Jump to content

List of historical earthquakes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Historical earthquakes)

This article is about historical earthquakes (before 1901). For 1901–2000 earthquakes, see Lists of 20th-century earthquakes. For earthquakes after 2000, see Lists of 21st-century earthquakes.

Historical earthquakes is a list of significant earthquakes known to have occurred prior to the early 20th century. As the events listed here occurred before routine instrumental recordings — later followed by seismotomography imaging technique,[1] observations using space satellites from outer space,[2] artificial intelligence (AI)-based early earthquake warnings[3] — they rely mainly on the analysis of written sources, observations of shaking objects and/or animal behavior during earthquakes,[4] religious/traditional beliefs about earthquakes such as "God's punishment", "God's rage", "Earth never quiet", "Earth's rage" or "Mother Nature's rage".[5] There is often significant uncertainty and hypothesis in locations and magnitudes — sometimes dates for each earthquakes. The number of fatalities is also often highly uncertain and hypothetical, particularly for the older events.

Pre-11th century

[edit]
Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Fatalities Mag. Comments Sources
1920 BC Qinghai
Jishi Gorge outburst flood 		Flood caused by landslide after earthquake [6]
1740 BC Fa of Xia
Mount Tai earthquake 		N 34.2705° E 108.92512° ? ? Listed in the Bamboo Annals [7][8]
479 BC Aegean Sea
479 BC Potidaea earthquake 		N 39.7° E 23.3° Many 7.0 (approx) Oldest record of a tsunami. Saved Potidaea from an invasion by the Achaemenid Empire. [9]
464 BC Sparta, Greece
464 BC Sparta earthquake 		? 7.2 (approx) Ms Led to a helot uprising and strained relations with Athens, one of the factors that led to the Peloponnesian War [10]
373 BC Gulf of Corinth, Greece Destroyed ancient city of Helike by Tsunami [11]
226 BC Rhodes, Greece
226 BC Rhodes earthquake 		? – Destroyed Colossus of Rhodes and city of Kameiros [12]
60 BC Portugal and Galicia coasts ? 8.5 Caused a tsunami [13]
17 AD At night Asia minor
AD 17 Lydia earthquake 		37.85 27.3 ? Destroyed 13 cities in Asia (minor) Described by the historians Tacitus and Pliny the Elder
February 5, 62 AD Bay of Naples, Italy
AD 62 Pompeii earthquake 		? 5–6 Brought down a large part of Pompeii, caused severe damage in Herculaneum and Nuceria. Seneca describes it in his "Quaestiones Naturales VI"[14]
89 AD Baekje, Seoul, Korea Lots of people 6.7 Houses were broken and lots of people died. [15]
110 AD Dian Kingdom, Yunnan, southwestern China probably thousands – Flooded administrative centre of the Dian Kingdom [16]
December 13, 115 AD Antioch
115 Antioch earthquake 		36.1 36.1 260,000 (approx) 7.5 Ms [17]
141 or 142 AD Lycia, Caria, Dodecanese
141 Lycia earthquake 		36.7 28.0 ? 8 Triggered a severe tsunami that caused inundation at Rhodes [18]
May 18, 363 AD Syria
363 Galilee earthquake 		"thousands" 7 (approx) Destruction also in "The Holy Land", Petra Ammianus Marcellinus[19] and numerous other late Antiquity writers.[20]
July 21, 365 AD Crete (Greece)
365 Crete earthquake 		"thousands" 8.5+ Destruction also in Cyrene & Alexandria (by tsunami). Uplifted Crete by 9 metres. Ammianus Marcellinus[19] and numerous other late Antiquity writers[20]
382 AD Cape St. Vincent, Portugal 7.5 According to Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, the earthquake and corresponding tsunami sank two islets that were situated near Cape St. Vincent. Ammianus Marcellinus
May 19, 526 AD Antioch, Turkey
526 Antioch earthquake 		250,000 7.0 The city of Antioch was greatly damaged, and some decades later the city's population was just 300,000. Procopius, II.14.6; sources based on John of Ephesus
July 6, 551 AD Beirut, Tyre, Tripoli
551 Beirut earthquake 		33.9 35.5 30,000 7.5 Mw Triggered a devastating tsunami, all the cities of the Phoenician coast from Tyre to Tripoli were reduced to ruins [21]
November 26, 684 AD Shikoku, Japan
684 Hakuhō earthquake 		32.8 134.3 101–1,000 8.4 MK (Kawasumi scale) Various references estimate the quake's magnitude at 8.0 to 8.4, with damage being "severe". Other dates for the quake are: October 14 (incorrect date) and November 24.[22] Described in the history book Nihon Shoki
January 18, 749 AD The Levant
749 Galilee earthquake 		"tens of thousands" 7.0–7.5 (approx) The cities of Tiberias, Beit She'an, Hippos and Pella were largely destroyed while many other cities across the Levant region were heavily damaged. [23][24]
April 29, 801 AD Central Italy
801 Apennine earthquake 		41.896 12.482 5.4 Me There was severe damage in Rome. The quake was also felt in Spoleto. [25]
November 24, 847 AD Damascus, Syria
847 Damascus earthquake 		33.5 36.3 70,000 7.3   [21][26]
December 856 AD Corinth, Greece 37.9 22.9 45,000 –   [26][27]
December 22, 856 AD (aftershocks for about a year) Qumis, Iran. From Khuvar to Bustam and Gurgan. The town of Qumis (Hecatompylos) hardest hit.
856 Damghan earthquake 		36.23 54.14 200,000 7.9 (approx) The city of Qumis was half destroyed and had 45,096 casualties. [26][28]
July 13, 869 AD Sendai, Japan
869 Jōgan earthquake 		38.5 143.8 1,000 (approx) 8.6–9.0 Mw  [29][30]
March 23, 893 AD Ardabil, Iran
893 Ardabil earthquake 		38.28 48.30 150,000 – – Regarded as a 'fake earthquake', due to misunderstanding of original Armenian sources for the 893 Dvin event.[31][32][33][34]
December 28, 893 AD Dvin, Armenia
893 Dvin earthquake 		40.0 44.6 30,000 6 (approx) Mislocated in India [35]

