiaoliao Mandarin, Mongolian, Manchu, Russian
GDP (2023)[3]
 • TotalCN¥ 1,588 billion (25th)
US$ 225 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 51,563 (30th)
US$ 7,317
ISO 3166 codeCN-HL
HDI (2022)0.769[4] (18th) – high
Websitewww.hlj.gov.cn Edit this at Wikidata (in Chinese)
Heilongjiang
"Heilongjiang" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese黑龙江
Traditional Chinese黑龍江
PostalHeilungkiang
Literal meaning"Black Dragon River"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHēilóngjiāng
Bopomofoㄏㄟ   ㄌㄨㄥˊ   ㄐㄧㄤ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhHeilongjiang
Wade–GilesHei1-lung2-chiang1
IPA[xéɪ.lʊ̌ŋ.tɕjáŋ]
other Mandarin
Xiao'erjingحِ‌ِلْوڭِیَانْ
Wu
RomanizationHa平 lon上 kaon平
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationHāak-lùhng-gōng
JyutpingHaak1-lung4-gong1
IPA[hak̚˥.lʊŋ˩.kɔŋ˥]
Southern Min
Tâi-lôHik-lîng-kang
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicХармөрөн муж
Mongolian scriptᠬᠠᠷᠠᠮᠦ᠌ᠷᠡᠨ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ
Transcriptions
SASM/GNCQaramörin muǰi
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᠯᠠ ᠮᡤᠣᠯᠣ
RomanizationSahaliyan'ula golo
History of the Priamurye region
also including Heilongjiang, Amur Oblast and southern part of Khabarovsk Krai

Heilongjiang[a] is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri rivers).

The province is bordered by Jilin to the south and Inner Mongolia to the west. It also shares a border with Russia (Amur Oblast, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai and Zabaykalsky Krai) to the north and east. The capital and the largest city of the province is Harbin. Among Chinese provincial-level administrative divisions, Heilongjiang is the sixth-largest by total area, the 20th-most populous, and the second-poorest by GDP per capita after only Gansu province.

The province takes its name from the Amur River which marks the border between the People's Republic of China and Russia.

Heilongjiang has significant agricultural production,[6] and raw materials, such as timber, oil, and coal.

Etymology

[edit]

The province takes its name from the Amur River, whose name in Mandarin is Heilongjiang ("black dragon river").

History

[edit]
Saint Sofia Church, Harbin

Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Sushen, Buyeo, the Mohe, and the Khitan. Mongolic Donghu people lived in Inner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang.[7] Some names are Manchu or Mongolian.[8] The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by the Bohai Kingdom between the 7th and 10th centuries, followed by the Khitan Liao dynasty. The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang.

Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces on a French map dated to 1734

Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during the Kangxi era of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, from the northwestern part of the Jilin province.[9] This Heilongjiang Province only included the western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (Sahaliyan Ula i Jiyanggiyūn) (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang; jiyanggiyūn is the Manchu reading of the Chinese word 將軍 jiāngjūn; "military leader, general" and is cognate with Japanese shōgun), whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk, as far north as the Stanovoy Mountains. The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose power reached the Sea of Japan. These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration.

Seal of the Guard General of Heilongjiang at the Heilongjiang General Mansion

The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjiang City (also known as Aigun or Heihe, or, in Manchu, Saghalien Ula), located on the Amur River. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred to Nenjiang (Mergen) on the Nen River, and, in 1699, further south to Qiqihar. According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all the way down the Sungari River until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using a portage over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and the Ölöt Mongols.[10]

Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. According to the 18th- and early-20th-century European sources and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) (Chinese: 乌鲁苏穆丹 Wūlǔsūmùdān), near the Amur River's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was on the left (north) bank of the river, lost to the Russians in 1860.)

In 1858 and 1860, the Qing government was forced to give up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers to the Russian Empire, cutting off the Qing Empire from the Sea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early twentieth century, due to the Chuang Guandong, the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region.[11]

In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.

In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria were defeated by the Soviet Army. During the Chinese Civil War, Soviet forces aided the Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists and Harbin the first major city to be controlled by them.

At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During the Cultural Revolution, Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia; this has since mostly been reversed.