11th–16th centuries

[edit]
Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Fatalities Mag. Comments Sources
December 1033 Jordan Valley, Levant, Israel & the State of Palestine
1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake 		32.5 35.5 70,000 7.3 Mw . Triggered a tsunami. [36]
December 1037 Taizhou, Jiangsu, China 32.0 119.0 22,391 [37][38]
August 12, 1042 Palmyra, Baalbek, Syria, Lebanon 35.1 38.9 50,000 7.2 (>VIII)   [21][26]
March 18, 1068 Near East
1068 Near East earthquake 		20,000 ≥7.0   [39][40]
October 11, 1138 Aleppo, Syria
1138 Aleppo earthquake 		36.1 36.8 230,000 7.1   [21][41]
September 30, 1139 Ganja, Azerbaijan
1139 Ganja earthquake 		40.3 46.2 230,000–300,000 7.7 Ms . Resulted in the total destruction of Ganja. [42]
August 12, 1157 08:15 Hama, Syria
1157 Hama earthquake 		35.1 36.3 8,000 7.2 Ms Largest in a sequence lasting from late 1156 to early 1159 [21][41][43]
February 4, 1169 Sicily
1169 Sicily earthquake 		37.3 15.0 15,000 6.4–7.3   [44]
June 29, 1170 06:29 Eastern Mediterranean
1170 Syria earthquake 		34.4 36.4 5,000–80,000 in Aleppo[45]
25,000 in Hama 		7.3–7.5[46]
7.7[47] 		Syria, Lebanon, central southern Turkey Numerous sources from Crusader times.[41][43]
July 5, 1201 and/or May 20, 1202 Eastern Mediterranean; 1202 Syria earthquake 1,100,000 (includes famine/disease deaths) 7.6 Damage across a wide area from Syria to Upper Egypt –
May 11, 1222 06:15 Cyprus
1222 Cyprus earthquake 		34.7 32.6 7.0–7.5 Caused damage at Paphos, Limassol and Nicosia [48]
1269 Cilicia, Anatolia (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)
1269 Cilicia earthquake 		37.5 35.5 60,000 7 (approx)
September 27, 1290 Zhili (Hebei), China
1290 Zhili earthquake 		41.5 119.3 100,000 6.8 Ms [49]
May 26, 1293 Kamakura, (now in Kanagawa Prefecture, Kantō region,) Japan
1293 Kamakura earthquake 		35.2 139.4 23,024 7.1 [50]
August 8, 1303 06:00 1303 Crete earthquake, Greece 35 27 up to 10,000 ~8 Triggered a major tsunami that devastated Alexandria in Egypt [51]
September 25, 1303 1303 Hongdong earthquake, China 36.3 111.7 270,000 Mw  7.2–7.6 Taiyuan and Pingyang (modern Linfen) were leveled. [52]
January 1, 1341 Crimea, Ukraine Not known 6 [53]
January 25, 1348 15:00 Friuli, Venice, Rome
1348 Friuli earthquake 		46.37 13.58 10,000 6.9 [26]
August 24, 1356 Lisbon, Portugal
1356 Lisbon earthquake 		8.5 Mw [54][55]
October 18, 1356 Basel, Switzerland
1356 Basel earthquake 		47.5 07.6 1,000 6.2 Mw [56]
May 21, 1382 Canterbury, UK
1382 Dover Straits earthquake 		? 5.8 Struck during synod – later called "Earthquake Synod" – called to condemn heresy of John Wycliffe – some saw as portentous [57][58]
February 2, 1428 Catalonia (now Spain)
1428 Catalonia earthquake 		42.4 2.2 1,000s 6.7 Sometimes called the terratrèmol de la candelera because it took place during the Candlemas. [26][59][60]
December 5, 1456 Province of Benevento, Kingdom of Naples (now Italy)
1456 Central Italy earthquakes 		41.3 14.7 30,000–70,000 7.2 The largest and most widespread earthquake on the Italian Peninsula. Was followed by another Mw  7.0 shock on December 30.
May 3, 1481 03:00 Rhodes
1481 Rhodes earthquake 		36.0 28.0 30,000 7.1 Largest of a series that lasted 10 months [61]
September 20, 1498 08:00 local time Honshu
1498 Meiō earthquake 		34.0 138.1 31,000 8.6 Ms [62]
June 6, 1505 Nepal
1505 Lo Mustang earthquake 		29.5 83.0 30% of Nepalese population 8.2–8.8
September 10, 1509 22:00 Istanbul, Turkey
1509 Istanbul earthquake 		40.9 28.7 10,000 7.2 Ms [63]
January 26, 1531 04:30 Lisbon, Portugal
1531 Lisbon earthquake 		38.9 −09.0 30,000 6.9   [64]
January 23, 1556 Shaanxi, China
1556 Shaanxi earthquake 		34.5 109.7 830,000+ 8.2–8.3 Deadliest earthquake in recorded history USGS
November 16–17, 1570 19:10 Ferrara, Italy
1570 Ferrara earthquake 		44.817 11.633 70–200 5.5 Azariah de Rossi's Kol Elohim[26][65]
December 16, 1575 18:30 Valdivia, Chile
1575 Valdivia earthquake 		−39.8 −73.2 ? 8.5 [26][66]
June 10–11, 1585 Unk Aleutian Islands, Alaska
1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake 		Unk Unk Unk 9.25 Mw
On June 11, 1585, a moderate tsunami struck the Sanriku coast of Japan. At the same time, a number of Hawaiian natives died after their settlements was struck by a tsunami-like event described in oral traditions. Paleotsunami evidence was also found in the Hawaiian Islands corresponding to a large tsunami in the 16th century. Modelling of a magnitude 9.25 earthquake in the Aleutian Islands matched the descriptions and geological evidences in Japan and Hawaii. 		[67]
January 18, 1586 23:00 Chūbu region, Japan
1586 Tenshō earthquake 		36.0 136.9 8,000 7.9 MJMA [68]

17th century

[edit]
Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Fatalities Mag. Comments Sources
November 24, 1604 12:30 local time Arica, Chile
1604 Arica earthquake 		-18.500 -70.400 ? 8.5 MI [69]
February 3, 1605 20:00 local time Shikoku, Honshu, Japan
1605 Keichō earthquake 		33.5 138.5 thousands 7.9 Ms [70]
July 13, 1605 Qiongshan, Hainan, China
1605 Guangdong earthquake 		19.9 110.5 3,000 7.5 (X) [71]
December 11, 1611 10:30 Sanriku, Japan
1611 Sanriku earthquake 		39.0 144.4 ~5,000 8.1 Ms  [72]
October 25, 1622 Ningxia, China
1622 North Guyuan earthquake 		36.5 106.3 12,000 7.0 Ms [73]
May 11, 1624 03:00–04:00 Fez, Morocco
1624 Fez earthquake 		34.1 -5.1 thousands 6.0 Mw  [74]
August 1, 1629 Banda Sea, Indonesia
1629 Banda Sea earthquake 		-4.6 129.9 0 8.2-8.8 Mw [75]
March 27, 1638 Calabria, Kingdom of Sicily (present-day Italy)
1638 Calabrian earthquakes 		38.64 15.78 9,581–30,000 7.1 A sequence of four earthquakes. [76]
March 27, 1638 night Tabriz, Iran
1641 Tabriz earthquake 		37.9 46.1 12,613–30,000 6.8 Ms 
February 5, 1663 17:30 local time Quebec, Canada
1663 Charlevoix earthquake 		47.6 70.1 0 7.3–7.9 Landslides were the primary feature. [77]
April 6, 1667 Dubrovnik, Croatia
1667 Dubrovnik earthquake 		42.3 18.1 3,000 7.2 [78]
November 25, 1667 Shamakhi, Azerbaijan
1667 Shamakhi earthquake 		40.6 48.6 80,000 6.9 Ms [49]
July 25, 1668 Shandong, China
1668 Shandong earthquake 		35.3 118.6 42,578 8.5 Largest earthquake in East China. [79]
August 17, 1668 Anatolia, Turkey
1668 North Anatolia earthquake 		40 36 8,000 8 Largest earthquake in Turkey. USGS
February 17, 1674 19:30 Ambon, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia)
1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami 		3.75 127.75 2,347 6.8 Major tsunami up to 100 meters high. First and largest ever documented tsunami in Indonesia.
November 4, 1677 20:00 Bōsō Peninsula, Japan
1677 Bōsō earthquake 		35.0 141.5 569 8.3–8.6 Mw  [80]
October 20, 1687 11:30 Lima, Peru
1687 Peru earthquake 		−15.2 −75.9 5,000 8.2 [26]
June 5, 1688 Province of Benevento, Italy
1688 Sannio earthquake 		41.3 14.6 est. 10,000 7 Completely destroyed Cerreto Sannita and Guardia Sanframondi, heavily damaged Benevento. [81]
September 13, 1692 11:00 Salta Province, Argentina
1692 Salta earthquake 		−25.40 −64.80 ~13 7.0 The small village of Talavera del Esteco was completely destroyed. [82]
June 7, 1692 11:43 local time Port Royal, Jamaica
1692 Jamaica earthquake 		17.9 −76.8 2,000+ 7 (approx) (X)   [83][84]
January 11, 1693 Catania Province, Sicily
1693 Sicily earthquake 		60,000 7.5
September 5, 1694 11:40 Irpinia, Italy
1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake 		40.88 15.35 6,000 6.9 Mw [85]
May 18, 1695 12:00 Shanxi, Qing dynasty
1695 Linfen earthquake 		36.0 111.5 52,600–176,365 7.8 Mw [86]
January 5, 1699 Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia)
1699 Java earthquake 		6.078 105.913 128 7.4–8.0 Mw 

18th century

[edit]
Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Fatalities Mag. Comments Sources
January 26, 1700 ~21:00 Cascadia subduction zone
1700 Cascadia earthquake Source of "Orphan Tsunami," which struck Japan hours later. The Japanese were caught off-guard, not knowing the origin of the wave, until geologist Brian Atwater's research confirmed it. 		9.0 M (Satake et al., 1996) USGS
January 14, 1703 18:00 Norcia, Italy
1703 Apennine earthquakes 		42.7 13.07 6,240–9,761 6.7 Mw [26][87]
February 2, 1703 11:05 L'Aquila, Italy
1703 Apennine earthquakes 		42.43 13.3 2,500–5,000 6.7 Mw [26][87]
December 31, 1703 17:00 Kantō region, Japan
1703 Genroku earthquake 		35.0 140.0 10,000 8.2 Ms [88]
November 3, 1706 13:00 Abruzzo, Italy
1706 Abruzzo earthquake 		42.1 14.1 2,400 6.8 Mw  [88]
October 28, 1707 14:00 local time Japan
1707 Hōei earthquake 		33.0 136.0 5,000+ 8.6   [89]
October 14, 1709 Zhongwei, China
1709 Zhongwei earthquake 		37.4 105.3 2,000+ 7.5 Mw [90][91]
February 3, 1716 Algiers, Algeria
1716 Algiers earthquake 		36.8 3.0 20,000 IX–X European macroseismic scale
June 19, 1718 Gansu, China
1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake 		35.0 105.2 73,000 7.5 Ms [92]
April 26, 1721 Tabriz, Iran
1721 Tabriz earthquake 		37.9 46.7 ~80,000 7.7   [88]
July 8, 1730 08:45 Valparaíso, Chile
1730 Valparaíso earthquake 		−32.5 −71.5 ? 8.7   [93]
September 30, 1730 10:00 local time Beijing, China 40.0 116.2 100s 6.5   [94][95]
November 29, 1732 8:40 local time Irpinia, Italy
1732 Irpinia earthquake 		41.0727 15.0623 6.6 Ms [96]
October 16, 1737 15:30 local time Kamchatka, Russia
1737 Kamchatka earthquake 		51.1 158.0 8.3 Ms [97][98]
January 4, 1739 18:00 UTC Ningxia, China
1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake 		38.9 106.5 >50,000 8.0
October 28, 1746 22:30 local time Lima & Callao, Peru
1746 Lima–Callao earthquake 		−11.35 −77.28 4,000–5,000 8.6–8.8 Mw [99]
May 25, 1751 1:00 local time Concepción, Chile
1751 Concepción earthquake 		−36.830 −73.030 8.5 MI USGS
June 7, 1755 Northern Persia 34.0 51.5 1,200
40,000[100] 		5.9   [95][101]
November 1, 1755 10:16 Lisbon, Portugal
1755 Lisbon earthquake 		36 −11 80,000 8.5 Caused a huge tsunami USGS
November 18, 1755 09:11 Boston, Massachusetts, United States
1755 Cape Ann earthquake 		42.7 −70.2 0 5.9 Mw [102][103]
November 27, 1755 Fez and Meknes, Morocco
1755 Meknes earthquake 		34 −5 15,000 6.5–7.0 Mw [104][105]
November 25, 1759 19:23 local time Eastern Mediterranean
Near East earthquakes of 1759 		33.7 35.9 1,000s 7.4 Ms Earthquake in same area on October 30 considered to be a foreshock. [21]
March 31, 1761 13:01 local time Lisbon, Portugal
1761 Lisbon earthquake 		34.5 13.0 Unknown 8.5 Ms Second major earthquake in Europe in six years.
April 2, 1762 Northeastern Bay of Bengal[106]
1762 Arakan earthquake 		22.0 92.0 200 up to 8.8 Mw [107]
June 28, 1763 05:28 Komárom, Kingdom of Hungary
1763 Komárom earthquake 		47.73 18.15 83 6.2–6.5 Mw [108]
May 22, 1766 05:10 Istanbul, Turkey
1766 Istanbul earthquake 		40.8 29.0 4,000 7.1 Ms  [109]
October 21, 1766 04:30 local time Saint Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
1766 Southeastern Caribbean earthquake 		11.0 −62.5 6.5–7.5 Ms  Destroyed Spanish colonial capital of San Jose, Trinidad (now St. Joseph). [110][111]
June 3, 1770 19:15 local time Port-au-Prince, Haiti
1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake 		18.7 −72.63 200+ 7.5 Mw [112]
July 29, 1773 Guatemala
1773 Guatemala earthquake 		14.6 -90.7 5–600 7.5
January 8, 1780 Tabriz, Iran
1780 Tabriz earthquake 		38.0 46.2 40,000–200,000 7.4 Ms [113][114]
February 4–5, 1783; March 28, 1783 12:00 Calabria, Italy
1783 Calabrian earthquakes 		38.15 15.70 35,000 6.9 Mw First in a sequence of five earthquakes Mw ≥ 5.9 to hit Calabria in less than two months. [115]
June 1, 1786 04:00 local time Sichuan, China
1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake 		29.9 102.0 ~100,000 7.75 Mw Triggered a landslide that blocked the Dadu river – the collapse of the dam during an aftershock and subsequent flood caused most of the casualties. [116]
March 28, 1787 11:30 local time Oaxaca, Mexico
1787 New Spain earthquake 		16.5 -98.5 11+ 8.6 Mw
February 4, 1797 12:30 Quito, Ecuador & Cuzco, Peru
1797 Riobamba earthquake 		41,000 7.3 Mw [117]
February 10, 1797 Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia)
1797 Sumatra earthquake 		−1.0 99.0 300 8.4   [118][119][120]

19th century

[edit]
Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Fatalities Mag. Comments Sources
October 26, 1802 10:55 Vrancea region, Moldavia, now Romania
1802 Vrancea earthquake 		45.7 26.6 3 in Bucharest 7.9 Serious damage in the area. All church steeples in Bucharest collapsed, as well as many houses and Colţea bell tower. [121][122]
February 16, 1810 22:15 Crete, Heraklion
1810 Crete earthquake 		35.5 25.6 2,000 7.5 Mw [123]
December 16, 1811 08:00 New Madrid, Missouri, United States
1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes 		36.6 −89.6 8.1 MI USGS
January 23, 1812 15:00 New Madrid, Missouri, United States
1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes 		36.6 −89.6 7.8 MI USGS
February 7, 1812 09:45 New Madrid, Missouri, United States
1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes 		36.6 −89.6 8 MI (Johnston, 1996) USGS
March 26, 1812 16:37 Caracas, La Guaira, El Tocuyo, San Felipe, Barquisimeto, Mérida, La Victoria, Valencia, Venezuela 1812 Caracas earthquake 15,000–20,000 7.7–8.0
December 8, 1812 7:00 a.m. local time Alta California 1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake 40 6.9–7.5 Destroyed the "Great Stone Church" at Mission San Juan Capistrano
December 21, 1812 11:00 a.m. local time Santa Barbara Channel, California, United States