Jixi

Geography

[edit]

Heilongjiang is a land of varied topographies. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains, Laoye Mountains, and Wanda Mountains. The highest peak is Datudingzi Mountain at 1,690 metres (5,540 ft), located on the border with Jilin province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry.

The east and southwest of the province, which are relatively flat and low in altitude, feature the Muling River, the Naoli River, the Songhua River, the Nen River, and the Mudan River, all tributaries of the Amur, while the northern border forms part of the Amur valley. Xingkai Lake (or Khanka Lake) is found on the border with Russia's Primorsky Krai.

Climate

[edit]
Winter in Heilongjiang

A humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa or Dwb) predominates in the province, though areas in the far north are subarctic (Köppen Dwc).[12] Winters are long and bitter, with an average of −31 to −15 °C (−24 to 5 °F) in January, and summers are short and warm to very warm with an average of 18 to 23 °C (64 to 73 °F) in July. The annual average rainfall is 400 to 700 millimetres (16 to 28 in), concentrated heavily in summer. Clear weather is prevalent throughout the year, and in the spring, the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain provide abundant sources of wind energy.[citation needed]

The province's largest cities include Harbin, Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Jiamusi, Daqing, Jixi, Shuangyashan, Hegang, Qitaihe, Yichun, and Heihe.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for some locations in Heilongjiang province of China
City July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Harbin 27.9/18.3 82.2/64.9 –12.5/–24.1 9.5/–11.4
Jiamusi 27.6/17.7 81.7/63.9 –12.7/–24 9.1/–11.2
Hegang 26.5/17.4 80/63.3 –12.7/–20.8 9.1/–5.4
Yichun 27.1/15.5 80.8/59.9 –14.5/–29.1 5.9/–20.4

Transport

[edit]

Roads

[edit]

Heilongjiang boasts an extensive road network. As of October 2020, it has 165,989 km (103,141 mi) of expressways,[13] highways and other roads. The Beijing - Harbin Expressway is the most significant expressway corridor to the province, which begins at the Heilongjiang - Jilin border and ends within the Harbin Ring Expressway. The Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway runs northeast and it links far-flung counties within the jurisdiction of Harbin, Jiamusi and other major counties in Northeast Heilongjiang. Near the end of Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway, Jiansanjiang–Heixiazi Island Expressway branches off the main expressway at Jiansanjiang and connects many state-owned farms at the far east of the province before ending near the Sino-Russian border. The Suifenhe - Manzhouli Expressway is another major corridor, it runs southeast to northwest and connects some of the most significant population centers of the province, including Mudanjiang, Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, before ending at the Heilongjiang - Inner Mongolia border. The Hegang - Dalian Expressway runs between Hegang and the Heilongjiang - Jilin border in East Heilongjiang, is another major expressway that facilitates the transportation of lumber and coal.

Railways

[edit]

There are 60 railway lines of around 5,300 kilometres (3,300 miles) including a section of the Eurasian Land Bridge. The Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway, completed in 2012, stretches from Harbin, Heilongjiang's capital, to Dalian in Liaoning province via Changchun and Shenyang comprising 23 stops. It is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030.

Airports

[edit]

Major airports include Harbin Taiping International Airport, Qiqihar Airport, Mudanjiang Airport, Jiamusi Airport and Heihe Airport. Harbin International Airport is capable of handling six million passengers every year and connects to over 70 domestic and international cities.

Waterways

[edit]

Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge

[edit]
Main article: Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge

The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia. The railway bridge over the Amur River will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye, a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.[14]

The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016.[15] In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019.[16][17] Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020",[18] and then 3rd quarter of 2021.[19]

Administrative divisions

[edit]
Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Heilongjiang and List of township-level divisions of Heilongjiang

Heilongjiang is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions: twelve prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city) and one prefecture:

Administrative divisions of Heilongjiang
Division code[20] Division Area in km2[21] Population 2010[22] Seat Divisions[23]
Districts* Counties Aut. counties CL cities
230000 Heilongjiang Province 454,800.00 38,312,224 Harbin city 54 45 1 21
230100 Harbin city 53,523.50 10,635,971 Songbei District 9 7 2
230200 Qiqihar city 42,205.81 5,367,003 Jianhua District 7 8 1
230300 Jixi city 22,488.46 1,862,161 Jiguan District 6 1 2
230400 Hegang city 14,679.98 1,058,665 Xiangyang District 6 2
230500 Shuangyashan city 26,483.00 1,462,626 Jianshan District 4 4
230600 Daqing city 22,161.00 2,904,532 Sartu District 5 3 1
230700 Yichun city 39,017.00 1,148,126 Yimei District 4 5 1
230800 Jiamusi city 31,528.00 2,552,097 Qianjin District 4 3 3
230900 Qitaihe city 6,221.42 920,419 Taoshan District 3 1
231000 Mudanjiang city 40,233.00 2,798,723 Dong'an District 4 1 5
231100 Heihe city 66,802.65 1,673,898 Aihui District 1 2 3
231200 Suihua city 34,964.17 5,416,439 Beilin District 1 6 3
232700 Daxing'anling Prefecture 46,755.00≈ 511,564 Jiagedaqi District** (de facto); Mohe city (de jure) 4** 2 1
  Sub-provincial cities

* – including Ethnic districts
** – administrative districts not registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count)
≈ – not including territories within Inner Mongolia (if included: 82,928.80 km2 or 32,018.99 sq mi)

People playing American football
People playing baseball
People playing basketball
From left to right: Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Daqing, Jixi

(Additional information regarding the last prefecture can be found at Greater Khingan.)

These 13 prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 128 county-level divisions (65 districts, 20 county-level cities, 42 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,284 township-level divisions (473 towns, 400 townships, 58 ethnic townships, and 353 subdistricts).

Urban areas

[edit]
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[24] 2010 Urban area[25] 2020 City proper
1 Harbin 5,805,358 4,933,054[b] 10,009,854
2 Daqing 1,370,248 1,433,698 2,781,562
3 Qiqihar 1,246,292 1,314,720 4,067,489
4 Mudanjiang 808,216 790,623 2,290,208
5 Jiamusi 698,557 631,357 2,156,505
6 Jixi 626,019 746,889 1,502,060
7 Hegang 514,826 600,941 891,271
8 Qitaihe 426,065 503,678 689,611
9 Shuangyashan 388,847 481,110 1,208,803
10 Suihua 355,700 364,225 3,756,167
11 Yichun 331,640 694,019[c] 878,881
12 Zhaodong 312,289 358,606 see Suihua
13 Wuchang 256,842 259,836 see Harbin
14 Shangzhi 246,880 269,699 see Harbin
15 Fujin 240,925 215,237 see Jiamusi
16 Nenjiang 223,587 [d] see Heihe
17 Bei'an 213,850 248,471 see Heihe
18 Anda 196,645 223,486 see Suihua
19 Nehe 193,396 233,724 see Qiqihar
20 Heihe 189,471 147,042 1,286,401
21 Mishan 186,287 176,612 see Jixi
22 Hulin 184,294 193,028 see Jixi
23 Hailin 180,669 216,633 see Mudanjiang
24 Tieli 173,360 235,148[c] see Yichun
25 Hailun 164,766 188,461 see Suihua
26 Wudalianchi 135,828 148,465 see Heihe
27 Jiagedaqi[e] 133,790 142,465 part of Daxing'anling Prefecture
28 Ning'an 123,311 128,469 see Mudanjiang
29 Tongjiang 112,222 99,829 see Jiamusi
30 Suifenhe 111,455 128,363 see Mudanjiang
31 Dongning 96,018 [f] see Mudanjiang
32 Muling 91,287 112,882 see Mudanjiang
33 Fuyuan 79,754 [g] see Jiamusi
34 Mohe 53,460 [h] part of Daxing'anling Prefecture
35 Xinlin[i] 20,362 50,859 part of Daxing'anling Prefecture
36 Huzhong[j] 16,359 45,039 part of Daxing'anling Prefecture
37 Songling[k] 14,872 30,205 part of Daxing'anling Prefecture
— Shuangcheng see Harbin 244,898 see Harbin
  1. ^ /ˌheɪlɒŋˈdʒæŋ/;[5] formerly romanized as Heilungkiang
  2. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Shuangcheng (Shuangcheng CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^ a b The stats does not reflect the Yichun PLC reorganization in 2019 after 2010 census.
  4. ^ Nenjiang County is currently known as Nenjiang CLC after 2010 census.
  5. ^ Jiagedaqi Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia but, currently de facto under Daxing'anling Prefecture control.
  6. ^ Dongning County is currently known as Dongning CLC after 2010 census.
  7. ^ Fuyuan County is currently known as Fuyuan CLC after 2010 census.
  8. ^ Mohe County is currently known as Mohe CLC after 2010 census.
  9. ^ Xinlin Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part of Huma County.
  10. ^ Huzhong Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part of Huma County.
  11. ^ Songling Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia but, currently de facto under Daxing'anling Prefecture control.
 