1812 Ventura earthquake

34.12 −119.54 1–2 7.1–7.5 Destroyed the church at Mission Santa Barbara, caused near-total destruction at Mission La Purísima Concepción, and considerable damage at Mission Santa Inés Southern California Earthquake Data Center
June 16, 1819 18:45–18:50 local time Gujarat, India
1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake 		23.0 71.0 >1,543 7.7–8.2 Mw Formed an 80 km long ridge, the Allah Bund ('Dam of God') [124]
June 2, 1823 08:00 south flank of Kīlauea, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii 19.3 −155 7 MI (Klein and Wright, 2000) USGS
August 26, 1833 Himalayas, Nepal–India–Tibet region
1833 Bihar–Nepal earthquake 		28.3 85.5 ~500 7.7–7.9 Mw  [125]
November 25, 1833 Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia)
1833 Sumatra earthquake 		−2.5 100.5 "numerous victims" 8.8–9.2 Mw Huge tsunami flooded all southern part of western Sumatra [118][120][126]
June 10, 1836 15:30 south San Francisco Bay region, California, Mexico (now United States) 36.9 −121.5 6.5 MI (Bakun, 1999) Reports probably refer to the 1838 San Andreas earthquake, misreported in 1868 following the Hayward earthquake of that year USGS,[127]
January 1, 1837 16:00 local time Galilee, Palestine
Galilee earthquake of 1837 		33.0 35.5 6,000–7,000 >7.0 Ms [21][128]
June 1838 San Francisco Peninsula, California, Mexico (now United States)
1838 San Andreas earthquake 		37.3 −123.2 6.8 MI (Bakun, 1999) USGS
January 11, 1839 06:00 local time Offshore Martinique, France
1839 Martinique earthquake 		14.5 –60.5
700–4,000
7.8–8.0
 Severe damage in Martinique, and felt throughout most of the Lesser Antilles
March 23, 1839 04:00 Inwa, Kingdom of Burma (present day Myanmar)

1839 Ava earthquake

21.9 96.0
300–500
8.1–8.2
 Destroyed the city of Amarapura, Mandalay and the former capital Inwa. [129]
January 5, 1843 02:45 Marked Tree, Arkansas, United States 35.5 −90.5 6.3 MI (Johnston, 1996) USGS
February 8, 1843 10:37 local time Guadeloupe, France

1843 Guadeloupe earthquake

16.5 62.2
1,500–5,000
8.5
May 8, 1847 Around Zenkō-ji Temple, (now in Nagano Prefecture, Chūbu region,) Japan
1847 Nagano earthquake 		36.7 138.2 >8,600 7.4 2,094 houses lost by fire with quake at Nagano. [130]
November 26, 1852 Banda Sea, Dutch East Indies
1852 Banda Sea earthquake 		5.24 129.75 60+ 7.5–8.8 Mw  Major tsunami.
December 23, 1854 09:00 Honshu, Japan
1854 Tōkai earthquake 		34.0 137.8 2,000 8.4 Major tsunami. [131]
December 24, 1854 16:00 Honshu, Japan
1854 Nankai earthquake 		33.0 135.0 thousands 8.4 Major tsunami [131]
January 23, 1855 21:11 local time Wairarapa, New Zealand
1855 Wairarapa earthquake 		−41.4 174.5 4 8.0 (approx) Raised sections of Wellington coastline by 2 metres. –
November 11, 1855 22:00 local time Edo (now Tokyo, Kantō region), Japan
1855 Edo earthquake 		35.65 139.8 ~ 7,000 7.0 Ms 10,000 houses destroyed in Edo. 安政の大地震 in Japanese
October 12, 1856 02:38 or 02:24 local time Crete-Rhodes, Greece (then the Ottoman Empire)

1856 Heraklion earthquake

35.5 26.0 600+ 7.7–8.3 Mw  Widespread damage to Greece, Malta, Anatolia and the Middle East.
January 9, 1857 16:24 Fort Tejon, California, United States (San Andreas Fault from Parkfield to Wrightwood)
1857 Fort Tejon earthquake 		1 7.9 M (Grant and Sieh, 1993; Stein and Hanks, 1998) USGS
December 16, 1857 21:00 Naples, Italy
1857 Basilicata earthquake 		40.3 16 11,000 6.9 MI USGS
February 16, 1861 Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia)
1861 Sumatra earthquake 		1.0 97,5 905 8.5 Caused a major tsunami. [132][133]
March 20, 1861 20:36 Mendoza Province, Argentina
1861 Mendoza earthquake 		-32.9 -68.9 5,235 7.2 Strongest earthquake in Mendoza Province and proportional most deadly in Argentinean history. INPRES
October 8, 1865 20:46 San Jose, California, United States 37.2 −121.9 6.5 MI (Bakun, 1999) USGS
April 14, 1867 14:30 Manhattan, Riley County, Kansas
1867 Manhattan, Kansas earthquake 		39.2 –96.3 5.1 Mfa 
June 10, 1867 21:09 Central Java, Dutch East Indies
1867 Java earthquake 		-8.7 110.6 700 7.8 Mw 
November 18, 1867 18:45 Anegada Passage, between the British Virgin Islands and Danish West Indies (present-day US Virgin Islands)
1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami 		18.2 –65.0 ~30 7.3–7.5 NGDC
December 18, 1867 09:00 New Taipei City, Taiwan
1867 Keelung earthquake 		25.34 121.91 580 7.0 Mw . Thought to be the only destructive tsunami (15 meters) in Taiwan.
April 3, 1868 02:25 Kau, southeast Hawaii, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii
1868 Hawaii earthquake 		19.2 −155.5 77 7.9 MI (Klein and Wright, 2000) USGS
August 13, 1868 16:45 local time Arica, Chile
1868 Arica earthquake 		−18.500 −70.350 25,000 8.5-9.3 Mw, Okal et al. (2006) gives upper end magnitude USGS
October 21, 1868 15:53 Hayward, California, United States, Hayward Fault Zone
1868 Hayward earthquake 		37.7 −122.1 30 6.8 MI (Bakun, 1999) USGS
February 20, 1871 08:42 Molokai, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii
1871 Lāna`i earthquake 		21.2 −156.9 6.8 MI (Klein and Wright, 2000) USGS
March 26, 1872 10:30 Owens Valley, California, United States
1872 Lone Pine earthquake 		36.5 −118 27 7.6 M (Beanland and Clark, 1994) USGS
December 15, 1872 05:40 North Cascades, Washington, United States
1872 North Cascades earthquake 		47.9 −120.3 7.3 MI (Malone and Bor, 1979; Rogers et al., 1983) USGS
May 10, 1877 21:16 local time Iquique, Chile
1877 Iquique earthquake 		−19.600 −70.230 2,541 8.8 Mw USGS
November 9, 1880 7:04 local time Zagreb, Croatia
1880 Zagreb earthquake 		45.9 16.1 1 6.2 Ms [134]
April 3, 1881 11:30 Chios, Çeşme, Alaçatı
1881 Chios earthquake 		38.25 26.25 7,866 6.5 Mw [135]
December 31, 1881 01:49 India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake 		8.52 92.43 0 7.9 Mw [136]
September 7, 1882 3:50 local time San Blas Islands, Panama
1882 Panama earthquake 		10.0 79.0 250 8.3 Ms Largest earthquake in Panamanian history [137]
December 25, 1884 09:18 Andalusia, Spain
1884 Andalusian earthquake 		-36.96 4.07 1,200 6.5 Mw
August 27, 1886 21:32 Filiatra, western Peloponnese, Greece
1886 Peloponnese earthquake 		37.1 21.5 600 7.5 unknown [138]
August 31, 1886 02:51 Charleston, South Carolina, United States
1886 Charleston earthquake 		32.9 −80 60 7.3 MI (Johnston, 1996) Believed to be the largest earthquake ever to strike the east coast. USGS
February 23, 1887 06:30 local time Liguria, Italy

1887 Liguria earthquake

43.78 8.07 600–3,000 6.3–7.5 Mw  The earthquake caused severe damage along the Ligurian coast and caused the town of Bussana Vecchia to be abandoned. [139][140]
September 1, 1888 04:10 local time North Canterbury, New Zealand
1888 North Canterbury earthquake 		−42.6 172.4 7.0–7.3 First earthquake observed to be associated with mainly horizontal fault displacement. –
July 28, 1889 23:40 Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan
1889 Kumamoto earthquake 		32.8 130.7 20 6.3 [26]
October 27, 1891 21:38 Mino-Owari (Gifu-Aichi Prefectures), Tōkai region, Japan
1891 Mino–Owari earthquake 		35.6 136.6 7,273 8 MS USGS
April 19, 1892 10:50 Vacaville, California, United States
1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquakes 		38.5 −121.8 1 6.4 MI (Bakun, 1999) USGS
April 21, 1892 17:43 Winters, California, United States
1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquakes 		38.6 −122 6.4 MI (Bakun, 1999) USGS
November 17, 1893 15:06 Quchan, Iran
1893 Quchan earthquake 		37.2 58.4 18,000 6.6 Ms [141]
October 31, 1895 11:08 Charleston, Missouri, United States
1895 Charleston earthquake 		37 −89.4 6.6 MI (Johnston, 1996) USGS
June 15, 1896 19:32 Off the Pacific coast of Sanriku, Iwate Prefecture, Tōhoku region, Japan
1896 Sanriku earthquake 		39.5 144 22,000+ 8.0–8.1 (approx) Mw USGS
June 12, 1897 11:06 Assam, India
1897 Assam earthquake 		26 91 1,500 8.3 USGS
September 21, 1897 05:12 Mindanao, Philippines
1897 Mindanao earthquakes 		6.0 122.0 13 7.5 MS [142][143]
September 4, 1899 00:22 Cape Yakataga, Alaska, United States
1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes 		60 -142 7.9 MS USGS
September 10, 1899 21:41 Yakutat Bay, Alaska, United States
1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes 		60 −142 8 MS USGS
September 20, 1899 04:00 Ottoman Empire
1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake 		37.9 28.1 1,117 7.1 Mw NGDC
October 9, 1900 12:28 Kodiak Island, Alaska, United States 57.1 −153.5 7.7 MS USGS
October 28, 1900 09:11 offshore Miranda, Venezuela
1900 San Narciso earthquake 		11.0 −66.0 140 7.7 Ms  USGS