 
Most populous cities in Heilongjiang
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[26]
Rank Pop. Rank Pop.
Harbin
Harbin
Daqing
Daqing 		1 Harbin 4,860,000 11 Suihua 375,100 Qiqihar
Qiqihar
Yichun
Yichun
2 Daqing 1,425,000 12 Zhaodong 243,000
3 Qiqihar 1,094,000 13 Anda 232,900
4 Yichun 765,200 14 Wuchang 190,300
5 Jixi 674,500 15 Shangzhi 156,600
6 Mudanjiang 672,000 16 Heihe 148,000
7 Jiamusi 590,000 17 Hailun 138,000
8 Hegang 526,000 18 Bei'an 130,700
9 Shuangyashan 457,000 19 Fujin 125,500
10 Qitaihe 418,700 20 Tieli 116,300

Politics

[edit]
Further information: List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China
Heilongjiang Province People's Government

List of secretaries of the Chinese Communist Party Heilongjiang Committee:

  1. Zhang Qilong (张启龙; 1949–1950)
  2. Zhao Dezun (赵德尊; 1950–1953)
  3. Feng Jixin (冯纪新; 1953–1954)
  4. Ouyang Qin (欧阳钦; 1954–1965)
  5. Pan Fusheng (潘复生; 1965–1971)
  6. Wang Jiadao (汪家道; 1971–1974)
  7. Liu Guangtao (刘光涛; 1977)
  8. Yang Yichen (杨易辰; 1977–1983)
  9. Li Li'an (李力安; 1983–1985)
  10. Sun Weiben (孙维本; 1985–1994)
  11. Yue Qifeng (岳岐峰; 1994–1997)
  12. Xu Youfang (徐有芳; 1997–2003)
  13. Song Fatang (宋法棠; 2003–2005)
  14. Qian Yunlu (钱运录; 2005–2008)
  15. Ji Bingxuan (吉炳轩; 2008–2013)
  16. Wang Xiankui (王宪魁; March 2013 – April 2017)
  17. Zhang Qingwei (张庆伟; April 2017 – October 2021)
  18. Xu Qin (许勤; October 2021 - present)

List of governors:

  1. Yu Yifu (于毅夫; 1949–1952)
  2. Zhao Dezun (赵德尊; 1952–1953)
  3. Chen Lei (陈雷; 1953–1954)
  4. Han Guang (韩光; 1954–1956)
  5. Ouyang Qin (欧阳钦; 1956–1958)
  6. Li Fanwu (李范五; 1958–1966)
  7. Pan Fusheng (潘复生; 1967–1971)
  8. Wang Jiadao (汪家道; 1971–1974)
  9. Liu Guangtao (刘光涛; February 1977 – December 1977)
  10. Yang Yichen (杨易辰; December 1977 – 1979)
  11. Chen Lei (陈雷; 1979–1985)
  12. Hou Jie (侯捷; 1985–1989)
  13. Shao Qihui (邵奇惠; 1989–1994)
  14. Tian Fengshan (田凤山; 1994–2000)
  15. Song Fatang (宋法棠; 2000–2003)
  16. Zhang Zuoji (张左己; 2003 – December 2007)
  17. Li Zhanshu (栗战书; December 2007 – August 2010)
  18. Wang Xiankui (王宪魁; August 2010 – March 2013)
  19. Lu Hao (陆昊; March 2013 – March 2018)
  20. Wang Wentao (王文涛; March 2018 – December 2020)
  21. Hu Changsheng (胡昌升; February 2021 – December 2022)
  22. Liang Huiling (梁惠玲; December 2022 – present)

Economy

[edit]