Source for all events with 'USGS' labelled as the source United States Geological Survey (USGS) [1] Note: Magnitudes are generally estimations from intensity data. When no magnitude was available, the maximum intensity, written as a Roman numeral from I to XII, is given.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Earth Tomography: How Seismic Waves Travel Inside Earth". EarthHow. September 27, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  2. ^ Tronin, Andrey (2010). "Satellite Remote Sensing in Seismology". Remote Sensing. 2 (1): 124–150. doi:10.3390/rs2010124. ISSN 2072-4292.
  3. ^ Munish Bhatia; Tariq Ahamed Ahanger; Ankush Manocha (April 2023). "Artificial intelligence based real-time earthquake prediction". Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 120. doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2023.105856.
  4. ^ Mahima Yadav; Shubham Chaudhary; Anshul Agarwal (2021). "Bio-Info-Sensor Image Processing Approach: Disaster Pre-alarm for Earthquake". Advances in Systems Engineering. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. pp. 859–867. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8025-3_81. ISBN 978-981-15-8024-6.
  5. ^ Berberian, Manuel (2014). "Chapter 3 - Earthquakes and Religious Thoughts". Developments in Earth Surface Processes. 17: 43–76. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63292-0.00003-X. ISBN 978-0-444-63292-0.
  6. ^ "Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of Chinas Great Flood and the Xia dynasty". ResearchGate. August 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  7. ^ Bamboo Annals, listed under Xia chapters on King Fa's 7th year.
  8. ^ 吳階平, 喻滄, 季羨林. [2002] (2002) 世紀中國學術大典: 測繪學, 大氣科學, 固體地球物理學, 應用地球物理學, 海洋科學. 福建教育出版社. ISBN 7-5334-3446-3, ISBN 978-7-5334-3446-5. p 41.
  9. ^ Aggelos Galanopoulos (1960). "Tsunamis Observed on the Coasts of Greece from Antiquity to Present Time". Annals of Geophysics. 13 (3–4). doi:10.4401/ag-5477.
  10. ^ Armijo, R.; Lyon-Caen, H.; Papanastassiou, D. (1991). "A possible normal-fault rupture for the 464 BC Sparta earthquake" (PDF). Nature. 351 (6322): 137–139. Bibcode:1991Natur.351..137A. doi:10.1038/351137a0. S2CID 4278524.
  11. ^ "The 373 B.C. Helike (Gulf of Corinth, Greece) Earthquake and Tsunami, Revisited". ResearchGate. September 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  12. ^ Erel, T. L.; Adatepe, F. (2007). "Traces of Historical earthquakes in the ancient city life at the Mediterranean region" (PDF). J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment. 13: 241–252. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2011.
  13. ^ Baptista, M.A.; Miranda, J.M. (2009). "Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 9 (1): 25–42. Bibcode:2009NHESS...9...25B. doi:10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009.
  14. ^ "Seneca?s Account of the AD 62 earthquake". Archived from the original on April 12, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  15. ^ "삼국사기 23권 백제본기 제1 기루왕". db.history.
  16. ^ "Notes to the Wei lue". depts.washington.edu.
  17. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  18. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Tsunami event information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  19. ^ a b Ammianus Marcellinus, "Res Gestae", 26.10.15–19
  20. ^ a b For summaries of the sources, see Stiros, Stathis C. (2001). "The AD 365 Crete earthquake and possible seismic clustering during the fourth to sixth centuries AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review of historical and archaeological data". Journal of Structural Geology. 23 (2–3): 545–562 [p. 557f., App. A]. Bibcode:2001JSG....23..545S. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00118-8.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g Sbeinati, M. R.; Darawcheh, R.; Mouty, M. (2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D" (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 48: 347–435.
  22. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake: Japan 684". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  23. ^ Barkat, Amiram (August 8, 2003). "The big one is coming". Haaretz.
  24. ^ Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (October 14, 2007). "749 CE Golan quake shows another is overdue". The Jerusalem Post.[permanent dead link]
  25. ^ Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari, G.; Mariotti, D.; Comastri, A.; Tarabusi, G.; Sgattoni, G.; Valensise, G. (2018). "801 04 29, 20:00 Roma (Italy)". Catalogo dei Forti Terremoti in Italia (461 a.C.–1997) e nell'area Mediterranea (760 a.C.–1500). National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l IISEENET (Information Network of Earthquake disaster Prevention Technologies) – Search Page
  27. ^ Milne, J. "A Catalog of Destructive Earthquakes, A.D. 7 to A.D. 1899". Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1911: 649–740.
  28. ^ "Section 10 â€" The Kingdom of Anxi 安息 (the Parthian Empire)". depts.washington.edu.
  29. ^ Namegaya, Yuichi; Satake, Kenji (April 16, 2014). "Reexamination of the A.D. 869 Jogan earthquake size from tsunami deposit distribution, simulated flow depth, and velocity: REEXAMINATION OF AD 869 JOGAN EARTHQUAKE". Geophysical Research Letters. 41 (7): 2297–2303. doi:10.1002/2013GL058678.
  30. ^ Goto, Kazuhisa; Chagué-Goff, Catherine (August 29, 2012). "The future of tsunami research following the 2011 Tohoku-oki event" (PDF). Sedimentary Geology. 282: 5, 9, 11. Bibcode:2012SedG..282....1G. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.08.003. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  31. ^ Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  32. ^ Gupta, H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (2 ed.). Springer. p. 566. ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
  33. ^ "Berberian, M. 2006. Contribution to the Seismotectonics of Iran (Part III). Geological and Mining Survey of Iran". Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  34. ^ "Gates, A.E. & Ritchie D. 2007. Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 3rd Edition, Facts on File Inc. 365pp". Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  35. ^ "Ambraseys, N.N. 2004. Three little known early earthquakes in India. Current Science, 86, 506–508" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  36. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
  37. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant earthquake information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  38. ^ American Peoples Encyclopedia. The Spencer Press. 1955.
  39. ^ Abdel Fattah, Ali K.; Hussein, Hesham M.; Ibrahim, Ezzeldien M.; Abu El Atta, Ahmad S. (December 1997), "Fault plane solutions of the 1993 and 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquakes and their tectonic implications", Annali di Geofisica, XL (6): 1557
  40. ^ Klinger, Y.; Avoua, J. P.; Dorbath, L.; Abou Karaki, N.; Tisnerat, N. (September 2000), "Seismic behaviour of the Dead Sea fault along the Araba valley, Jordan", Geophysical Journal International, 142 (3): 772, Bibcode:2000GeoJI.142..769K, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00166.x
  41. ^ a b c "Ambraseys, N. N., 2004 The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, p. 743" (PDF).
  42. ^ Ulomov, V.I.; Medvedeva, N.S. (2014). "Специализированный каталог землетрясений для задач общего сейсмического районирования территории Российской Федерации" [Specialized catalog of earthquakes for the purpose of general seismic zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation] (PDF) (in Russian). O.Y. Smidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences.
  43. ^ a b "Khair, K., Karakaisis, G.F. & Papdimitriou, E.E. 2000. Seismic zonation of the Dead Sea Transform Fault area. Annali di Geofisica, 43, 61–79" (PDF).
  44. ^ "Guidoboni, E. & Traina, G. 1996. Earthquakes in medieval Sicily – a historical revision (7th–13th century). Annali di Geofisica, 39, 1201–1225" (PDF).
  45. ^ Ayyubid Architecture, Chapter 7 by Terry Allen
  46. ^ "Late Holocene Paleoseismic Timing and Slip Rate Along the Missyaf Segment of the Dead Sea Fault in Syria" (PDF).
  47. ^ Guidoboni, Emanuela; Bernardini, Filippo; Comastri, Alberto; Boschi, Enzo (2004). "The large earthquake on 29 June 1170 (Syria, Lebanon, and central southern Turkey)". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 109 (B7): B07304. Bibcode:2004JGRB..109.7304G. doi:10.1029/2003JB002523.
  48. ^ Antonopoulos, J. (1980). "Data from investigation on seismic Sea waves events in the Eastern Mediterranean from 1000 to 1500 A.D". Annali di Geofisica. 33: 179–198.
  49. ^ a b USGS page of most destructive earthquakes Archived September 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Tsunami Event Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
  51. ^ Papadopolous, G.A.; Daskalaki, E.; Fokaefs, A.; Giraleas, N. (2007). "Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 7 (1): 57–64. Bibcode:2007NHESS...7...57P. doi:10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
  52. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972), Significant Earthquake Information (Data Set), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
  53. ^ "Ukraine: Crimea Earthquake of 1341". Archived from the original on December 29, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  54. ^ Costa, Marisa; Fonseca, João (2007). "Sismicidade histórica em Portugal no período medieval"
  55. ^ "Pereira, Gonçalo (janeiro de 2016), "Crónicas do castelo", National Geographic Portugal". Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  56. ^ Lambert, J., Winter1, T., Dewez, T.J.B. & Sabourault, P. 2004. New hypotheses on the maximum damage area of the 1356 Basel earthquake (Switzerland). Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 381–399. Archived September 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  57. ^ "Earthquake Synod." In Cross, F. L. and E. A. Livingstone, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. London: Oxford UP, 1974. p. 437
  58. ^ De Hamel, Christopher. The Book. A History of the Bible. London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2001. p. 169
  59. ^ Josep Perarnau i Espelt (2002). "La lletra de Felip de Malla informant el rei Alfons del terratrèmol de la Candelera, 1428". Arxiu de textos catalans antics, 21:665–670. ISSN 0211-9811
  60. ^ Banda, E.; Correig, A. M. (1984). "The Catalan earthquake of February 2, 1428". Engineering Geology. 20 (1–2): 89–97. Bibcode:1984EngGe..20...89B. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(84)90045-0.
  61. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
  62. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  63. ^ Ambraseys, N.N.; Jackson, J.A. (2000). "Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500". Geophysical Journal International. 141 (3): F1–F6. Bibcode:2000GeoJI.141F...1A. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x.
  64. ^ Baptista, M.A.; Miranda, J.M. (2009). "Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis" (PDF). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 9 (1): 25–42. Bibcode:2009NHESS...9...25B. doi:10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009.
  65. ^ Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari G.; Mariotti D.; Comastri A.; Tarabusi G.; Valensise G. "Online catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy 461 BC to 1997 and Mediterranean area 760 BC to 1500". Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  66. ^ Cisternas, Marco; Atwater, Brian F.; Torrejón, Fernando; Sawai, Yuki; Machuca, Gonzalo; Lagos, Marcelo; Eipert, Annaliese; Youlton, Cristián; Salgado, Ignacio; Kamataki, Takanobu; Shishikura, Masanobu; Rajendran, C. P.; Malik, Javed K.; Rizal, Yan; Husni, Muhammad (September 15, 2005). "Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake". Nature. 437 (7057): 404–407. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..404C. doi:10.1038/nature03943. hdl:10533/176718. PMID 16163355. S2CID 4398549.
  67. ^ Rhett Butler; David A. Burney; Kenneth H. Rubin; David Walsh (2017). "The orphan Sanriku tsunami of 1586: new evidence from coral dating on Kaua'i". Natural Hazards. 88 (2): 797–819. Bibcode:2017NatHa..88..797B. doi:10.1007/s11069-017-2902-7. S2CID 134237666.
  68. ^ Yamamura, Norika; Kano, Yasuyuki (2020). "1586年天正地震の震源断層推定の試み: 液状化履歴地点における液状化可能性の検討から" [Source Fault Estimation of the 1586 Tensho Earthquake by Evaluating the Possibility of Liquefaction]. Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan). Second Series (in Japanese). 73. Seismological Society of Japan: 97–110. doi:10.4294/zisin.2019-7. S2CID 229523816.
  69. ^ "Sismos Importantes Y/O Destructivos (1570 Mayo 2005)". Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  70. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Search for Japan 1605". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  71. ^ Likelihood of Tsunamis Affecting the Coast of Southeastern China Wong, W.T. & Chan, Y.W. 6th General Assembly of Asian Seismological Commission 2006 (ASC2006) and Symposium on Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation, Bangkok, Thailand, 7–10 November 2006
  72. ^ National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant earthquake information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): Significant Earthquake Database. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved May 18, 2024.
  73. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972), Significant Earthquake Information (Data Set), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K, retrieved March 19, 2024
  74. ^ Cherkaoui, T.-E.; Medina, F.; Mridekh, A. (2017). "Re-examination of the historical 11 May, 1624 Fez earthquake parameters". Física de la Tierra. 29: 135–157. doi:10.5209/FITE.57469.
  75. ^ Liu, Zac Yung-Chun; Harris, Ron A. (2014), "Discovery of possible mega-thrust earthquake along the Seram Trough from records of 1629 tsunami in eastern Indonesian region" (PDF), Natural Hazards, 72 (3): 1311, Bibcode:2014NatHa..72.1311L, doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0597-y, archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2021
  76. ^ Bosi, Vittorio; Galli, Paolo (2003). "Catastrophic 1638 earthquakes in Calabria (southern Italy): New insights from paleoseismological investigation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 108 (B1). American Geophysical Union: ETG 1-1-ETG 1-20. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2004G. doi:10.1029/2001JB001713. S2CID 55937014.
  77. ^ Ebel, John E. (June 2011), "A New Analysis of the Magnitude of the February 1663 Earthquake at Charlevoix, Quebec", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 101 (3): 1024–1038, Bibcode:2011BuSSA.101.1024E, doi:10.1785/0120100190
  78. ^ Paulatto, M. Pinat; Romanelli, F. (2007). "Tsunami hazard scenarios in the Adriatic Sea domain" (PDF). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 7 (2): 309–325. Bibcode:2007NHESS...7..309P. doi:10.5194/nhess-7-309-2007.
  79. ^ "Significant Earthquake Information CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE". NGDC. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  80. ^ Yanagisawa, H.; Goto, K.; Sugawara, D.; Kanamaru, K.; Iwamoto, N.; Takamori, Y. (2016). "Tsunami earthquake can occur elsewhere along the Japan Trench—Historical and geological evidence for the 1677 earthquake and tsunami". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 121 (5): 3504–3516. Bibcode:2016JGRB..121.3504Y. doi:10.1002/2015JB012617.
  81. ^ "I terremoti nella STORIA: Il grande terremoto del Sannio del 5 giugno 1688" (in Italian). National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. June 26, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  82. ^ Blanco, Laura (September 29, 2012). "Salta veneró a la Virgen que detuvo un sismo". El Perfil. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
  83. ^ "USGS page on this event in 'Historic Earthquakes'". Archived from the original on April 20, 2008.
  84. ^ "Ahmad, R.2008 Landslides and the Making of Jamaica, Caribbean All-Hazards Conference" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
  85. ^ Serva, Leonello; Esposito, Eliana; Guerrieri, Luca; Porfido, Sabina; Vittori, Eutizio; Comerci, Valerio (October 1, 2007). "Environmental effects from five historical earthquakes in southern Apennines (Italy) and macroseismic intensity assessment: Contribution to INQUA EEE Scale Project". Quaternary International. 173 (Supplement C): 30–44. Bibcode:2007QuInt.173...30S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.03.015.
  86. ^ Pradeep Talwani (2015). "5". Intraplate Earthquakes (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 15, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  87. ^ a b Geological effects induced by the L’Aquila earthquake (6 April 2009, Ml = 5.8) on the natural environment: preliminary report Archived February 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  88. ^ a b c National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  89. ^ Tsuchiya, Yoshito; Shuto, Nobuo (May 31, 1995). Tsunami: Progress in Prediction, Disaster Prevention and Warning. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780792334835.
  90. ^ Li, X.; Li, C.; Wesnousky, S. G.; Zhang, P.; Zheng, W.; Pierce, I. K. D.; Wang, X. (2017). "Paleoseismology and slip rate of the western Tianjingshan fault of NE Tibet, China". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 146: 304–316. Bibcode:2017JAESc.146..304L. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.04.031.
  91. ^ Guo, P.; Han, Z.; Mao, Z.; Xie, Z.; Dong, S.; Gao, F.; Gai, H. (2019). "Paleoearthquakes and Rupture Behavior of the Lenglongling Fault: Implications for Seismic Hazards of the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 124 (2): 1520–1543. Bibcode:2019JGRB..124.1520G. doi:10.1029/2018JB016586.
  92. ^ "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  93. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  94. ^ "Liu, L., Chen, Q., He, K. & Hu, P. Earthquake Strong Ground Motion Scenarios at the 2008 Olympic Games Site, Beijing Based on Historic Records, Earth: Our Changing Planet. Proceedings of IUGG XXIV General Assembly Perugia, Italy 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2011.
  95. ^ a b Lee, William H. K.; Jennings, Paul; Kisslinger, Carl; Kanamori, Hiroo (2002). International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080489223.
  96. ^ "Avellino: nel cuore dell'Irpinia sismica" [Avellino: in the heart of the seismic Irpinia] (PDF). Protezione Civile (in Italian). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  97. ^ "Page on tsunami associated with event from West Coast and Alaska warning center". Archived from the original on May 15, 2009.