In 2022, Heilongjiang's GDP was 1.59 trillion RMB ($236 billion in GDP nominal), with a per capita GDP of CN¥51,906 (US$7,717 in nominal).[3] Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries contributed ¥360 billion (22.7%), ¥465 billion (29.2%), and ¥764 billion (48%) to GDP, respectively.[3]

Heilongjiang's GDP has been rising steadily since 2003, growing 37% from 2003 to 2007.[citation needed] The value of the private economy reached RMB234 billion in 2006 and accounted for 37.6 percent of the GDP. In that year, the tax revenue from private enterprises hit RMB20.5 billion.[citation needed]

Private enterprises in Heilongjiang led the overall economic growth of the province. Many leading private enterprises have begun to emerge.

Agriculture

[edit]

Heilongjiang is home to China's largest plantations of rice, corn and soybeans, with a total of 14.37 million ha (35.5 million acres) of grain plantation area, including 4 million ha (9.9 million acres) of rice plantation and 5.5 million ha (14 million acres) of corn.[27][28] Heilongjiang has vast tracts of black soil (chernozem), one of the most fertile soil types.[29][30] Since the early 20th century, cultivation in the black soil belt has expanded by almost 100-fold, and after the 1960s agriculture in the region transformed to modern agriculture with heavy mechanization and an increase of fertilizer use.[29] Heilongjiang is one of the Asia's leading production areas for japonica rice, known for high quality brand rice varieties.[31][32] The introduction of cold-resistant varieties, favorable policies and climate change have all contributed to a significant increase in rice production in recent years.[33] Commercial crops grown include beets, flax, sunflowers.[32]

Heilongjiang is also an important source of lumber for China. Pine, especially the Korean pine and larch are the most important forms of lumber produced in Heilongjiang.[citation needed] Forests are mostly found in the Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains, which are also home to protected animal species such as the Siberian tiger, the red-crowned crane, and the lynx.[citation needed]

Herding in Heilongjiang is centered upon horses and cattle; the province has the largest number of milk cows and the highest production of milk among all the province-level divisions of China.[citation needed]

Industry

[edit]

Heilongjiang is part of northeast China, the country's traditional industrial base. Industry is focused upon coal, petroleum, lumber, machinery, and food.[citation needed] Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade with Russia. Since a wave of privatization led to the closure of uncompetitive factories in the 1990s, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation.[citation needed] As a result, the government has started the Revitalize Northeast China campaign to deal with this problem, promoting the private sectors as the preferred method of economic reform.[citation needed]

Petroleum is of great importance in Heilongjiang, and the Daqing oilfields are an important source of petroleum for China.[34] Coal, gold, and graphite are other important minerals to be found in Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang also has great potential for wind power, with potential capacity for 134 gigawatts of power production.[35]

Development zones

[edit]
  • Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was constructed in April 1992 and was then approved as a national high-tech zone by the State Council later that year. Its initial zone area is 208.54 km2 (80.52 sq mi), and it recently expanded the area by 32.45 km2 (12.53 sq mi).[36]
  • Heihe Border Economic Cooperation Area
  • Harbin Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Harbin New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Harbin High-tech Zone was set up in 1988 and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in 1991. It has a total area of 34 km2 (13 sq mi) in the centralized parks, subdivided into Nangang, Haping Road and Yingbin Road Centralized Parks. The Nangang Centralized Park is designated for the incubation of high-tech projects and research and development base of enterprises as well as tertiary industries such as finance, insurance, services, catering, tourism, culture, recreation and entertainment, where the headquarters of major well-known companies and their branches in Harbin are located; the Haping Road Centralized Park is a comprehensive industrial basis for the investment projects of automobile and automobile parts manufacturing, medicines, foodstuffs, electronics, textile; the Yingbin Road Centralized Park is mainly for high-tech incubation projects and high-tech industrial development.[37]
  • Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone
Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone was approved by the State Council in 2000 and was completed in 2005. The zone has a planned area of 275.4 hectares. The Chinese part of the zone has a 22-hectare trade center with four subsidiary areas, A, B, C, and D, in which more than 6,000 stalls are already set up, mainly dealing with clothes, household appliances, food, construction materials, etc.[38]
  • Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation Area
Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District (Suifenhe BECD) is located in the north of Suifenhe City, and borders Russia to the east. Suifenhe BECD is the largest among the three state-level border-trade zones of Heilongjiang, in terms of investor numbers. Suifenhe BECD has a convenient transport network. The Binzhou-Suifenhe Railway, which connects the Russian Far East Railway, is an important port for export. The railway distance between Suifenhe and Harbin is 548 km (341 mi). Buguranikinai, the corresponding Russian port city, is 21 km (13 mi) away.[39]

Demographics

[edit]
Heilongjiang population pyramid in 2019
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[40] 2,029,000—    
1928[41] 3,725,000+83.6%
1936–37[42] 3,751,000+0.7%
1947[43] 2,844,000−24.2%
1954[44] 11,897,309+318.3%
1964[45] 20,118,271+69.1%
1982[46] 32,665,546+62.4%
1990[47] 35,214,873+7.8%
2000[48] 36,237,576+2.9%
2010[49] 38,312,224+5.7%
2020 31,850,088−16.9%
Established in 1923; dissolved in 1932 and incorporated into Manchukuo / Heilongjiang Province (present).
Harbin part of Heilongjiang Province until 1947–1949 and 1953–1954.
Dongsheng SAR dissolved in 1932 and incorporated into Manchukuo / Heilongjiang Province (present).
Songjiang Province dissolved in 1955 and incorporated into Heilongjiang Province.
Hejiang Province dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Songjiang Province / Heilongjiang Province (present).
Nenjiang Province dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Heilongjiang Province.

Heilongjiang's population is estimated to be 30.9 million in 2022, down from its peak at 38.3 million in 2010.[3] As of 2021, the population is 65.7% urban and 34.3% rural.[3]

The majority of Heilongjiang's population is Han Chinese, while ethnic minorities include the Manchus, Koreans, Mongols, Hui, Xibe, and Hezhen.

Ethnic groups in Heilongjiang (2000 census)
Nationality Population Percentage
Han Chinese 34,465,039 95.20%
Manchus 1,037,080 2.86%
Koreans 388,458 1.07%
Mongols 141,495 0.39%
Hui 124,003 0.34%
Xibe 43,608 0.12%
Hezhe 8,886 0.03%

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.
Source:[50]

Religion

[edit]
Further information: Religion in Northeast China
Ji Le Temple (Temple of Bliss), a Buddhist temple in Harbin

Most of Heilongjiang's residents are either non-religious or practice Chinese folk religions, including Taoism. Manchu shamanism is practiced by many Manchu people. Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism have an important presence in the province.

Culture

[edit]

Heilongjiang's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is relatively homogeneous across this region, known in Mandarin Chinese as "Dongbei" (the northeast).

Media

[edit]
Heilongjiang Daily Press Group

Heilongjiang Television and Harbin Economy Radio serve as broadcasters.

Tourism

[edit]
A Siberian tiger at Harbin Siberian Tiger Park

Harbin, the provincial capital, is a city of contrasts, with Chinese, Russian, and eclectic worldwide influences clearly apparent. Bukui Mosque, a national heritage site, is the largest glazed-tile building in the province.[51] Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant churches as well as synagogues dot the city.[52]

The long, cold winter is the backdrop for its famed ice sculpture exhibitions. In 2007 already the 8th Ice and Snow World opened to visitors in Harbin. More than 2,000 ice sculptures were on display at the annual event.[53]

Wudalianchi Lakes are a series of five lakes formed between 1719 and 1721 when volcanic eruption shaped one section of a tributary of the Amur into five interconnected lakes. The second lake in particular is renowned for its irregular geological sights. Lake Jingbo, in Ning'an County, is a section of the Mudan River that has been narrowed and shaped by volcanic eruption into a series of sights, including the Diaoshuilou Falls.