  98. ^ "Search page". tsun.sscc.ru. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  99. ^ Chlieh, M.; Perfettini H.; Tavera H.; Avouac J.-P.; Remy D.; Nocquet J.M.; Rolandone F.; Bondoux F.; Gabalda G.; Bonvalot S. (2011). "Interseismic Coupling and Seismic Potential along the Central Andes Subduction Zone". Journal of Geophysical Research. 116 (B12): B12405. Bibcode:2011JGRB..11612405C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.9892. doi:10.1029/2010JB008166. S2CID 7228440. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2011..
  100. ^ USGS Historic Worldwide Earthquakes page Archived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  101. ^ Ambraseys, N. N.; Melville, C. P. (November 10, 2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521021876.
  102. ^ "page on this event from USGS 'Historic earthquakes". Archived from the original on May 8, 2009.
  103. ^ Ebel, John E. (2006). "The Cape Ann, Massachusetts Earthquake of 1755: A 250th Anniversary Perspective". Seismological Research Letters. 77 (1): 74–86. Bibcode:2006SeiRL..77...74E. doi:10.1785/gssrl.77.1.74.
  104. ^ Moratti, G.; Piccardi, L.; Vannucci, G.; Belardinelli, M. E.; Dahmani, M.; Bendkik, A.; Chenakeb, M. (2003). "The 1755 Meknes earthquake (Morocco): field data and geodynamic implications". Journal of Geodynamics. 36 (1–2): 305–322. Bibcode:2003JGeo...36..305M. doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(03)00052-8.
  105. ^ Poujol, A.; Ritz, J.-F.; Vernant, P.; Huot, S.; Maate, S.; Tahayt, A. (2017). "Which fault destroyed Fes city (Morocco) in 1755? A new insight from the Holocene deformations observed along the southern border of Gibraltar arc". Tectonophysics. 712–713: 303–311. Bibcode:2017Tectp.712..303P. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.036.
  106. ^ Mondal, Dhiman (2018). "Microatolls document the 1762 and prior earthquakes along the southeast coast of Bangladesh". Tectonophysics. 745: 196–213. Bibcode:2018Tectp.745..196M. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2018.07.020. S2CID 53578945.
  107. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  108. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  109. ^ N. N. Ambraseys; J. A. Jackson (June 2000). "Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500". Geophysical Journal International. 141 (3): F1–F6. Bibcode:2000GeoJI.141F...1A. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x.
  110. ^ Johnson, N.M. (2002). "Earthquake Risk in Trinidad And Tobago" (PDF). National Emergency Management Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
  111. ^ Mocquet, A. (2007). "Analysis and interpretation of the October 21, 1766 earthquake in the Southeastern Caribbean". Journal of Seismology. 11 (4): 381–403. Bibcode:2007JSeis..11..381M. doi:10.1007/s10950-007-9059-x. S2CID 128549406.
  112. ^ Ali, Syed Tabrez; Freed, Andrew M.; Calais, Eric; Manaker, David M.; McCann, William R. (2008). "Coulomb stress evolution in Northeastern Caribbean over the past 250 years due to coseismic, postseismic and interseismic deformation". Geophysical Journal International. 174 (3): 904–918. Bibcode:2008GeoJI.174..904A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03634.x.
  113. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  114. ^ "Hessami K., Pantosti D., Tabassi H., Shabanian E., Abbassi M.R., Feghhi K. & Solaymani S. 2003. Paleoearthquakes and slip rates of the North Tabriz Fault, NW Iran: preliminary results. Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 46, 903–915" (PDF).
  115. ^ "Graziani, L., Maramai, A. & Tinti, S. 2006. A revision of the 1783–1784 Calabrian (southern Italy) tsunamis. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 1053–1060" (PDF).
  116. ^ Dai, F.C.; Lee C.F.; Deng J.H.; Tham L.G. (2005). "The 1786 earthquake-triggered landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood on the Dadu River, southwestern China" (PDF). Geomorphology. 65 (3–4): 205–221. Bibcode:2005Geomo..65..205D. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.08.011. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  117. ^ "Giesecke, A., Capera, A.A.G., Leschiutta, I., Migliorini, E. & Valverde, L.R. 2004. The CERESIS earthquake catalogue and database of the Andean Region: background, characteristics and examples of use Annals of Geophysics, VOL. 47, 421–435" (PDF).
  118. ^ a b Tamara, Kalashnikova. "Tsunami Laboratory, Novosibirsk, Russia". tsun.sscc.ru. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  119. ^ Sieh, Kerry (August 15, 2006). "Sumatran megathrust earthquakes: from science to saving lives". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 364 (1845): 1947–1963. Bibcode:2006RSPTA.364.1947S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.6737. doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1807. PMID 16844643. S2CID 8562675.
  120. ^ a b George Pararas-Carayannis, The great earthquake and tsunami of 1833 off the coast of Central Sumatra in Indonesia
  121. ^ Cliff Frohlich (2006). Deep Earthquakes. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-521-82869-7.
  122. ^ "Radio Conference about the 1802 earthquake at Radio Romania International". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
  123. ^ Papadopoulos, G.A.; Daskalaki E.; Fokaefs A.; Giraleas N. (2010). "Tsunami hazards in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the west Hellenic arc and trench system" (PDF). Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami. 04 (3): 145–179. doi:10.1142/S1793431110000856. S2CID 14683510. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  124. ^ Bilham, R. (1998). "Slip parameters for the Rann of Kachchh, India, 16 June 1819 earthquake, quantified from contemporary accounts" (PDF). In Stewart I.S. & Vita-Finzi C. (ed.). Coastal tectonics. Special Publications. Vol. 146. London: Geological Society. pp. 295–319. ISBN 978-1-86239-024-9. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  125. ^ Bollinger, L.; Tapponnier, P.; Sapkota, S. N.; Klinger, Y. (2016). "Slip deficit in central Nepal: omen for a repeat of the 1344 AD earthquake?" (PDF). Earth, Planets and Space. 68: 12. Bibcode:2016EP&S...68...12B. doi:10.1186/s40623-016-0389-1. S2CID 32078899 – via Earth Observatory of Singapore.
  126. ^ Zachariasen, J.; Sieh, K.; Taylor, F.W.; Edwards, R.L.; Hantoro, W.S. (1999). "Submergence and uplift associated with the giant 1833 Sumatran subduction earthquake: Evidence from coral microatolls" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 104 (B1): 895–919. Bibcode:1999JGR...104..895Z. doi:10.1029/1998JB900050.
  127. ^ Toppozada, T. R.; Borchardt, G. (1998), "Re-evaluation of the 1836 "Hayward fault" and the 1838 San Andreas fault earthquakes", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 88 (1), Seismological Society of America: 140–159, Bibcode:1998BuSSA..88..140T, doi:10.1785/BSSA0880010140, S2CID 129580128
  128. ^ "The earthquake of 1 January 1837 in Southern Lebanon and Northern Israel" by N. N. Ambraseys, in Annali di Geofisica, Aug. 1997, p.933,
  129. ^ Oldham, Thomas. "A Catalogue of Indian Earthquakes from the earliest time to the end of AD 1869". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. XIX.
  130. ^ "Omori, Fusakichi 1908. On the destructive earthquakes in the Shinano-Gawa Valley and those along the Japan Sea Coast" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  131. ^ a b Usami, T. (1979). "Study of Historical Earthquakes in Japan" (PDF). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute. 54: 399–439. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  132. ^ Pankaj Agrawal; Manish Shrikhande (2006). Earthquake resistant design of structures. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 60. ISBN 978-81-203-2892-1.
  133. ^ "Research Group on The December 26, 2004 Earthquake Tsunami Disaster of Indian Ocean". Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  134. ^ "Roger Musson. 1999 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps for the North Balkan Region". Archived from the original on July 9, 2007.
  135. ^ Altinok, Y.; Alpar B.; Özer N.; Gazioglu C. (2005). "1881 and 1949 earthquakes at the Chios-Cesme Strait (Aegean Sea) and their relation to tsunamis" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 5 (5): 717–725. Bibcode:2005NHESS...5..717A. doi:10.5194/nhess-5-717-2005. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  136. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Comments for the Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  137. ^ "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
  138. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  139. ^ Christophe, Larroque; Scotti, Oona; Ioualalen, Mansour (August 1, 2012). "Reappraisal of the 1887 Ligurian earthquake (western Mediterranean) from macroseismicity, active tectonics and tsunami modelling". Geophysical Journal International. 190 (1): 87–104. Bibcode:2012GeoJI.190...87L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05498.x. ISSN 0956-540X.
  140. ^ "Reappraisal of the 1887 Ligurian earthquake (western Mediterranean) from macroseismicity, active tectonics and tsunami modelling". ResearchGate. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  141. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  142. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  143. ^ Ye L., Lay T. & Kanamoro H. (2012). "Intraplate and interplate faulting interactions during the August 31, 2012, Philippine Trench earthquake (M w 7.6) sequence". Geophysical Research Letters. L24310 (24): L24310. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..3924310Y. doi:10.1029/2012GL054164.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_historical_earthquakes&oldid=1256294259"