The province has a zoological park called "Harbin Siberian Tiger Park".[54]

Colleges and universities

[edit]
See also: List of universities and colleges in Heilongjiang

Partial list of universities:

Sports

[edit]

Heilongjiang is in the forefront of promoting winter sports and winter-featured sports industry in China.[55] For example, it is promoting bandy as an Olympic sport.[56]

Events and leagues

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Doing Business in China – Survey". Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  2. ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e "National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024. see also "zh: 2023年黑龙江省国民经济和社会发展统计公报". heilongjiang.gov.cn. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024. The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar "Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development" (Press release). China NBS. 29 February 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  4. ^ "Human Development Indices (8.0)- China". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  5. ^ Longman, J.C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3 ed.). Pearson Education ESL. ISBN 978-1405881173.
  6. ^ "Heilongjiang and China's Food Security". Stratfor. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  7. ^ Origins of Minority Ethnic Groups in Heilongjiang Archived 2014-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ 浅谈黑龙江省地名的特点. iqh.net.cn (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  9. ^ Edmonds, Richard Louis (1985). Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy. University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213. p. 6. ISBN 0-89065-118-3.
  10. ^ Edmonds (1985), pp. 115–117
  11. ^ Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Taming China's Wilderness: Immigration, Settlement, and the Shaping of the Heilongjiang Frontier, 1900–1931", Ashgate, 2014, ISBN 978-1-4094-6389-4
  12. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (12 October 2007), Climate map of Asia, excluding (South)west-Asia (from the "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification")., retrieved 12 March 2022 – via Wikimedia Commons
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  14. ^ Proposed bridge to boost bilateral trade, China Daily, 19 June 2007.
  15. ^ Andrew Higgins (16 July 2016). "An Unfinished Bridge, and Partnership, Between Russia and China". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
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  22. ^ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
  23. ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
  24. ^ 国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2022). 中国2020年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-9772-9.
  25. ^ 国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
  26. ^ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) (2019). 中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 [China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Statistic Publishing House. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  27. ^ "China Focus: "Grain barn" promotes new rice varieties for better yields". Xinhua. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  28. ^ "Xinhua Headlines: China embraces bumper harvest with macro-adjusting in "grain barn"". Xinhua. 15 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  29. ^ a b Wen, Dazhong; Liang, Wenju (2001). "Soil Fertility Quality and Agricultural Sustainable Development in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 3: 41–43. doi:10.1023/A:1011480228613. S2CID 153085940.
  30. ^ Zuo, Mandy (21 April 2021). "Illegal trade in rich black soil from Heilongjiang is robbing farmers in China's cereal food bowl of a future". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  31. ^ Park, Hong (2010). "The formation of high-class brand rice production area and functions of farmers' cooperatives in north east China: Case study of Wuchang City, Heilongjiang Province". Review of Agricultural Economics of Hokkaido University (65): 101–115. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  32. ^ a b "Harbin — the capital city of China's high-quality rice". China Daily. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  33. ^ Hu, Yanan (2019). "Rice production and climate change in Northeast China: evidence of adaptation through land use shifts". Environmental Research Letters. 14 (2): 024014. Bibcode:2019ERL....14b4014H. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aafa55.
  34. ^ Zhan, Jing Vivian (2022). China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State-Capital-Labor Relations. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-009-04898-9.
  35. ^ Zhang, Yuning; Tang, Ningning; Niu, Yuguang; Du, Xiaoze (1 December 2016). "Wind energy rejection in China: Current status, reasons and perspectives". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 66: 322–344. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.008. ISSN 1364-0321.
  36. ^ RightSite.asia | Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
  37. ^ RightSite.asia | Harbin New & Hi-Tech Industrial Zone
  38. ^ RightSite.asia | Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone
  39. ^ RightSite.asia | Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District
  40. ^ 1912年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  41. ^ 1928年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  42. ^ 1936-37年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  43. ^ 1947年全国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  44. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009.
  45. ^ 第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012.
  46. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.
  47. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012.
  48. ^ 现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012.
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  50. ^ National Bureau of Population and Social Science and Technology Statistics Division of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司); Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司) (2003). 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 (in Chinese (China)). Beijing: Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. ISBN 978-7105054251., 2 volumes
  51. ^ "Bukui Mosque - the Largest Glazed-Tile Building in Heilongjiang Province". www.foreignercn.com. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  52. ^ "China Expat city Guide". China Expat. 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  53. ^ "Ice and Snow Festival in Harbin -- china.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  54. ^ DK (2 June 2014). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: China. Penguin Books. p. 457. ISBN 978-1465430939.
  55. ^ "2018 World Bandy Championship Men's Group B will be held in Harbin on 27th". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  56. ^ Heilongjiang Province Promotes Bandy as Olympic Sport!
[edit]
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